Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

<p>The aim of the thesis was to examine the applicability of attachment theory to adult and adolescent religiosity. Attachment theory is an empirically oriented research paradigm that takes evolutionary theory as the starting point in the study of child-parent relations and their socioemotional correlates in development. The work consisted of two interrelated tasks. First, limitations in theory and research in the psychology of religion, particularly the traditional psychodynamic perspectives, were highlighted, and attachment theory was proposed as an integrative framework to remedy some of those limitations. Second, four empirical studies (I-IV), based on attachment theoretical predictions, were conducted to investigate relations between individual differences in attachment and religiosity. </p><p>The combined results from the studies suggest the existence of two religiosity profiles in relation to attachment. Both profiles resemble influential descriptions of individual religiosity differences in the psychology of religion literature. The religiosity of individuals in the first profile is similar to their parents' religiosity and is likely to be stable over time. If religious changes have been experienced, these are likely to be gradual, to occur early in life, and in a context pointing to the importance of relationships with religious significant others. Such individuals' God image is likely to be loving, and not distant. It was hypothesized that these religiosity characteristics stern from experiences with sensitive attachment figures in childhood, and that such experiences have promoted partial adoption of the attachment figures' religious standards. The mental representations of attachment resulting from the favorable experiences were suggested to be responsible for a corresponding image of a loving God. </p><p>The religiosity of individuals in the second profile is independent of parental religiosity, and is likely to fluctuate (increase and decrease) over time. Their religious changes are more sudden and intense, occur relatively later in life, and in a context pointing to an emotionally supportive function for religion. Such individuals' God image is more distant, and less loving. These religiosity characteristics were hypothesized to stem from experiences with insensitive attachment figures in childhood. It was suggested that they reflect an affect regulation strategy to obtain/maintain a sense of felt security, and that God is utilized as a compensatory attachment-like figure in this regard. </p><p>Findings pertaining to the profiles generally emerged regardless of whether the design was cross-sectional (I-IV) or longitudinal (III); whether participants were adults (I, II, and IV) or adolescents (Study III); and whether attachment was assessed with self-report questionnaires (I-IV) or independent ratings based on a semi-structured interview (IV).</p>

The aim of the thesis was to examine the applicability of attachment theory to adult and adolescent religiosity. Attachment theory is an empirically oriented research paradigm that takes evolutionary theory as the starting point in the study of child-parent relations and their socioemotional correlates in development. The work consisted of two interrelated tasks. First, limitations in theory and research in the psychology of religion, particularly the traditional psychodynamic perspectives, were highlighted, and attachment theory was proposed as an integrative framework to remedy some of those limitations. Second, four empirical studies (I-IV), based on attachment theoretical predictions, were conducted to investigate relations between individual differences in attachment and religiosity. The combined results from the studies suggest the existence of two religiosity profiles in relation to attachment. Both profiles resemble influential descriptions of individual religiosity differences in the psychology of religion literature. The religiosity of individuals in the first profile is similar to their parents' religiosity and is likely to be stable over time. If religious changes have been experienced, these are likely to be gradual, to occur early in life, and in a context pointing to the importance of relationships with religious significant others. Such individuals' God image is likely to be loving, and not distant. It was hypothesized that these religiosity characteristics stern from experiences with sensitive attachment figures in childhood, and that such experiences have promoted partial adoption of the attachment figures' religious standards. The mental representations of attachment resulting from the favorable experiences were suggested to be responsible for a corresponding image of a loving God. The religiosity of individuals in the second profile is independent of parental religiosity, and is likely to fluctuate (increase and decrease) over time. Their religious changes are more sudden and intense, occur relatively later in life, and in a context pointing to an emotionally supportive function for religion. Such individuals' God image is more distant, and less loving. These religiosity characteristics were hypothesized to stem from experiences with insensitive attachment figures in childhood. It was suggested that they reflect an affect regulation strategy to obtain/maintain a sense of felt security, and that God is utilized as a compensatory attachment-like figure in this regard. Findings pertaining to the profiles generally emerged regardless of whether the design was cross-sectional (I-IV) or longitudinal (III); whether participants were adults (I, II, and IV) or adolescents (Study III); and whether attachment was assessed with self-report questionnaires (I-IV) or independent ratings based on a semi-structured interview (IV).

