Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1986. / Also available in print.

Théorie de l’institution et droit du travail ou l’histoire d’une controverse. Paul Durand, le plus influent représentant de la doctrine classique française de droit du travail est l’un des principaux promoteurs de la théorie institutionnelle de l’entreprise. Au milieu du XXème siècle, la question de l’entreprise institution est la controverse majeure et structurante de cette nouvelle discipline juridique. L’histoire sensible appartenir au passe. Pourtant la référence doctrinale persistante à une théorie qui annonçait la disparition du contrat interroge. S’agit-il d’un hommage aux antécédents doctrinaux ou traduit-elle la vitalité d’une représentation institutionnelle des rapports de travail ? La réponse requiert de dépasser la controverse sur la réalité de l’institution pour en faire un objet théorique. L’institution est une théorie du droit, œuvre de juristes français, italien et allemand qui ont tous appréhendé l’entreprise dans leur construction. Le droit du travail forme l’outil permettant d’identifier l’armature commune des discours institutionnalistes. De cette confrontation théorique se dégage l’hypothèse de l’entreprise institution, outil d’analyse du droit du travail. La confrontation avec Le droit positif donne un résultat contrasté. L’hypothèse semble trouver correspondance dans une image juridique de l’entreprise qui légitime la soumission au pouvoir. Mais la soumission du pouvoir aux volontés du salarie et de l’employeur fait obstacle a toute consécration juridique de l’hypothèse. La contradiction n’est cependant qu’apparente : ne pas transformer l’image en réalité juridique semble constituer la condition pour faire fonctionner le pouvoir patronal. / Institution theory and labor law or the history of a controversy. Paul Durand, the most influential representative of the classic French doctrine of labor law is one of the main promoters of the institutional theory of enterprise. In the middle of the 20th century, the issue of the enterprise institution is the major and structuring controversy of this new legal discipline. The history seems to belong to the past. However, the persistent doctrinal reference to a theory which announced the disappearance of the contract questions. Is it a tribute to doctrinal antecedents or does it express the vitality of an institutional representation of working relationships? The answer requires to overcome the controversy on the reality of the institution to make it a theoretical object. The institution is a law theory, the work of French, Italian and German lawyers who have all treated the enterprise in their papers. Labor law is the tool allowing to identify the common framework of the institutionalist speeches. From this theoretical confrontation emerges the assumption of the enterprise institution, analysis tool of labor law. The confrontation with the positive law gives a contrasted result. The assumption seems to find correspondence in a legal image of the enterprise which legitimates the submission to authority. But the submission of authority to the wills of employees and employers obstructs any legal recognition of the assumption. Yet, the contradiction is only apparent: avoiding transforming the image into legal reality seems to be the condition to make the employers’ power work.

abstract: Goal specification is an important aspect of designing autonomous agents. A goal does not only refer to the set of states for the agent to reach. A goal also defines restrictions on the paths the agent should follow. Temporal logics are widely used in goal specification. However, they lack the ability to represent goals in a non-deterministic domain, goals that change non-monotonically, and goals with preferences. This dissertation defines new goal specification languages by extending temporal logics to address these issues. First considered is the goal specification in non-deterministic domains, in which an agent following a policy leads to a set of paths. A logic is proposed to distinguish paths of the agent from all paths in the domain. In addition, to address the need of comparing policies for finding the best ones, a language capable of quantifying over policies is proposed. As policy structures of agents play an important role in goal specification, languages are also defined by considering different policy structures. Besides, after an agent is given an initial goal, the agent may change its expectations or the domain may change, thus goals that are previously specified may need to be further updated, revised, partially retracted, or even completely changed. Non-monotonic goal specification languages that can make these changes in an elaboration tolerant manner are needed. Two languages that rely on labeling sub-formulas and connecting multiple rules are developed to address non-monotonicity in goal specification. Also, agents may have preferential relations among sub-goals, and the preferential relations may change as agents achieve other sub-goals. By nesting a comparison operator with other temporal operators, a language with dynamic preferences is proposed. Various goals that cannot be expressed in other languages are expressed in the proposed languages. Finally, plans are given for some goals specified in the proposed languages. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Computer Science 2010

