Orientador: José Roberto Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_IzabelaMajor_M.pdf: 2150780 bytes, checksum: 874939a28cdf8546758349402fb228e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A abamectina é uma avermectina amplamente utilizada como antiparasitário na pecuária. Os processos selecionados para degradação do fármaco veterinário foram fotólise (UV), peroxidação (H2O2), peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta (UV/H2O2), reagente de Fenton e foto-Fenton. A concentração inicial de abamectina foi de 500 ?g L-1 e cada ensaio teve duração de 600 segundos... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Abamectin is widely used as a pest control in livestock. Photolysis (UV), peroxidation (H2O2), peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet light (UV/H2O2), Fenton's reagent and photo- Fenton were selected for the degradation of this veterinary drug. The initial concentration of abamectin was 500 ?g L-1 and each test was carried out during 600 seconds....Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: José Roberto Guimarães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T02:45:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DalBosco_SandraMaria_D.pdf: 1640850 bytes, checksum: 320db8502d6cebf6f31820fec9e7739d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi avaliada a degradação de ivermectina em solução aquosa (500 ?g L-1) pelos processos de peroxidação, fotólise, peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta, reagente de Fenton, foto-Fenton, fotocatálise com TiO2 em suspensão, eletroquímico e fotoeletroquímico. A peroxidação foi ineficaz independentemente da concentração de H2O2 utilizada (0,5 - 10 mmol L-1). A fotólise e a peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta apresentaram eficiências superiores a 98% em 300 s de reação (dose de 1.410 mJ cm-2). No processo de degradação Fenton, quando utilizado 1,0 mmol L-1de Fe(II) e 5,0 mmol L-1 de H2O2, a eficiência máxima foi de 80% em 60 s. No foto-Fenton as degradações atingiram 99 % em 600 s de reação. Na fotocatálise com TiO2 em suspensão houve uma degradação de 90% para uma dose de radiação de 1.410 mJ cm-2, e 97% para 2.820 mJ cm-2. No processo eletroquímico em 60 s de reação a eficiência foi entre 50 e 60%, e em 600 s entre 60 e 70% em todas as condições de densidade de corrente elétrica (13,6 a 40,9 mA cm-2) e concentrações de eletrólito suporte (0,01 a 0,25 mmol L-1 de K2SO4) avaliadas. O processo fotoeletroquímico apresentou eficiência de degradação próxima a 95% em 300 s de reação, independentemente das concentrações de eletrólito suporte e densidades de corrente elétrica empregadas. De forma geral, as reduções da toxicidade aguda, utilizando-se o microcrustáceo Daphnia similis como organismo-teste, foram diretamente proporcionais às eficiências de degradação. Ao final de 600 s não foi observada toxicidade nas soluções submetidas aos processos de fotólise, peroxidação assistida por luz ultravioleta, reagente de Fenton (1,0 e 5,0 mmol L-1 de Fe(II) e H2O2, respectivamente), foto-Fenton (todas as condições avaliadas) e fotocatálise com TiO2/H2O2 (0,12 e 0,01 mmol L-1 de TiO2 e H2O2, respectivamente) / Abstract: Ivermectin degradation (500 ?g L-1) by peroxidation, photolysis, peroxidation assisted by UV radiation, Fenton's reagent, photo-Fenton, photocatalysis with TiO2 in suspension, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical processes were evaluated. Peroxidation was ineffective regardless of H2O2 concentration used (0.5 - 10 mmol L-1). The photolysis and peroxidation assisted by UV radiation reached 98% of degradation in 300 s of reaction (dose of 1410 mJ cm -2). The maximum efficiency in Fenton process was 80% for 60 s (1.0 mmol L-1 Fe(II) and 5.0 mmol L-1 H2O2. For photo-Fenton the degradation efficiency reached 99% in 600 s reaction. In photocatalysis assays the degradation was 90% for a radiation dose of 1410 mJ cm-2 and 97% for 2820 mJ cm-2. In the electrochemical process the efficiency ranged from 50% to 60% in 60 s of reaction and from 60% to 70% in 600 s when the current density ranged from 13.6 to 40.9 mA cm-2 (supporting electrolyte concentration of 0.01 and 0.25 mmol L-1). The photoelectrochemical process presented 95% of degradation efficiency in 300 s of reaction, regardless of the electrolyte concentrations and electrical current densities employed. In general, the acute toxicity reductions using the micro-organism Daphnia similis as organism-test were directly proportional to the efficiencies of degradation. In 600 s of the reaction, no toxicity was observed in the solution submitted to photolysis, peroxidation assisted by UV radiation, Fenton's reagent (1.0 mmol L-1 of Fe(II) and 5.0 mmol L-1 of H2O2), photo-Fenton (all conditions studied), and photocatalysis with TiO2/H2O2 (0.12 and 0.01 mmol L-1 of TiO2 and H2O2, respectively) processes / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutora em Engenharia Civil