本研究試圖整合成人依附理論與Benjamin的SASB人際行為環複模式，主要研究目的有二，研究目的一：探討伴侶間的人際行為是否會影響個人在愛情關係中依附特質的展現，研究目的二：探討伴侶間的人際行為對個人在愛情關係中依附風格、依附特質改變的影響情形。在本研究中，在伴侶間人際行為的內涵包括親和性（又分成滋潤性與破壞性）與互依性（又分成自主性與控制性）等人際行為，伴侶間互動層次共測量個體自陳對方提供行為、實際對方提供行為，個體的尋求行為、以及提供-尋求行為之間的互補性（亦分成個體自陳伴侶間的互補性、以及實際伴侶間的互補性）。依附特質的測量包括個體自陳在愛情中與伴侶間的焦慮與逃避依附特質等，並可組合出安全型、焦慮/矛盾型、逃避型、與錯亂型等四種依附風格。 本研究採取「追蹤研究法」，平均間隔約12.49週，進行兩個時間點的測量，邀請正在約會關係中的大學生伴侶雙方共234人接受單獨的成人依附特質量表(ECR)、伴侶間人際行為量表(SASB模式)的測量，並同時詢問其壓力事件調查表與測驗大學生身心健康調查表(GHQ)，以作為排除影響依附風格改變的干擾變項，兩個時間點皆完成測驗且未分手者共計199人。研究目的一的分析對象為第一個時間受測者，但必須是正在談戀愛而未分手的大學生，共計232人符合標準，其中男性佔35％，女性佔65%，，而完整的配對資料共76對，故有152人可進行實際伴侶間互動的分析。 研究目的二的受測者除了兩個時間點皆受測且未分手外，還必須排除在兩個時間點遭受重大壓力者與GHQ量表上表現出身心健康狀況不佳者，共計有效受試者為183人，伴侶雙方皆完成測驗的共計63對，故有126人可進行實際伴侶間互動的分析。本研究亦針對個體自陳對方提供行為、以及各人際行為的親和性與互依性指標、提供與尋求行為的互補性指標等，進行信效度的檢驗。 本研究結果可分成兩大部分。第一，在人際行為對愛情依附特質與風格改變的影響方面，可發現部分伴侶間人際行為的確可對依附特質造成影響：1. 「親和性」人際行為最能影響愛情依附特質，並與依附風格、依附特質改變最有關連；2.「滋潤性親和」不同於「破壞性親和」對依附特質的影響；3.個體在愛情關係中的依附特質，主要受到個體「主觀認知」到的伴侶間人際互動，而並不一定會受到「實際」伴侶間人際互動的影響；4. 逃避特質則較明顯受到伴侶間滋潤性親和人際行為的影響，而焦慮依附特質較受到伴侶間破壞性人際行為的影響，但焦慮依附特質的改變與伴侶人際行為關連性較低。第二，對個體在關係中單向的人際行為而言，親和性比互依性人際行為更能影響愛情依附特質，甚至與依附風格、依附特質的改變更有關連；但互依性指標（自主性）對依附特質並非沒有影響力，而是會顯現在雙向人際行為的互補性當中。 最後乃說明本研究的討論與限制，並提出未來在研究上與伴侶諮商實務上的建議。 / This study tried to integrate adult attachment theory and Benjamin’s Structural Analysis of Social Behavior Models (SASB). There were two major purposes of the study: The first one was to, discussing whether the impact of dating couples’ interpersonal behaviors on romantic attachment characteristics for college students. The Second was to, discussing the impact of dating couples’ interpersonal behaviors on the change of attachment styles and characteristics. In this study, the content of dating couples’ interpersonal behaviors includes affiliation (best and worst) and interdependence (autonomy and control) behaviors. The interactions of dating couples were measured by self reporting partner’s providing behaviors, actual partner’s providing behaviors, subjects’ seeking behaviors, the complements of self reporting dating relationship with providing-seeking behaviors, and the complements of actual dating relationship with providing-seeking behaviors. The measurement of attachment characteristics included anxiety and avoidance trait, which could be combined to four attachment styles: secure, anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, disoriented / disorganized. The study took ‘panel study’, and the average interval of test-retest time points was about 12.49 weeks. Total subjects were 234, who were measured by ECR and couples’ interpersonal behaviors (SASB model). Questionnaires of stress events, and GHQ were interference variables for the use of the purpose of the second study. There were 232 subjects composed of 35% male and 65% female in the purpose of first study. These subjects who were all measured in the first timing were falling in love and not yet breaking-up. There were 76 pairs complete matching data, so 152 subjects could process the analysis of actual dating relationship. There were 183 subjects in the purpose of the second study. Besides subjects who were measured in the two time points were falling in love and not yet breaking-up, it had to eliminate two interference variables. There were 63 pairs complete matching data, so 126 subjects could process the analysis of actual dating relationship. There were two major results in this study. First, couples’ interpersonal behaviors had the impact on attachment characteristics: 1. affiliation interpersonal behaviors could affect romantic attachment characteristics, and was related to the change of attachment styles and attachment characteristics. 2. The impact on attachment characteristics was different between ‘best affiliation’ and ‘worst affiliation’. 3. Self reporting couples’ interpersonal behaviors had impact on attachment characteristics. On the contrary, actual couples’ interpersonal behaviors had no impact. 4. ‘Best affiliation’ had impact on avoidance attachment characteristics, and ‘worst affiliation’ had impact on anxiety attachment characteristics. The association between the change of anxiety attachment characteristics and couples’ interpersonal behaviors was low. Second, for one-way interpersonal behavior in dating relationship, affiliation behaviors affected romantic attachment characteristics more than interdependence. Even affiliation behaviors were more related to the change of attachment styles and attachment characteristics than interdependence. The complement of couples’ autonomy interpersonal behaviors also affected attachment characteristics. In addition, implication for adult attachment research and couple therapy in dating relationship was discussed. Research limitation was also explicated.