Em domínios com forte conteúdo visual, a interpretação de imagens por raciocínio visual pode ser mais eficaz na solução de problemas do que a interpretação de dados puramente textuais ou numéricos. No entanto, a representação do conhecimento visual é difícil de ser realizada por tratar-se de um conhecimento implícito para o observador. As ontologias de representação possibilitam a criação de estruturas para auxiliar na captura desse tipo de conhecimento, de forma a atribuir uma representação simbólica e significado semântico ao que está sendo visualizado. A formalização do conhecimento visual permite a sua utilização em processos de inferência, resultando na interpretação automática da imagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é a definição de construtos ontológicos que permitam descrever aspectos visuais presentes em uma imagem, com ênfase na atenção visual mais do que nos aspectos físicos dos objetos. Esses aspectos visuais são associados aos objetos físicos da imagem bem como aos objetos descritos no nível do conhecimento de domínio. Para cada um dos níveis foi definida uma ontologia de representação, sendo assim possível atribuir semântica específica a esses objetos através da descrição de seus atributos e manter a independência do conhecimento relativo a cada nível. O nível da imagem descreve os objetos passíveis de serem extraídos por algoritmos de processamento de imagem (embora esses algoritmos não tenham sido foco de estudo neste trabalho). O nível visual descreve objetos que são foco da atenção visual, tais como seções, interstícios e contornos. O nível semântico descreve os objetos da aplicação capturados através de aquisição de conhecimento. A identidade dos objetos modelados é garantida através de relações de mapeamento entre cada dois níveis adjacentes. O domínio de aplicação deste trabalho foi a Petrografia Sedimentar, com o objetivo de extrair por inferência a qualidade em termos de porosidade e permeabilidade de rochas reservatório de petróleo. Com ajuda do especialista, foi modelado um método de solução de problemas para identificação do grau de compactação da rocha, que raciocina sobre os conhecimentos modelados utilizando a ontologia proposta. Foi implementado um sistema que permite a descrição dos objetos individualizados através da segmentação manual da imagem, mapeando os dados descritos para a ontologia e aplicando sobre ela o método de solução de problemas. Esse sistema gera como resultado o grau de compactação da rocha, cuja imagem foi assim descrita. Uma validação preliminar da abordagem foi realizada através da descrição de imagens de rochas fazendo uso do sistema desenvolvido, confrontando os resultados com os obtidos por um geólogo para as mesmas rochas observadas. Na metade das amostras descritas, o sistema atingiu o mesmo resultado do especialista e, na outra metade, obteve grande aproximação dos resultados. / In domains that have strong visual content, the image interpretation applying visual reasoning can be more effective in solving problems than the interpretation of pure textual or numeric data. However, the representation of visual knowledge is hard to be achieved since, most of time, we are dealing with implicit knowledge for the observer. The representation ontologies allow the creation of structures for assisting the capture of this kind of knowledge, in order to associate a symbolic representation and semantic meaning to what it being visualize. The formalization of the visual knowledge allows its application for inference process, resulting in the automatic interpretation of image. The goal of this work is the definition of ontological constructs that allow describing the visual aspects presented in an image, giving more emphasis in the evidences captured by visual attention than in the physical aspects of the objects. These aspects are associated to the physical objects as well as to the objects described in the domain knowledge level. Separate representation ontologies were defined for each level, making possible to associate specific semantic content to the objects through the description of the attributes and to keep the independence of the knowledge related to each level. The image level describes the objects that are possible of being extracted by image processing algorithms (although these algorithms were not studied in this work). The visual knowledge describes the objects that capture the visual attention, such as sections, interstices and borders. The semantic level describes the application objects elicited by knowledge acquisition methods. The identity of the modeled objects is guaranteed through the mapping relation defined between each two adjacent levels. The application domain of this work is the Sedimentary Petrography, with the goal of extracting by inference methods the porosity and permeability quality of petroleum reservoir-rocks. With the aid of the expert, a problem-solving method that reasons over the knowledge formalized through the proposed ontology was modeled for the identification of the compaction level of the rock. Furthermore, it was implemented a system that supports the description of the objects individualized through a manual segmentation of the image. The described data was mapped to the ontology and the problem-solving method was applied to define the level of compaction. A preliminary validation was developed comparing the results achieved by the system with the manual interpretation done by the expert with the same rock samples. With the half of the described samples the system achieved the same results of the expert and has got strong approximation in the other half.

