Le tourisme est un des enjeux de l’économie mondiale. L’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) estimait en 2017 que le tourisme était l’un des secteurs économiques qui connaissait la croissance la plus rapide au monde. Il est souvent le point de référence des rapports des institutions internationales en termes de génération de prospérités économiques, de contributions aux économies locales et d’outil efficace pour la protection de l’environnement (ONU, 2017). On le retrouve, entre autres, dans le Programme 2013, les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement Durable (ODD), la Conférence Rio+20 (ONU, 2017). Ainsi, le tourisme est de plus en plus considéré comme moteur de développement durable (UNWTO, 2015). Il a été mentionné dans la résolution 66/288 de l’Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies (AGNU) comme secteur capable de contribuer significativement aux trois dimensions du développement durable. Le tourisme alternatif a beaucoup été étudié dans les îles et les régions balnéaires, les montagnes, les forêts et les parcs. Peu d’études se sont intéressées à cette activité dans les zones désertiques. Ainsi, cette thèse doctorale a pour ambition de déterminer dans quelle mesure les activités liées au tourisme alternatif dans les régions désertiques de Djanet et de Taghit permettent de traiter des enjeux socio-économiques et environnementaux. Aussi, à travers une analyse documentaire et empirique, il sera question de déterminer si les caractéristiques spécifiques à Djanet et à Taghit permettent de comprendre les pratiques du tourisme alternatif.

A l’échelle d’une agglomération, réfléchir à une gestion durable de l’eau amène à s’interroger sur les liens entre les usages et les ressources : quelle qualité de l’eau est nécessaire pour quels usages ? Le contexte parisien est un terrain propice pour mener ce type de réflexion, grâce à l’existence d’un RENP, datant de la fin du XIXe siècle. Alimenté par les eaux sommairement traitées de la Seine (20%) et du canal de l’Ourcq (80%), ce réseau sert principalement aux usages municipaux : nettoyage des trottoirs, curage des égouts, arrosage des espaces verts et alimentation des lacs artificiels. Un modèle alternatif de gestion de l’eau à l’échelle parisienne devient aujourd’hui possible grâce à la décision de la Ville de Paris en mars 2012 de maintenir et de réhabiliter son RENP. Cette décision a été confirmée par l’approbation par le Conseil de Paris en septembre 2015 du schéma directeur des usages et du réseau d’eau non potable de Paris, pour la période 2015-2020. L’entreprise publique Eau de Paris, responsable du service de l’eau à Paris, a pour mission de mettre en œuvre les décisions et les orientations de ce schéma directeur. Dans une logique de moindre pression sur la ressource naturelle, une évolution possible de la gestion du RENP est la diversification de ses ressources. Les ressources potentielles considérées sont les eaux d’exhaure, les eaux usées traitées, les eaux de pluie et les eaux de piscine. La recherche vise à étudier la question suivante : Comment et à quelle conditions l’alimentation du RENP peut être gérée de manière durable sur le territoire parisien ? Pour ce faire, on réalise d’abord un état des lieux de la situation actuelle, puis on identifie les ressources potentielles et les enjeux associés. Puis deux approches sont menées. La première approche consiste à définir plusieurs choix de répartition des ressources du RENP, appelés scenarii. Les scénarii sont évalués et comparés grâce à la construction d’indicateurs de performance. La deuxième approche consiste à caractériser les positions des acteurs par rapport à la diversification des ressources du RENP. La caractérisation des positions est réalisée grâce à la conduite d’entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats des deux approches sont enfin discutés. Les résultats de la recherche permettront de reposer la question du lien entre usages et qualité des eaux requise. Elle permettra de mettre en lumière les freins et les leviers pour la valorisation des ressources alternatives à l’eau potable. Enfin, elle alimentera les réflexions sur le statut même de l’eau potable dans un contexte de gestion durable de la ressource / At the scale of a city, a sustainable water management raises questions about the links between uses and resources: what water quality is needed for what purpose? The Parisian context is a favourable ground for conducting such type of reflection thanks to the existence of a