L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’examiner le lien entre l’attachement amoureux des conjoints, la satisfaction conjugale, le mandat thérapeutique et le résultat de la thérapie conjugale telle que conduite en milieu naturel. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, des couples se présentant en thérapie conjugale ont d’abord complété une batterie de questionnaires comprenant l’Échelle d’ajustement dyadique (Spanier, 1976) et le Questionnaire sur les expériences d’attachement amoureux (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). Les thérapeutes ont par la suite indiqué le mandat thérapeutique poursuivi avec chaque couple (réconciliation ou résolution de l’ambivalence), suivant la classification de Poitras-Wright et St-Père (2004). À la fin de la consultation, le jugement du thérapeute a été utilisé pour classer chacun des cas comme ayant abandonné ou complété le traitement. Les couples ayant complété la thérapie ont rempli l’Échelle d’ajustement dyadique au post-traitement. Dans le premier des articles composant cette thèse, le lien entre l’attachement amoureux et la satisfaction conjugale a été examiné auprès d’un échantillon de 172 couples en détresse débutant une thérapie conjugale, de même qu’auprès de 56 couples non en détresse débutant également une thérapie conjugale, pour fins de comparaison. Les résultats ont démontré que l’évitement de la proximité semble être une caractéristique distinctive des couples en détresse et que cette dimension de l’attachement est fortement liée à l’insatisfaction conjugale de ce même groupe. Dans le deuxième article, le mandat thérapeutique, l’attachement amoureux et la satisfaction conjugale ont été examinés en tant que prédicteurs de l’abandon de la thérapie conjugale, auprès de 141 couples. Les résultats ont notamment démontré qu’un mandat de résolution de l’ambivalence augmente les probabilités d’abandon de la thérapie conjugale. De plus, les prédicteurs du résultat de la thérapie ont également été examinés dans ce second article. Les résultats obtenus au moyen d’analyses acteur-partenaire ont démontré que la satisfaction conjugale pré-traitement apparaît comme le meilleur prédicteur de la satisfaction conjugale post-traitement, et ce, malgré l’inclusion de l’attachement amoureux parmi les variables investiguées. Considérés dans leur ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que l’insécurité d’attachement serait fortement associée à l’insatisfaction des couples en détresse, mais ne nuirait pas pour autant à l’obtention d’un résultat positif en thérapie conjugale. En somme, cette thèse contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en se penchant sur l’utilité de la théorie de l’attachement en thérapie conjugale et en soulignant la nécessité de tenir compte des mandats thérapeutiques dans les futures études en thérapie conjugale. Les implications cliniques des résultats et des recommandations pour la recherche clinique sont présentées dans la conclusion de l’ouvrage. / The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the link between adult romantic attachment, relationship satisfaction, therapeutic mandates and couple therapy outcome. Couples seeking therapy in a natural setting completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976) and the Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) at intake. Therapists classified the therapeutic mandate pursued in each case (i.e., alleviation of couple distress or ambivalence resolution) according to the Classification of Therapeutic Mandates Questionnaire (Poitras-Wright & St-Père, 2004). When treatment ceased, couples were classified as dropouts or completers according to therapists’ judgment, and completers were further assessed using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. In the first of two articles, the association between adult romantic attachment and pre-treatment marital satisfaction was investigated in a sample of 172 distressed couples seeking therapy, as well as in a comparison sample of 56 nondistressed couples seeking therapy. Results showed that attachment avoidance was a distinctive characteristic of distressed couples and that it was a strong predictor of marital dissatisfaction among distressed couples seeking therapy. Based on a series of 141 couple therapy cases, the second article examined therapeutic mandates, romantic attachment orientations, and pre-treatment marital satisfaction as predictors of premature disengagement from couple therapy. The most striking result was that an ambivalence resolution mandate was strongly associated with increased chances of treatment discontinuation. Predictors of couple therapy outcome were also examined: actor-partner analyses revealed that the strongest predictor of post-treatment marital satisfaction was pre-treatment marital satisfaction, despite the inclusion of romantic attachment among the predictor variables. Overall, these results indicate that attachment insecurity is strongly related to distressed couples’ marital dissatisfaction, but that it might not impede the attainment of a positive outcome in couple therapy. In sum, this thesis contributed to the field of couple therapy by investigating the pertinence of attachment theory in couple treatment, and highlighting the need for further study of therapeutic mandates in couple therapy. Clinical implications for couple therapy are discussed, and recommendations for clinical research offered.