xii, 76 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / We study the graded representation theory of the Iwahori-Hecke algebra, denoted by Hd , of the symmetric group over a field of characteristic zero at a root of unity. More specifically, we use graded Specht modules to calculate the graded decomposition numbers for Hd . The algorithm arrived at is the Lascoux-Leclerc-Thibon algorithm in disguise. Thus we interpret the algorithm in terms of graded representation theory. We then use the algorithm to compute several examples and to obtain a closed form for the graded decomposition numbers in the case of two-column partitions. In this case, we also precisely describe the 'reduction modulo p' process, which relates the graded irreducible representations of Hd over [Special characters omitted.] at a p th -root of unity to those of the group algebra of the symmetric group over a field of characteristic p. / Committee in charge: Alexander Kleshchev, Chairperson, Mathematics; Jonathan Brundan, Member, Mathematics; Boris Botvinnik, Member, Mathematics; Victor Ostrik, Member, Mathematics; William Harbaugh, Outside Member, Economics

Em domínios com forte conteúdo visual, a interpretação de imagens por raciocínio visual pode ser mais eficaz na solução de problemas do que a interpretação de dados puramente textuais ou numéricos. No entanto, a representação do conhecimento visual é difícil de ser realizada por tratar-se de um conhecimento implícito para o observador. As ontologias de representação possibilitam a criação de estruturas para auxiliar na captura desse tipo de conhecimento, de forma a atribuir uma representação simbólica e significado semântico ao que está sendo visualizado. A formalização do conhecimento visual permite a sua utilização em processos de inferência, resultando na interpretação automática da imagem. O objetivo deste trabalho é a definição de construtos ontológicos que permitam descrever aspectos visuais presentes em uma imagem, com ênfase na atenção visual mais do que nos aspectos físicos dos objetos. Esses aspectos visuais são associados aos objetos físicos da imagem bem como aos objetos descritos no nível do conhecimento de domínio. Para cada um dos níveis foi definida uma ontologia de representação, sendo assim possível atribuir semântica específica a esses objetos através da descrição de seus atributos e manter a independência do conhecimento relativo a cada nível. O nível da imagem descreve os objetos passíveis de serem extraídos por algoritmos de processamento de imagem (embora esses algoritmos não tenham sido foco de estudo neste trabalho). O nível visual descreve objetos que são foco da atenção visual, tais como seções, interstícios e contornos. O nível semântico descreve os objetos da aplicação capturados através de aquisição de conhecimento. A identidade dos objetos modelados é garantida através de relações de mapeamento entre cada dois níveis adjacentes. O domínio de aplicação deste trabalho foi a Petrografia Sedimentar, com o objetivo de extrair por inferência a qualidade em termos de porosidade e permeabilidade de rochas reservatório de petróleo. Com ajuda do especialista, foi modelado um método de solução de problemas para identificação do grau de compactação da rocha, que raciocina sobre os conhecimentos modelados utilizando a ontologia proposta. Foi implementado um sistema que permite a descrição dos objetos individualizados através da segmentação manual da imagem, mapeando os dados descritos para a ontologia e aplicando sobre ela o método de solução de problemas. Esse sistema gera como resultado o grau de compactação da rocha, cuja imagem foi assim descrita. Uma validação preliminar da abordagem foi realizada através da descrição de imagens de rochas fazendo uso do sistema desenvolvido, confrontando os resultados com os obtidos por um geólogo para as mesmas rochas observadas. Na metade das amostras descritas, o sistema atingiu o mesmo resultado do especialista e, na outra metade, obteve grande aproximação dos resultados. / In domains that have strong visual content, the image interpretation applying visual reasoning can be more effective in solving problems than the interpretation of pure textual or numeric data. However, the representation of visual knowledge is hard to be achieved since, most of time, we are dealing with implicit knowledge for the observer. The representation ontologies allow the creation of structures for assisting the capture of this kind of knowledge, in order to associate a symbolic representation and semantic meaning to what it being visualize. The formalization of the visual knowledge allows its application for inference process, resulting in the automatic interpretation of image. The goal of this work is the definition of ontological constructs that allow describing the visual aspects presented in an image, giving more emphasis in the evidences captured by visual attention than in the physical aspects of the objects. These aspects are associated to the physical objects as well as to the objects described in the domain knowledge level. Separate representation ontologies were defined for each level, making possible to associate specific semantic content to the objects through the description of the attributes and to keep the independence of the knowledge related to each level. The image level describes the objects that are possible of being extracted by image processing algorithms (although these algorithms were not studied in this work). The visual knowledge describes the objects that capture the visual attention, such as sections, interstices and borders. The semantic level describes the application objects elicited by knowledge acquisition methods. The identity of the modeled objects is guaranteed through the mapping relation defined between each two adjacent levels. The application domain of this work is the Sedimentary Petrography, with the goal of extracting by inference methods the porosity and permeability quality of petroleum reservoir-rocks. With the aid of the expert, a problem-solving method that reasons over the knowledge formalized through the proposed ontology was modeled for the identification of the compaction level of the rock. Furthermore, it was implemented a system that supports the description of the objects individualized through a manual segmentation of the image. The described data was mapped to the ontology and the problem-solving method was applied to define the level of compaction. A preliminary validation was developed comparing the results achieved by the system with the manual interpretation done by the expert with the same rock samples. With the half of the described samples the system achieved the same results of the expert and has got strong approximation in the other half.