non-potable water network (RENP) dating from the late nineteenth century. The network is currently supplied by summarily filtrated water from the Seine river (20%) and the canal de l’Ourcql (80%). It is mainly used for municipal purposes: Parisian streets and sewers cleaning, water supply of artificial lakes and green areas watering. An alternative model of water management at Parisian scale is today possible thanks to the decision of the City of Paris in March 2012 to maintain and rehabilitate its RENP. This decision has been confirmed by the approval by the Council of Paris in September 2015 of the master plan of the RENP and its uses (“Schéma directeur des usages et du réseau d’eau non potable de Paris”) for the period of 2015-2020. The public company Eau de Paris, responsible for the water service in Paris, is mandated to implement the decisions and orientations of the master plan. In the context of pressure reduction on natural resources, one potential evolution of the RENP management is its resources diversification. The considered potential resources are mine water, treated wastewater, rain water and swimming pool water. The research raises the following question: How and under what conditions can the RENP supply be sustainably managed on the Parisian territory? In order to answer this question, one first carries out a description of the current situation, then one identifies the potential resources and the associated risen questions. Two approaches are proposed afterwards. The first approach involves the definition of several choices of RENP resource repartition, called scenarii. These scenarii are assessed and compared through performance indicators. The second approach consists of the characterization of the actors’ positions regarding the RENP resource diversification. The characterization of the positions is achieved through conducting semi-structured interviews. Results of both approaches are finally discussed.The results of the research will enable to re-examine the question of the relationship between the water uses and the required water quality. It will highlight the brakes and levers for the valorization of alternative resources to drinking water. It will enrich the reflections on the status of drinking water in the context of sustainable water management

O trabalho busca o desenvolvimento de um método experimental implementado em um software Web voltado à tomada de decisão, abordando mais especificadamente os processos de levantamento de ideias e geração de alternativas. Referências teóricas foram utilizadas para subsidiar os elementos, processos e tecnologias do software frente à áreas de tomada de decisão e sistemas colaborativos. As principais ferramentas disponíveis foram analisadas sob o contexto de tecnologias abertas, tendo algumas características de resolução de problemas observadas. A proposta combina elementos do brainstorming em seu formato eletrônico e do método de apresentação de dados da tabela de estratégias, com referência nas funcionalidades de sistemas amplamente utilizados e que operam sobre a priorização das informações por pequenos grupos de usuários. Fundamentações teóricas foram desenvolvidas e funcionalidades chave destes sistemas voltados à resolução de problemas foram analisadas. Para fins de demonstração, um caso prático foi realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, com ganhos e limitações encontradas no processo do software e da prática empregada. com a finalidade de apresentar os ganhos e limitações encontradas com o uso da ferramenta. / The work seeks to develop an experimental method in a Web software focused on decision-making, addressing more specifically the processes of gathering ideas and generation of alternatives. References in theory were used to support elements, processes and software technologies over the areas of decision-making and collaborative systems. The main tools available were analyzed in an open technology context. The proposal combines elements of brainstorming in its electronic format and the data presentation of the strategy table, seeking functionality in widely used systems that operate on the prioritization of information by small groups of users. Theoretical foundations are developed and key features of these systems are analyzed with a problem solving focus. For demonstration purposes, a case study was conducted in the Institute of Nuclear and Energy Research, presenting the advances and limitations encountered in the software process and the practice that was applied.