Visible light-driven photocatalysis has shown considerable potential in the area of clean and renewable energy, as well as in wastewater treatment. This thesis describes the synthesis, characterization and applicability of a visible-light active photocatalyst, bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr). The photocatalytic activity of BiOBr was investigated through its preparation via hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis routes under various conditions. Hydrothermal catalyst was prepared using non template based method while for solvothermal synthesis CTAB was used as a template. Parameters of temperature and time of thermal treatment were optimized for each synthesis method and overall tests for catalyst dosage and recyclability were performed. An overall optimal route leading to high photocatalytic performance was also proposed based on the obtained results. Studies were also conducted to examine the applicability of optimally synthesized BiOBr in drinking water applications by studying catalyst-mediated disinfection of E. coli and degradation of phenol. Favourable results were obtained, confirming the prospective application of BiOBr as a viable photocatalyst for disinfection. Furthermore, the potential of enhancing BiOBr to further improve its performance is described through synthesis of a novel PdCl2/BiOBr based photocatalyst. Overall, the performance of BiOBr under various conditions in this study establishes its potential as a holistic photocatalyst and merits further development.

Os poluentes orgânicos emergentes (POE) são compostos químicos presentes numa variedade de produtos comerciais como medicamentos, produtos de higiene, agrotóxicos, surfactantes, dentre outros, podendo ser encontrados em matrizes ambientais e biológicas. Esses poluentes não são usualmente monitorados ou ainda não possuem legislação regulatória correspondente, mas apresentam risco à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Dentre esses POE, podemos destacar o nonilfenol etoxilado, um surfactante não-iônico utilizado no desengraxe alcalino da indústria de galvanoplastia. Esse surfactante possui uma recalcitrância e toxidade que aumenta com a diminuição do número de grupos etoxilados, processo que ocorre quando ele é biodegradado. Alguns dos produtos da biodegradação são o nonilfenol com 4, 3, 2 ou 1 grau de etoxilação e nonilfenol, este considerado disruptor endócrino imitando o hormônio natural 17β-estradiol. Tratamentos convencionais de efluentes e água não são eficientes para degradação completa desses compostos. O emprego de processos mais eficientes, como processos oxidativos e oxidativos avançados tais como a Eletrólise (E), Fotólise direta (F), Fotocatálise heterogênea (FH) e a fotoeletrooxidação (FEO), tecnologias limpas que utilizam o elétron e o fóton como reagentes, têm sido proposto como opção para a degradação desses compostos, evitando assim a contaminação dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho foi realizado com uma solução baseada na composição de um efluente industrial contendo nonilfenol etoxilado com 4 graus de etoxilação. Os ensaios de FEO foram realizados em triplicata, variando-se a densidade de corrente, potência de lâmpada e o tempo de tratamento. Além disso, foram realizados, para efeito de comparação e elucidação de mecanismos, ensaios de eletrólise, fotólise direta e fotocatálise heterogêna. As amostras coletadas antes e após os processos oxidativos foram caracterizadas por diferentes métodos analíticos e por toxicidade. Verificou-se que no tempo de tratamento de 240 minutos as diferentes configurações de FEO não foram suficientemente eficazes na degradação de todo o poluente que se encontra na solução inicial, entretanto, a configuração FEO3 não gerou metabólitos mais tóxicos, não apresentou diferença de germinação e de crescimento de raiz, não apresentando também citotoxicidade e genotoxicidade em alface e em cebola, apresentando toxicidade