Kulturell representation har länge varit ett ämne som tagits upp i diskussioner, i denna uppsats kommer vi ta upp om hur vikingar är representerade i spel. Frågeställningen är: På vilka sätt är spelares förväntningar av vikingar annorlunda mot verkligheten? För att kunna svara på denna fråga har vi först gjort en förstudie där vi använde en tematisk analys för att få fram åtta bilder med olika varianter på vikingar som går från ”spelviking” till ”historisk viking” i fyra olika steg. Fyra manliga bilder och fyra kvinnliga bilder skapades, dessa bilder visades sedan i par till deltagarna i en enkät för huvudstudien. Detta för att se vilka av vikingabilderna som de trodde var mest ”vikingalik”. Deltagarna tyckte rent generellt att de historiska vikingarna var mer vikingalika än de vikingabilderna som var baserade på spelen under förstudien. / Cultural representation has long been a subject of discussion, and in this thesis we will bring up how Vikings are represented in games. The question we will ask ourselves is: In what ways are players expectations of Vikings different from reality? To answer this question we have first done a preliminary investigation where we used a thematical analysis to come up with eight pictures with different variants of Vikings going from “game-Viking” to “historically accurate Viking” in four steps. Four male pictures and four female pictures were made, these pictures were then shown in pairs to participants in the survey during the main investigation. This was done to see which Viking depictions they thought were most “Viking-like”. People generally thought that the historically accurate Vikings were more Viking-like than the Viking pictures based on the games chosen during the pre-investigation.

In many parts of the world women are still largely underrepresented in parliaments. Sweden is however one of the countries that have developed one of the more equal parliaments in the world. This progress has given rise to a question in women studies; how does a more equal representation affect the politics? Earlier studies on this field in Sweden was mainly done in the late 80’s and early 90’s and how the situation is today, being largely unknown. This thesis explores differences between men and women in the writing of motions. To identify these differences, a quantitative content analysis is conducted of all freestanding motions of 2015. As it turns out there is large differences between male and female commissioners both in regard to the participation as well as the content of the motions. For example, women write considerably less motions and men’s motions gets twice the amount of endorsements. / I många delar av världen är kvinnor fortfarande underrepresenterade i parlamenten. Sverige är dock ett av länderna i framkant vad det gäller en jämställd representation och många andra länder blir mer och mer jämställda. Denna utveckling har lett till att ett kvinnovetenskapligt problemområde utvecklats; hur påverkar en mer jämställd representation politiken som förs? Tidigare studier på området har framförallt genomförts under sent 80-tal och tidigt 90-tal och hur situationen ser ut idag är i stort sett outforskat. Denna uppsats undersöker skillnader mellan manliga och kvinnliga riksdagsledamöter i motionsskrivandet. För att identifiera skillnader så genomförs en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av fristående motioner från år 2015. Det visar sig att det finns stora könsskillnader både vad det gäller hur många motioner som skrivs och vad de handlar om. Kvinnor skriver bland annat betydligt färre motioner och mäns motioner får dubbelt så ofta någon form av bifall.