No Brasil, é indispensável que o debate sobre o acesso ao Ensino Superior público considere a questão da equidade. No presente, as modalidades de seleção têm proporcionado claras vantagens aos setores de maior poder aquisitivo, na medida em que o status socioeconômico dos candidatos influencia de maneira determinante as possibilidades de aprovação nos concursos vestibulares. Procuramos, em primeiro lugar, discutir a ideia de justiça a partir dos escritos de John Rawls e outros para, a seguir, mediante pesquisa empírica, estabelecer o atual quadro de desigualdade nos ingressos no nível Superior. O foco principal é a seleção de alunos à Universidade de São Paulo, e para seu estudo, utilizamos, prioritariamente, os questionários respondidos pelos candidatos que prestam a Fuvest. Em seguida, avaliamos as principais alternativas que se colocam para a redução da desigualdade no acesso, verificando seu alcance e suas limitações, analisando se outras formas de seleção são possíveis e devem ser consideradas. Nesse sentido, sugerimos que se busque a diversificação dos modelos de seleção, de modo a ampliar as possibilidades de descoberta de jovens competentes e talentosos que, pela atual fórmula do vestibular, acabam, em grande parte, sendo impedidos de desenvolver plenamente suas capacidades, ficando alienados da disputa por vagas no Ensino Superior público. / In Brazil, it`s quite necessary that the discussion about access to public Higher Education considers the question of equity. Currently, selection methods provide great advantages for high income families, since applicants socioeconomic status strongly induces the probability of sucess on vestibular tests. At first, we try to discuss the idea of justice from the writings of John Rawls and others, and, after that, to estabilish, by empirical research, the situation of inequality on higher level admissions. The text focus mainly on access to Universidade de São Paulo and, for this study, we rather use questionaries made by Fuvest applicants. Then, we evaluate several alternatives to reduce inequality of access, checking their range and limitations, analysing if other forms of selection are possible and must be taken into consideration. Therefore, we recommend the effort for diversification of forms of selection, to enlarge the chances for finding qualified and talented people that, with no regard for their capacities, remain undercover with vestibular tests, and frequently don`t take part on the competition for admission on public Higher Education.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adição de diferentes níveis de levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) inativa e desidratada às rações, associados ao plasma sangüíneo e ao ácido glutâmico, sobre o desempenho e morfologia intestinal de leitões na fase inicial. Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos, cada um com três tratamentos de quatro repetição com 22 animais em fase de creche (21 à 59 dias), totalizando 264 leitões por experimento. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados nos dois experimentos. Ambos foram divididos em quatro fases experimentais correspondentes as trocas das dietas: pré - inicial 1(21-28), pré - inicial 2 (29-35), pré - inicial 3 (36-42). O experimento 1 teve os seguintes tratamentos: Ração Pré Inicial 1 - A - 5% de levedura inativa, 4% de plasma, 1% de ácido glutâmico; B - 3% de levedura inativa, 2% de levedura hidrolisada, 4% de plasma e 1% de ácido glutâmico; C - 3% de levedura inativa, 2% de levedura hidrolisada, 4% de plasma. Ração Pré Inicial 2 - A - 4% de levedura inativa, 3% de plasma, 0,8% de ácido glutâmico; B - 3% de levedura inativa, 1% de levedura hidrolisada, 3% de plasma e 0,8% de ácido glutâmico; C - 3% de levedura inativa, 1% de levedura hidrolisada, 3% de plasma. Ração Pré Inicial 3 - A - 2% de levedura inativa, 1,5% de plasma, 0,6% de ácido glutâmico; B - 2% de levedura, 0,5% de levedura hidrolisada, 1,5% de plasma e 0,6% de ácido glutâmico; C - 2% de levedura, 0,5% de levedura hidrolisada, 1,5% de plasma. E o experimento 2 teve os seguintes tratamentos: Ração Pré Inicial 1 - A - 5% de levedura inativa, 3% de plasma; B - 5% de levedura inativa, 3% de plasma e 1% de ácido glutâmico; C - 3% de levedura inativa, 2% de levedura hidrolisada, 3% de plasma e 1% de ácido glutâmico. Ração Pré Inicial 2 - A - 4% de levedura inativa, 2% de plasma; B - 4% de levedura inativa, 2% de plasma, 0,8% de ácido glutâmico; C - 3% de levedura inativa, 1% de levedura hidrolisada, 2% de plasma e 0,8% de ácido glutâmico. Ração Pré Inicial 3 - A - 2% de levedura inativa, 1,0% de plasma; B - 2% de levedura inativa, 1,0% de plasma, 0,6% de ácido glutâmico; C - 2% de levedura, 0,5% de levedura hidrolisada, 1,0% de plasma e 0,6% de ácido glutâmico. A levedura hidrolisada demonstrou aspectos positivos para sua utilização em dieta de leiões nas fases críticas pós desmama podendo promover melhora no desempenho zootécnico e na morfologia intestinal dos animais. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of different levels of hidrolysed and inactive yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in feed, with spray dried blood plasma and glutamic acid on performance and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. Two experiments were conducted, each with three treatmens, four replicates with 22 animals in the nursery phase (21 to 59 days of age), totaling 264 pigs per experiment. The piglets were distributed in randomized block design in both experiments. The experiments were divided in four phases corresponding experimental diets: pre - starter 1 (21-28), pre - starter 2 (29-35), pre - starter 3 (36-42). Experiment 1 had the following treatments: Pre starter 1 - A - 5% of inactive yeast, 4% plasma, 1% glutamic acid; B - 3% of inactive yeast, 2% hydrolyzed yeast, 4% plasma and 1% glutamic acid; C - 3% inactive yeast, 2% hydrolyzed yeast, 4% of plasma. Pre starter 2 - A - 4% inactive yeast, 3% plasma, 0.8% glutamic acid; B - 3 % inactive yeast, 1% hydrolyzate yeast, 3% plasma, 0.8% glutamic acid; C - 3% inactive yeast, 1% hydrolyzate yeast, 3% of plasma. Pre starter 3 - 2% inactive yeast, 1.5% plasma, 0.6% glutamic acid; B - 2% inactive yeast, 0.5% hydrolyzate yeast, 1.5% and plasma 0 6% glutamic acid; C - 2% inactive yeast, 0.5% hydrolyzate yeast, 1.5% plasma. And the experiment 2 had the following treatments: Pre starter 1 - A - 5% inactive yeast, 3% plasma; B - 5% inactive yeast, 3% plasma and 1% glutamic acid; C - 3% inactive yeast , 2% hydrolyzate yeast, 3% plasma and 1% glutamic acid. Pre starter 2 - A - 4% inactive yeast, 2% plasma; B - 4% inactive yeast, 2% plasma, 0.8% glutamic acid; C - 3% inactive yeast, 1% hydrolyzate yeast, 2 % plasma and 0.8% of glutamic acid. Pre starter 3 - A - 2% inactive yeast, 1.0% plasma; B - 2% inactive yeast, 1.0% plasma, 0.6% glutamic acid; C - 2% inactive yeast, 0, 5% hydrolyzate yeast 1.0% of plasma and 0.6% glutamic acid. Yeast hydrolyzate showed positive aspects to their use in diet after weaning can promote improvement in performance and intestinal morphology of animals.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar o processo de eficácia simbólica relacionado à prática da técnica de apometria, realizada, paralelamente, em um centro espírita e um consultório na cidade de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Esta técnica, segundo define Azevedo (2007), é uma forma de executar o desdobramento do corpo, composto por sete corpos sutis, e dessa forma curar ou tratar enfermidades físicas ou espirituais com auxílio de entidades desencarnadas (plano espiritual). Utilizando-se os métodos de observação participante e registro em diário de campo durante a etnografia, realizou-se o acompanhamento dos atendimentos com apometria a consulentes acometidos por câncer. Após a compilação e interpretação dos dados, realizadas pela análise de ritual, proposta por Peirano (2002), como sendo um conjunto de enunciados e ações dotado de ordem, repetição e objetivo coletivo comum; assim como pela análise de discurso, que Caregnato e Mutti (2005) o compreendem como forma de dar sentido à cultura em um contexto específico; foi possível identificar os elementos que compõem a apometria, quais os elementos que compreendem seu processo de eficácia simbólica e quais materialidades e fluxos estão presentes. Abordou-se a eficácia simbólica, entendida para além das representações, à luz da ideia desenvolvida por Tavares e Bassi (2013), configurando um conjunto de agentes que envolvem símbolos, mitos, ações e os indivíduos presentes nas relações estabelecidas por objetivos e afetações coletivas. / This study aims to identify the process of symbolic efficacy related to the practice of apometry technique performed in parallel on a spiritual center and an office in the city of Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil). This technique, as defined by Azevedo (2007), is a way to run the body split, composed of seven subtle bodies, and thus cure or treat diseases of the physical or spiritual body with the help of disembodied entities (spiritual