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Depuis plusieurs décennies, on reconnaît l’existence d’une complémentarité des rôles père et mère dans le développement de l’attachement de l’enfant. La mère étant davantage impliquée dans les soins, le père se spécialise dans la sphère exploration, le jeu et le respect des règles. Les études démontrent une association entre la qualité d’attachement des parents et de l’enfant avec un effet plus fort chez les mères, un phénomène discuté sous le vocable transmission intergénérationnelle de l’attachement. De nos jours, on assiste à un plus grand partage des tâches liées à l’enfant et le père peut être perçu comme une figure de soin. Cette étude a été menée à partir d’un échantillon normatif de familles biparentales hétérosexuelles (N = 182) à proximité de Montréal. Le premier objectif était d’examiner l’association entre l’attachement des parents évalué avec le Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ) et celui de l’enfant évalué lors de la Procédure de la Situation Étrangère (SSP). Le second objectif était d’examiner le rôle modérateur du temps passé par les parents avec l’enfant. Contrairement à nos prédictions, les résultats ne démontrent aucune association significative entre le RSQ maternel et la SSP mère-enfant. Toutefois, les pères avec qui l’enfant a développé un attachement sécurisé se distinguaient par un score de sécurité significativement supérieur au RSQ. Ensuite, le temps père-enfant n’était pas associé à l’attachement père-enfant, mais l’était avec l’attachement mère-enfant. Concernant cette association, le temps total passé par le père avec l’enfant était négativement associé à la résistance au contact mère-enfant, positivement associé au type Sécurisé et négativement associé au type Résistant. Enfin, la quantité de temps que les deux conjoints passent ensemble avec l’enfant était positivement associée au type Sécurisé et négativement associée au type Désorganisé lors de la SSP mère-enfant. Au terme de cette étude, nous croyons que le RSQ évalue des dimensions différentes de celles habituellement associées avec la SSP, ce qui en fait un choix moins recommandé pour examiner l’association entre l’attachement du parent et de l’enfant. La quantité de temps passé par le père avec l’enfant ne semble pas déterminante dans le développement de l’attachement père-enfant. Toutefois, nos données suggèrent des bénéfices directs et indirects associés au temps passé par le père avec la dyade mère-enfant sur le lien d’attachement mère-enfant. / Since a few decades, researchers have acknowledged the evidence of a complementarity between the roles of the father and the mother in the development of infant attachment. While the mother plays a main role in caregiving, the father tends to promote exploratory behavior, respect of rules and frequently act has a playmate. Numerous studies have shown an association between caregiver’s attachment and infant’s attachment with a stronger effect for mothers, which is widely discussed in terms of intergenerational attachment transmission. Nowadays, between the two parents, there is a less hermetic division of tasks associated with caregiving and there is a growing agreement that the father can be perceived as a secure figure. We studied a normative sample of 182 heterosexual biparental families living in the Montreal area. The first objective was to examine the association between parent’s attachment assessed with the Relationship Scale Questionnaire (RSQ) and infant-parent attachment measured with the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). Our second objective was to look at the role of time spent by the parent with his child as a moderator of the above-mentioned association. Unlike our predictions, no significative association was found between the maternal RSQ and the infant-mother SSP. Nevertheless, fathers with whom a secured attachment is developed distinguish themselves by a significantly higher security score on the RSQ. Furthermore, while the time spent by the father with the infant hasn’t been linked with father-infant attachment, it