apenas em peixes em uma concentração de 70,71%, o que pode ser evitado com o aumentando do tempo de tratamento, à vista disso, o processo de FEO torna-se uma opção na degradação do nonilfenol etoxilado e de outros POE, evitando assim que esses atinjam os recursos hídricos. / The emerging organic pollutants (POE) are chemical compounds present in a variety of commercial products such as medicines, toiletries, pesticides, surfactants, among others, can be found in environmental and biological matrices. These pollutants are usually not monitored or have no corresponding regulatory legislation, but present risk to human health and the environment. POE Among these, we highlight the nonylphenol ethoxylate, one non-ionic surfactant used in degreasing alkaline electroplating industry. This surfactant has a recalcitrance and toxicity increases with the decrease of the number of ethoxylate groups, a process which occurs when it is biodegraded. Some of the products of biodegradation are nonylphenol with 4, 3, 2 or 1 degree of ethoxylation of nonylphenol and this considered endocrine disruptor mimicking the natural hormone 17β -estradiol. Conventional treatment of sewage and water are not efficient for complete degradation of these compounds. The use of more efficient processes, such as oxidation and advanced oxidation processes such as direct photolysis (F), Electrolysis (E), heterogeneous photocatalysis (FH) and photoelectrooxidation (FEO), clean technologies that utilize the electron and photon reagents have been proposed as an option to the degradation of such compounds, thereby avoiding the contamination of water resources. This work was carried out with a solution based on the composition of an industrial effluent containing nonylphenol ethoxylate with 4 degrees of ethoxylation. FEO assays were performed in triplicate, by varying the current density lamp power and treatment time. In addition, we performed, for comparison and elucidation of mechanisms, testing electrolysis, photolysis and photocatalysis heterogenous. The samples collected before and after the oxidative processes were characterized by different analytical methods and toxicity. It was found that treatment time of 240 minutes, the FEO different configurations were not efficient enough to degrade any pollutants that is in the initial solution, however, the configuration FEO3 not more toxic metabolites generated no significant difference in seed germination and root growth, no significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity also in lettuce and onion, showing toxicity on fish only at a concentration of 70.71 %, which can be avoided by increasing treatment time, the sight, the process of FEO becomes an option in the degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylate and other POE, thus preventing it reaches the water.

Orientador: José Roberto Guimarães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:56:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_MarcelaSouza_M.pdf: 1942738 bytes, checksum: e568a9f4c6bc9579df4ca7bc831e9085 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A ofloxacina é um antimicrobiano de amplo espectro frequentemente encontrado em concentrações significativas em efluentes e águas superficiais. A contínua introdução deste fármaco no meio ambiente constitui um risco potencial em longo prazo para os organismos não alvos ou para a saúde humana. Neste estudo foi avaliada a degradação da ofloxacina pelos processos oxidativos avançados (POA) peroxidação assistida por radiação ultravioleta (UV/H2O2) e fotocatálise (UV/TiO2 e UV/TiO2/H2O2). Foi avaliada também a atividade antimicrobiana residual do fármaco, utilizando a bactéria E. coli, e a toxicidade aguda (Vibrio fischeri). A concentração de ofloxacina foi monitorada utilizando-se cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os resultados obtidos indicam que os POA aplicados foram eficientes para a degradação desse fármaco. O processo UV/H2O2 alcançou degradação de 99%, após 60 min de reação. Para o processo UV/TiO2, a eficiência de degradação obtida foi de 89,3% após 60 min e a adição de peróxido de hidrogênio elevou a eficiência para 97,8%. A atividade antimicrobiana do fármaco foi reduzida consideravelmente, alcançando 95% de remoção com a aplicação do UV/H2O2 e 96% utilizando o processo UV/TiO2/H2O2. A toxicidade das amostras não aumentou no decorrer da aplicação destes POA, indicando a potencial utilização destes processos para