realm). Using the methods of participant observation and recording in a field diary during the ethnography, there was monitoring of calls with apometry the consultants affected by cancer. After compilation and interpretation of data carried out by ritual analysis proposed by Peirano (2002) as a set of statements and actions endowed with order, repetition and common collective goal and the discourse analysis, Caregnato and Mutti(2005) comprising the speech as a way to make sense and culture in a specific context, it has become possible to identify the elements that make up the apometry, as those involved understand its symbolic efficacy and which materiality and process flows are present. It addressed the symbolic efficacy, understood beyond the representations in light of the idea developed by Tavares and Bassi (2013), setting up a group of agents that involve symbols, myths, actions and individuals present in the relationships established by collective goals and affectations.

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Major Professor Not Listed / Based on the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) approach and Parasocial Interaction (PSI) theory, this study examined how people use live streaming platforms in China. Uniquely, it sought to understand the effect of romantic relationships on how and why people watch Host Live Shows (HLSs) and explored the relationships between Chinese audiences and live- streamers. Through an online survey, four viewing motivations were identified: Community Building, Ego-boost, Escape, and Bandwagon. Ego-boost is a relatively new motivation of media use, which means audiences watch and interact with HLSs to get compliments, self-confidence, self- validation, and ego-boosts. This study found audiences’ perceived realism and PSI were both very neutral. However, emotion projection of audiences onto streamers was observed – most viewers highly agree that streamers are their friends. Moreover, this study found the quality of interpersonal communication is affecting audiences’ HLS dependence and the degree of PSI, while the quantity of interpersonal communication might not be – the more satisfied a person is about his/her interpersonal communication, the heavier he/she depends on HLSs and the stronger his/her PSI is. As expected, the degrees of both romantic relationship status and romantic relationship satisfaction influence people’s HLS use. While compared with females, males are affected by romantic relationships more, both the status and satisfaction level. Lastly, when it comes to people’s romantic lives and social lives, HLSs are more likely to be used as alternatives to meet their unsatisfied needs from their “real partners.”

La maîtrise des flux de polluants générés par temps de pluie en milieu urbain constitue un enjeu important pour limiter la dégradation des milieux aquatiques superficiels. Face à l’insuffisance des systèmes d’assainissement traditionnels, la gestion à la source des eaux pluviales, dans des dispositifs de stockage à ciel ouvert intégrés au milieu urbain, s’est progressivement imposée comme une solution permettant de réduire de façon significative les flux de contaminants dirigés vers les réseaux ou les milieux récepteurs, en favorisant notamment l’infiltration ou l’évapotranspiration des volumes ruisselés. Bien qu’offrant des perspectives pour la maîtrise des flux de polluants, l’efficacité des solutions mises en œuvre n’est à ce jour pas suffisamment maîtrisée. Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse donc à l’incidence du fonctionnement hydrologique des « techniques alternatives » de gestion à la source du ruissellement et vise en particulier à orienter leur conception pour garantir une meilleure maîtrise de la contamination des eaux pluviales urbaines.Les pratiques actuelles de gestion des eaux pluviales urbaines sont dans un premier temps analysées de manière à identifier les stratégies pouvant être préconisées pour la maîtrise à la source des flux de polluants. Ce travail permet alors de mettre en évidence l’hétérogénéité quant à la traduction de l’objectif de maîtrise des flux de polluants dans les préconisations à destination des aménageurs, qui ne garantissent pas nécessairement la mise en œuvre de solutions permettant de limiter efficacement les rejets de contaminants vers les milieux récepteurs.Une chaîne de modélisation « surface urbaine + ouvrage », destinée à simuler le fonctionnement des dispositifs de gestion à la source des eaux pluviales pour des périodes longues de précipitations, et