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, la mise en œuvre de stratégies industrielles et éditoriales par les groupes de presse écrite a poussé les marchés du travail journalistique à se conformer à de nouvelles exigences d'adaptation. Face à ces transformations, les positions traditionnelles des acteurs du champ journalistique ont été profondément remises en question, traduisant une reconfiguration en termes de normes et de pratiques socio-discursives, mais aussi de distribution des rôles et des pouvoirs. Notre travail de recherche propose de s'intéresser au cas des journalistes pigistes dont le positionnement dans une « zone grise » du marché du travail en fait des « analyseurs » privilégiés des mutations en cours au sein du secteur de presse. La précarité qui leur est fatalement assignée est ici questionnée comme une catégorie situationnelle et relationnelle nous informant d'une « déstructuration-restructuration » du champ journalistique. La précarité mobilisée dans les discours des acteurs du champ apporte dès lors un éclairage sur les logiques sociales à l'œuvre et permet d'approcher, d'une part, les enjeux qui sous-tendent la stigmatisation des journalistes pigistes en précaires, et, d'autre part, les stratégies qui les portent. Il apparaît que cette représentation à visée différentielle fait singulièrement sens dans un contexte socio-économique de restructuration des industries culturelles. Révélatrice d'une tension entre légitimation et modernisation d'une presse en mutation, la précarité affectée aux journalistes pigistes se met au service des stratégies d'adaptation des acteurs en présence. Elle sert en premier lieu celles des stigmatisés qui, en procédant à un « retournement du stigmate », saisissent l'occasion de faire émerger une identité « para-journalistique » fondée sur une culture qui leur serait propre : le « pigisme ». / Over the past three decades, the industrial and editorial strategies of French press groups pushed the journalistic labour markets to adapt to new requirements. Faced with these changes, the traditional positions of the actors involved in the journalistic field were deeply challenged leading to a reconfiguration in terms of standards and socio-discursive practices, but also in terms of the distribution of roles and powers. Our research focuses on the case of the French “pigistes” journalists who are located in a "grey area" of the labour market and thereby become privileged "analyzers" of the ongoing changes in the French press industry. The precariousness assigned to them is examined as a relational notion, which allows us to approach very closely the "breakdown-restructuring" movement of the modern French journalistic field. The study of the uses of this notion in the discourses of the main actors in this field brings light on the social logics at work. It underlines what is at stake in the stigmatization of “pigistes” journalists in "precarious" professionals on the one hand and which strategies this stigma help to satisfy on the other hand. It appears that this representation implies a differentiation between two types of journalists (the precarious ones and the others), which singularly makes sense in a socio-economic restructuring of cultural industries. Revealing a tension between legitimacy and modernization of a changing press, the precariousness assigned to the “pigistes” journalists supports the adaptation strategies of the actors involved in the field. Above all, this stigmatization serves firstly this stigmatized journalists who by conducting a “reversal of the stigma” seize the opportunity to bring forth a “para-journalistic” identity based on a culture they would own: the “pigisme.”

Ämnet vi valt för denna uppsats är mångfald och representation. Vi kommer att undersöka hur mångfalden på Instagram-flödet hos modehus påverkar deras icke-vita följare på Instagram. Vi kommer även att studera hur representation påverkar människors attityder och vilka konsekvenser för de rasifierade följarna som kan uppstå vid brist på representation – med fokus på hur synen och känslor för varumärket påverkas. I denna uppsats kommer vi att främst utgå ifrån intervjuer med rasifierade följare som har ett visst intresse av mode och som följer minst ett varumärke på Instagram. Vi har valt att utgå ifrån varumärken som intervjuobjekten själva får välja. Detta för att få ett så genuint svar som möjligt då vi anser att man har bäst koll på varumärken som man själv följer. Fokus kommer att vara att förstå hur mångfald och representation påverkar följarnas känslor för varumärket. Det vill säga; vi kommer att studera hur människors känslor och attityder för varumärket påverkas utifrån mångfalden på varumärkets Instagram-flöde. I intervjuerna har vi valt att avgränsa oss till icke-vita följare mellan 18-27 år. / The subject we chose for this thesis is diversity and representation. We will study how the diversity of the Instagram feed of brands affects their non-white followers on Instagram. We will also study how representation affects non-white people and the consequences that can arise in the absence of representation - focusing on how the perspective and feelings of the brand is affected. In this essay, we will primarily assume interviews with people who have a certain interest in fashion and follows at least one brand on Instagram.  We have chosen to study brands chosen by our interviewees because we think that will give us the most honest answers. We believe that the interviewees will be more up to date on the brand that way. The focus will be to understand how diversity and representation affect the feelings of the followers for the brand. We will study how people's feelings for the brand are influenced based on the brand's Instagram feed. We will look at the fashion brand’s Instagram posts to find out the amount of diversity they show in their posts, so we have actual numbers to report. We will also conduct interviews and analyze these interviews to bring out thoughts and feelings towards the different brands. We have chosen to delimit non-white followers between the age of 18-27.