o tratamento de soluções aquosas contendo ofloxacina / Abstract: Ofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent which is frequently found in significant concentrations in wastewater and surface water. Its continuous introduction into the environment constitutes a potential risk to non-target organisms or to human health. This study evaluated ofloxacin degradation by the UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOPs), residual antimicrobial activity (E. coli), and acute toxicity (Vibrio fischeri). Ofloxacin concentration was monitored with HPLC analyses. The results obtained shown that AOPs applied were efficient for ofloxacin degradation. For UV/H2O2, degradation efficiency was 99% in 60 min of reaction. For UV/TiO2, degradation efficiency was 89.3% in 60 min of reaction when applied 128 mg L-1 TiO2. The addition of 1.68 mmol L-1 of hydrogen peroxide increased the degradation to 97.8%. For both processes, the antimicrobial activity was considerably reduced throughout the reaction, reaching 95% removal when UV/H2O2 was applied and 96% using the UV/TiO2/H2O2 process. The toxicity of the samples did not increase during AOP application, indicating the potential use of these processes for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing ofloxacin / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

With a growing population and continuous accumulation of pollutants, water resources worldwide are quickly being depleted. Drastic improvements need to be made in both water conservation and treatment. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed to go above and beyond the capabilities of traditional wastewater treatment facilities to eliminate emerging contaminants from our water systems. AOPs increase the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in oxidation reactions, which are less selective and more reactive than other oxidants, such as ozone, so they are more effective at degrading persistent compounds. This study explored an AOP that utilizes ozonated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to generate •OH; past research has proven the success of this method of water treatment, showing a significant decrease in the effluent concentration of the tested compounds. However, these previous studies used a batch system with an initial aliquot of ozone, which would not be a feasible option in a commercial application. This research compares results from a semi-batch system with a continuous injection of ozone to these previous batch system studies to determine if continuous ozonation improves •OH generation capability, contaminant degradation, and the associated reaction kinetics. Results from batch studies had shown limitations to both •OH generation and contaminant degradation which were suspected to be due to ozone degradation; however, these results suggest that ozone availability is in fact not a limiting factor to •OH or contaminant degradation, and another mechanism must be at play. Further, to advance the AOP toward a commercially feasible design, a continuous flow-through system with a MWCNT embedded membrane was explored. The continuous system achieved 80% contaminant degradation in some cases, however, with varying retention times and efficiencies over time, the results were inconclusive and additional experimentation is required.

Wastewater reuse is very important in water resource management for both environmental and economic reasons. Unfortunately, wastewater from textile industries is difficult to treat by convectional wastewater treatment technologies. Now days, polluted water due to color from textile dyeing and finishing industries is burning issue for researchers. Textile or industrial wastewaters contain non-biodegradable organic compounds, which cannot be easily biodegraded because of their complex chemical structure. Dye wastewater discharged from textile wastewaters is one example of non-biodegradable organic compounds and it is difficult to remove dye effluent by convectional wastewater treatment methods. Therefore, this thesis deals about a review of advanced treatment technologies, which can de-colorize and remove non-biodegradable organic compounds from textile wastewater effluents. In addition to this, the potential and limitation of these advanced treatment methods are reviewed. Advanced treatment technologies reviewed in this paper are; Adsorption process, Membrane bioreactor (MBR) and advanced oxidation process (AOPs).