en considérant des dynamiques variées de production des flux d’eau et de contaminants au niveau des bassins versants d’apport, est par la suite développée afin de préciser l’incidence de différents scénarios de gestion du ruissellement ou de dimensionnement des techniques alternatives sur les flux rejetés vers l’aval. Certaines composantes de cette chaîne de modélisation font l’objet d’un approfondissement, avec l’introduction (1) d’un schéma permettant de simuler l’évolution de l’état hydrique du sol pour mieux rendre compte de la variabilité temporelle des flux d’infiltration et (2) d’un modèle générique destiné à simuler des dynamiques contrastées d’émission des contaminants (matières en suspension lessivées au niveau des chaussées urbaines et zinc dissous au niveau d’éléments de toiture métalliques). Une analyse de sensibilité cette chaîne de modélisation est par la suite réalisée afin de préciser l’incidence de sa paramétrisation et d’évaluer l’importance de certaines hypothèses simplificatrices pour l’estimation de l’efficacité des techniques alternatives.L’intérêt de la chaîne de modélisation développée dans le cadre de ce travail est finalement illustré par la construction d’abaques permettant de relier l’efficacité des techniques alternatives à quelques paramètres de dimensionnement et d’évaluer la pertinence de différents scénarios de gestion du ruissellement. Les résultats, correspondant ici aux conditions météorologiques de la région Ile-de-France, indiquent que l’abattement d’une fraction modeste du ruissellement, grâce à un simple volume mort, pourrait donner lieu à une réduction importante des rejets de contaminants pour les sols de conductivité hydraulique supérieure à 10-6 m.s-1. Dans le cas sols présentant des capacités d’infiltration plus limitées, l’analyse met en revanche en évidence un risque de dysfonctionnement des dispositifs de gestion. Le recours à des solutions « plus diffuses », peu profondes et présentant des surfaces d’infiltration ou d’évapotranspiration importantes, apparaît alors préférable pour garantir des niveaux d’efficacité satisfaisants tout en évitant une sollicitation excessive de l’ouvrage. / Urban runoff discharge is today identified a major source of surface water impairment. In recent years, on-site stormwater control, in small and relatively simple vegetated systems, providing volume reduction through infiltration or evapotranspiration, has become increasingly popular due to the inability of conventional drainage systems to limit the amount of stormwater and pollutant directed to the environment. While such practices clearly offer opportunities to mitigate the adverse effects of urban runoff, their performance remains insufficient and is yet not completely understood. The main purpose of this Ph.D. thesis is therefore to investigate the relation between the hydrological behaviour of these source-control systems and pollutant removal efficiencies so as to provide design tools or guidelines that support practitioners in the implementation of efficient stormwater management practices.Current stormwater management practices are first examined on the basis of a literature review of various guidelines or regulatory documents so as to identify the strategies that may be promoted for on-site pollution control, in France or abroad. This analysis indicates that recommendations can be quite variable depending on the country or the community and do not systematically reflect on-site pollution control objectives, which may result in the implementation of inappropriate stormwater management systems.A modelling system based on the representation of a pervious facility collecting runoff and pollutant loads generated over a small urban catchment, allowing the simulation of different scenarios in terms of urban surfaces characteristics and source-control system design, for long rainfall periods, is later developed to investigate the relation between the hydrological behaviour and the pollutant removal efficiencies of on-site stormwater management practices. An improved description of the hydrological processes in the source control system is adopted with the introduction of an infiltration-redistribution scheme accounting for the evolution of soil moisture so as to better replicate the temporal variability of infiltration fluxes. The opportunity of implementing relatively simple conceptual runoff quality models to simulate distinctive pollutant emission dynamics is also investigated: a generic model formulation is adopted and calibrated to replicate suspended