was, however, associated with mother-infant attachment. Concerning this association, the time spent by the father with his child was negatively associated with resistance during the mother-infant SSP, positively associated with Secure type and negatively associated with Resistant type. Finally, the time the parents spent together with the child was positively associated with the Secure type and negatively associated with Disorganize attachment. At this study’s conclusion, we believe the RSQ might assess dimensions other than the ones usually associated with the SSP, which would make this instrument less recommended in future research on attachment transmission. The time the father spends with his child doesn’t seem to influence his attachment. However, our results suggest the time spend by the father with the mother-infant dyad might have direct and indirect benefices on the mother-infant attachment.

Il est bien documenté que les représentations d’attachement des parents ont une influence sur différents aspects du développement de leurs enfants notamment le développement du lien d’attachement. Ceci est également observé chez les parents d’accueil et les enfants qu’ils hébergent, pourtant les représentations d’attachement de ces parents ne sont pas prises en compte lors de leur évaluation pour devenir famille d’accueil. Les représentations d’attachement des adultes peuvent être évaluées à l’aide de l’Entrevue de l’attachement adulte (AAI) et du Projectif de l’attachement adulte (AAP) qui utilisent les mêmes catégories d’attachement pour classifier les individus, mais à partir de systèmes de codification distincts. Plusieurs études ont étudié la validité convergente entre les catégories de ces deux outils, mais aucune ne l’a fait avec un échantillon de mères de familles d’accueil. Par ailleurs, des études ont démontré que les caractéristiques individuelles de l’attachement seraient mieux représentées de façon continue plutôt que catégorielle. Ainsi, il semble pertinent d’évaluer la convergence entre les dimensions du AAI et du AAP. Ce mémoire visait donc à évaluer la convergence entre les catégories et les échelles dimensionnelles de ces deux outils ainsi que leur association à l’Inventaire de dépression de Beck (BDI). L’échantillon est composé de 54 mères d’accueil québécoises d’un âge moyen de 39 ans. Les résultats révèlent une convergence acceptable lorsque les participantes sont divisées en catégories autonomes et non-autonomes alors que les résultats ne sont pas concluants pour les quatre catégories d’attachement et la division résolue et non-résolue. Certaines échelles dimensionnelles du AAI et du AAP ont été associées et une échelle du AAP a été corrélée significativement avec le score de dépression obtenu au BDI. En somme, les deux outils catégorisent les participantes selon des systèmes de classification semblables, mais des disparités sont observées particulièrement en ce qui concerne les états d’esprit insécures. / Parents’ attachment state of mind is known to influence their child’s development in various domains as well as the attachment relationship. Indeed, the attachment type that children develop is significantly associated to their parent’s attachment state of mind, including among foster families. Adults’ attachment representations can be assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and the Adult Attachment Projective (AAP) that categorize adults in corresponding attachment categories with very different classification systems. Studies have examined convergent validity between the both measures among different populations, but none among foster mothers. Moreover, studies revealed significant convergence between attachment categories, but none has examined the convergence between dimensional scales of both measures. Some authors have proposed that differences according to attachment may be better explained continuously rather than with categories. Thus, this study aims to investigate the convergent validity between the overall classifications as well as dimensional scales of the AAI and the AAP and their association to the global score of depression obtained at Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). The sample consists of 54 foster mothers (mean age: 39) from Quebec (Canada). Results show acceptable convergence when participants a separated in autonomous and non-autonomous categories but not for the four-way classification and the resolved and unresolved division. Some dimensional scales of the AAI and the AAP were significantly associated and one scale of the AAP was associated to the global score of depression as assessed by the BDI. In sum, the two measures categorized adults in similar manners, but some discrepancies are observed in the insecure states of mind.