La pollution des eaux superficielles et souterraines par des composés organiques est bien connue comme une préoccupation majeure de l'environnement dans de nombreux pays. Si les polluants prioritaires sont actuellement surveillés par la directive cadre européenne sur l'eau, il est désormais urgent de prendre en considération les nouveaux polluants dérivés de principes actifs des produits pharmaceutiques et d'identifier leurs produits de transformation à risque. Ce travail de thèse propose une étude globale sur l'état et l'avenir des produis pharmaceutiques dans l'environnement, sur l'exemple de deux pharmaceutiques choisis, dans le cadre de cette importante problématique environnementale. Nous avons donc appliqué les procédés électrochimiques d'oxydation avancée, électro-Fenton (EF), oxydation anodique(OA) et photoélectro-Fenton solaire (PEFS), ainsi que le couplage électro-Fenton/traitement biologique pour une élimination effective des polluants médicamenteux furosémide et ranitidine. Les résultats obtenus confirment l'efficacité de ces technologies électrochimiques pour la minéralisation quasi-totale des produits pharmaceutiques étudiés. En outre, l'utilisation du pré-traitement par EF suivi d'un procédé biologique confirme la capacité de l'EF de transformer les polluants organiques en produits biodégradables qui peuvent être consommés par des microorganismes lors d'un traitement biologique, démontrant ainsi l'applicabilité potentiel de cette technique combinée, en termes d'une consommation énergétique réduite. L'identification des produits de transformation (PTs) des pharmaceutiques étudiés par voie électrochimique (électro-oxydation) et biologique (bioconversion) a été effectuée par différentes techniques d'analyse physico-chimiques. La biotransformation du FRSM a conduit à la formation de trois PT principales; saluamide, pyridinium et un dérivé céto-alcool. Les deux premiers ont aussi été détectés lors du traitement électrochimique, ce qui suggère la probabilité de les trouver dans l'environnement comme les produits de transformation les plus plausibles par des différentes conditions de dégradation. Les tests de toxicité basés sur l'inhibition de la bioluminescence des bactéries marines Vibrio fischeri ont montré que certains PT formés lors de traitement électrochimiques sont plus toxique que la molécule mère, car une augmentation de la toxicité globale de la solution a été observée au début des électrolyses. Néanmoins, la toxicité de la solution est complètement éliminée à la fin des traitements électrochimiques, ce qui indique l'efficacité de ces technologies aussi pour la détoxification des solutions des médicaments traités. Par conséquent, cette étude constitue une contribution importante à l'évaluation des risques environnementaux des produits pharmaceutiques / The present project contributes with valuable data for a better fundamental understanding on the fate of pharmaceutical residues in the environment, dealing with the main challenges concerning this increasingly worrying environmental issue. The used Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs), electro-Fenton (EF) and anodic oxidation (AO), showed to be a very efficient alternative for the mineralization of acid solutions of the pharmaceuticals RNTD and FRSM, attaining almost complete mineralization of the drugs after 6h of electrolysis. A comparative study on the mineralization of RNTD solutions by EF and SPEF processes in a 2.5 L capacity pre-pilot flow plant demonstrates the higher oxidation capacity of SPEF, achieving very good mineralization rates, thus evidencing the potentiality of this technology at greater scale for the treatment of wastewaters containing pharmaceutical products. The application of an EF pre-treatment coupled with a biological process for the degradation of both drugs was conducted. EF pre-pretreatment was capable of enhancing the solution biodegradability envisaging a biological treatment, which efficiently removed the short-chain carboxylic acids that had been formerly generated during the pre-applied electrolysis. In this way, the combination of both processes was confirmed as a very promising technology for the treatment of pharmaceuticals-containing wastewater. Several transformation products (TPs) were detected and identified during the electrochemical oxidation of the studied drugs. Toxicity tests based on the bioluminescence of the marine bacteria V. fischeri. evidenced the toxicity some of these oxidation by-products, since the toxicity of the solution increased on the first stages of the electrolysis. However, the abatement of the toxicity in the final stages of the electrochemical treatments, demonstrated the effectiveness of these technologies for both the mineralization and detoxification of the RNTD and FRSM solutions. The use of the fungi Cunninghanella echinulate for the bioconversion of FRSM led to the formation of three main bio-transofrmation products: the previously identified saluamide and pyridinium, and the new detected keto-alcohol derivate. These TPs were generated by both, biological and electrochemical approches, evidencing their high probability to be found in environmental compartments as the most likely TPs of FRSM by different oxidation conditions. This study is thus presented as a very useful alternative for the assessment of the fate of pharmaceutical residues in the environment