solids concentrations in urban street runoff or zinc concentrations from a metal roof. A sensitivity analysis of the modelling system is later conducted so as to evaluate the influence of the different input factors and better understand the effect of some modelling hypotheses for the assessment of the performance of stormwater source control practices.The practical value of the modelling system is finally illustrated with the production of sizing diagrams displaying pollution control efficiency estimates as a function a limited number of design parameters, from which the relevance of a large variety of runoff control scenarios may be evaluated. The results presented in this study, corresponding to the rainfall conditions encountered in Paris region, suggest that the infiltration or evapotranspiration of a relatively small fraction of runoff in a simple dead storage volume could result in a significant reduction of pollutant discharges for soils exhibiting saturated hydraulic conductivity values greater than 10-6 m.s-1. In the case of lower saturated hydraulic conductivity values, this study however evidences possible failures of source control system due to a limited drainage capacity (extended ponding duration and saturation of the soil profile over significant depths). Results therefore suggest that the implementation diffuse stormwater management practices, with large infiltration/evapotranspiration areas and limited storage depths, should generally be preferred to achieve pollution control and ensure correct hydrological functioning of the source control systems.

Dans ce travail de thèse on a examiné expérimentalement l’efficacité épuratoire d’un dispositif de filtration, constitué de sable concassé et de nappes de géotextile en fibre de lin, à l’échelle de laboratoire afin d’installer en conditions locales (Agglomération Havraise) un site expérimental en vraie grandeur. Deux types d’essais ont été utilisés : (1) Des essais batch pour quantifier le potentiel de sorption des ions plomb, cuivre et zinc par les étoupes de fibres de lin à partir d'une solution aqueuse. (2) Des essais de filtration de longue durée dans des colonnes en laboratoire remplie de sable concassé avec et sans strates de géotextile en fibres de lin pour étudier l'influence de la présence de géotextiles sur le transfert et la rétention (i) des particules en suspension non polluées (particules de kaolinite) (ii) des métaux lourds solubles dans l'eau (iii) des métaux lourds sous forme particulaire (ions métalliques adsorbés sur les particules de kaolinite en suspension) et métaux lourds et solubles dans l'eau. Les essais de sorption ont montré que l'adsorption des ions métalliques par les fibres de lin est favorable avec une capacité d'adsorption maximale de 9,9 ; 10,7 et 8,4 mg g-1 respectivement pour le cuivre, le plomb et le zinc. Les essais de filtration ont montré que la présence des géotextiles dans le sable influence le transfert des métaux lourds, sous les deux formes soluble et particulaire. La rétention des métaux dans le sable est favorisée et les profils de rétention sont modifiés. De plus, et contrairement aux géotextiles synthétiques, les géotextiles en fibres de lin contribuent eux-mêmes à la rétention d’une fraction non négligeable de polluants métalliques sous forme soluble et particulaire dans leur propre structure. L’efficacité globale de rétention des métaux par le dispositif de filtration est améliorée. Ces résultats sont de bons indicateurs pour envisager l'utilisation de matériaux à base de fibre de lin dans la conception de systèmes de traitement local des eaux de ruissellement et l'élimination de polluants métalliques. / In this thesis work, the purification efficiency of a filtration device, consisting of crushed sand and flax fiber geotextile layers, was investigated experimentally at the laboratory scale in order to install in local conditions (Havre agglomeration) an experimental site in full size. Two types of tests were used: (1) Batch tests to quantify the sorption potential of lead, copper and zinc ions by flax fiber tows from an aqueous solution , (2) Long-term filtration tests in laboratory columns filled with crushed sand with and without flax fiber geotextile layers to study the influence of the presence of geotextiles on the transfer and retention of (i) particles in unpolluted suspension (kaolinite particles) (ii) water-soluble heavy metals (iii) heavy metals in particulate form (metal ions adsorbed on suspended kaolinite particles) and heavy and water-soluble metals. Sorption