Le trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDA/H) est une condition qui touche un nombre important d’enfants d’âge scolaire. Plusieurs d’entre eux sont également atteints d’un trouble concomitant, qu’il soit de nature anxieuse ou agressive. Les manifestations comportementales qui en découlent, ainsi que les conséquences qui y sont associées, ont une influence sur l’enfant, mais également sur son parent. Certaines études suggèrent que ces conditions sont associées chez les parents à un niveau de stress élevé, à un sentiment d’auto-efficacité (SAE) plus faible, à plus de symptômes dépressifs et à une satisfaction conjugale plus faible. D’autres résultats rapportent le contraire. Pourquoi ces résultats sont-il divergents? Cette étude a pour but, en premier lieu, d’examiner, dans un échantillon québécois de 110 parents d’enfants atteints de TDA/H, si les caractéristiques du TDA/H des enfants (sous-type de TDA/H et présence d’un trouble concomitant) influencent les caractéristiques personnelles de leur parent (stress parental, SAE, symptômes dépressifs et satisfaction conjugale). En deuxième lieu, nous examinerons si l’attachement adulte est lié à ces quatre caractéristiques personnelles parentales et s’il modère le lien entre les caractéristiques du TDA/H de l’enfant et celles du parent. Les résultats indiquent que le profil diagnostique de l’enfant est lié aux symptômes dépressifs des parents et que la présence d’un trouble concomitant chez l’enfant est liée à la satisfaction conjugale parentale. De plus, un effet d’interaction est observé entre le profil diagnostique et la présence d’un trouble concomitant chez l’enfant sur le niveau de stress du parent. Les résultats démontrent également un effet significatif du style d’attachement adulte sur le sentiment d’auto-efficacité des parents, les parents avec un attachement sécure-autonome ayant un sentiment d’auto-efficacité plus élevé que ceux avec un attachement de type insécure-ambivalent. Aucun effet modérateur de l’attachement adulte sur la relation entre les caractéristiques du TDA/H de l’enfant et les caractéristiques personnelles de son parent n’est observé. / Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is present in a large number of school-aged children. Many of them are also suffering from comorbid agressive or anxious disorders. Behavioral manifestations and the consequences that arise, have not only an influence on the child, but also on the parent. Some studies suggest that, for those parents, these conditions are associated with a higher level of stress, a lower sense of self-efficacy, more depressive symptoms and lower marital satisfaction. Other findings relate the opposite. Why are these results in conflict? This study aims, firstly, to examine, in a Quebec sample of 110 parents of children with AD/HD, if the children’s characteristics of AD/HD (diagnostic profile and the presence of a comorbid disorder) are related to their parent’s personal characteristics (parental stress, sense of self-efficacy, depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction). Second, we examine whether adult attachment is linked with those four parental characteristics and if it moderates the relationship between children’s AD/HD characteristics and parent’s personal characteristics. Results indicate that the child’s diagnostic profile is related to parent’s depressive symptoms and that the presence of comorbid disorders is related with parent’s marital satisfaction. Also, an interaction effect between child’s diagnostic profile and presence of comorbid disorders is observed on parental stress level. In addition, results showed a significant relation between adult attachment style and parent’s sense of self-efficacy only, confirming that parents with a secure-autonomous attachment style have a higher sense of self-efficacy than those with an insecure-ambivalent attachment style. No moderating effect of adult attachment on the relationship between child’s AD/HD characteristics and parent’s personal characteristics is observed.

No description available.