Du fait de sa consommation en plein essor et d’une élimination partielle par les procédés conventionnels de traitement des eaux, l'ibuprofène, un médicament anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien, a été détecté dans les ressources en eau, suscitant de plus en plus d'inquiétude quant à son impact possible sur l'environnement et la santé. Par ailleurs, les procédés d'oxydation avancée (POA), parmi lesquels la réaction Fenton, ont montré d’excellents résultats pour l'élimination de divers composés organiques. Traditionnellement basé sur l'utilisation du peroxyde d'hydrogène et des ions ferreux en solution, l'application à grande échelle de ce POA est encore limitée par une fenêtre de pH étroite (2 à 4) et une récupération difficile du catalyseur à base de fer. Ce travail a étudié l'oxydation Fenton de l'ibuprofène et l'activation de la réaction par irradiation ultrasonore (US) et rayonnement ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) et de manière à abaisser la concentration de fer dissous ou à améliorer l'activité de catalyseurs hétérogènes. A cet effet, on a d'abord évalué l'efficacité des POA individuels homogènes (sonolyse, photolyse, sono- et photo-oxydation avec H2O2, oxydation Fenton), en fonction de paramètres opératoires tels que la longueur d'onde lumineuse et la fréquence ultrasonore. Ensuite, on a examiné leurs combinaisons deux-par-deux et globale (sonophotolyse, oxydation sono-, photo- et sono-photo- Fenton) en mettant l'accent sur l'identification d'effets synergiques. En particulier, les oxydations US/Fenton et Vis/Fenton se sont révélées plus efficaces que la somme des procédés individuels grâce à la sono- et photo-régénération des ions ferreux. Ces résultats ont également servi de référence pour l'évaluation des systèmes hétérogènes. Parmi les solides testés, on a montré qu’une zéolite dopée au fer (de type Fe/ZSM5) était un catalyseur prometteur pour l'oxydation de l'ibuprofène par le peroxyde, en raison d'une efficacité élevée à pH naturel et d’une faible lixiviation du fer. Cependant, dans ce cas, on n’a observé au mieux qu'une addition d’effets des ultrasons ou de la lumière et de l'oxydation Fenton hétérogène. Outre la conversion du polluant et du carbone organique total (COT), la formation des principaux produits de dégradation a été suivie pour différents procédés et des voies possibles de dégradation ont été proposées. L’effet matrice a également été examiné en utilisant un effluent de station, qui a eu pour conséquence de réduire la performance de tous les procédés d'oxydation, en raison d'un pH tampon alcalin ou de l’atténuation de la lumière. / Due to booming consumption and only partial removal by conventional water treatment processes, ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been detected in water resources, raising increasing concerns for possible environmental and health impact. On the other hand, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), among which Fenton reaction, have shown successful results forremoval of various organic compounds. Traditionally based on the use of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ions in solution, large-scale application of this AOP is still limited by narrow pH window (2 to 4) and uneasy recovery of iron catalyst. This work investigated Fenton-based oxidation of ibuprofen, and reaction activation by ultrasound (US) irradiation and ultraviolet/visible light (UV/Vis) so as to lower the required concentration of dissolved iron catalyst or improve the activity of heterogeneous counterparts. To that purpose, the efficacy of individual homogeneous AOPs (sonolysis, photolysis, ultrasound/H2O2, light/H2O2, Fenton oxidation) was evaluated first, varying operating parameters such as light wavelength and ultrasound frequency. Then, their two-by-two and overall combinations (sonophotolysis, sono-Fenton, photo-Fenton and sono-photo-Fenton oxidation) were examined with emphasis on the identification of synergistic effects. In particular, combined US/Fenton and Vis/Fenton oxidation were found more effective than the sum of individualprocesses due to sono- and photo-regeneration of ferrous ions. These results also served as a reference for the assessment of heterogeneous systems. Among tested solids, iron-containing zeolite (Fe-ZSM5 type) was shown to be a promising catalyst for peroxide oxidation of ibuprofen due to high efficiency at natural pH and low iron leaching. However, in this case, no more than additive effects was observed between ultrasound/light irradiation and heterogeneous Fenton oxidation. Beside pollutant and Total Organic Carbon conversion, main degradation products were monitored for different processes and some plausible degradation pathways were proposed. Water matrix impact was also addressed using wastewater plant effluent, which resulted into hindered performance of all oxidation processes either due to alkaline buffer or light attenuation effect.

No description available.