tests have shown that the adsorption of metal ions by flax fibers is favorable with a maximum adsorption capacity of 9.9; 10.7 and 8.4 mg g-1 respectively for copper, lead and zinc. Filtration tests have shown that the presence of geotextiles in sand influences the transfer of heavy metals, in both soluble and particulate forms. The retention of metals in the sand is favored and the retention profiles are modified. In addition, and unlike synthetic geotextiles, flax fiber geotextiles themselves contribute to the retention of a significant fraction of metal pollutants in soluble and particulate form in their own structure. The overall metal retention efficiency of the filtration device is improved. These results are good indicators for considering the use of flax fiber materials in the design of local stormwater treatment systems and the removal of metal pollutants.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivos identificar os contextos de uso da conjunção beziehungsweise (bzw.) em textos escritos da língua alemã e estabelecer possíveis correspondências em português. A problemática levantada é a da expressão da alternatividade, sendo que o alemão possui uma palavra específica (beziehungsweise) para marcar situações que não são diferenciadas sintática e semanticamente em português. Para tanto, foi elaborado um corpus com 104 ocorrências autênticas de uso de bzw. retirados do site Wortschatz (Universidade de Leipzig, Alemanha), composto em sua grande maioria de exemplos provenientes da revista alemã Der Spiegel. Os exemplos foram traduzidos para o português e revisados por uma tradutora profissional. As ocorrências assim traduzidas foram agrupadas segundo as três possibilidades de uso de bzw. indicadas no Langenscheidt Grosswörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (2003), bem como segundo as suas traduções para o português. Todos os três tipos de uso estão representados no corpus. O tipo que expressa relação biunívoca, apesar de apresentar a menor freqüência de uso, é o mais homogêneo em termos de tradução para o português. O tipo com segunda maior freqüência é o de precisão da informação, no qual bzw. assume o papel de um focalizador, expandindo ou restringindo o foco da informação. O tipo de maior ocorrência expressa a alternatividade propriamente dita, sendo que bzw. pode ser usado para relacionar alternativas excludentes ou não excludentes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, em português, as traduções mais apropriadas para beziehungsweise, de acordo com sua freqüência de uso, são as conjunções e, ou e o advérbio respectivamente. No entanto, os usos da conjunção beziehungsweise em alemão atualmente não se restringem às correspondências indicadas nos dicionários bilíngües alemão-português. / This study intends to identify contexts of usage of the conjunction beziehungsweise (bzw.) in written texts in German language and establish possible correspondences in Portuguese. The issue raised is the expression of coordination of alternatives. German has a specific word (beziehunghsweise) to mark situations that are not differentiated syntactically and semantically in Portuguese. Therefore, a corpus comprising 104 authentic items was compiled from the site Wortschatz (Leipzig University, Germany), most of which from the magazine Der Spiegel. The examples were translated into Portuguese and reviewed by a professional translator. The translated samples were separated into groups according to three possibilities of usage of the conjunction presented in the Langenscheidt Grosswörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache (2003) and their translation into Portuguese. All three types of usage are represented in the corpus. The type that expresses a one-to-one relation, despite presenting the smallest frequency in the corpus, is the most homogeneous referring to Portuguese translation and meaning. The second most frequent type is one that details information, in which bzw. plays a role in order to focus the information, expanding or limiting its focus. The most frequent type expresses in fact the alternative coordination, with beziehungsweise connecting either excluding or non-excluding alternatives. The results showed that the most appropriate translation of beziehungsweise into Portuguese, according to its usage frequency, are the conjunctions e (and), ou (or) and the adverb respectivamente (respectively). However, the usage of the conjunction beziehungsweise in current German is not limited to its meanings as presented in bilingual German-Portuguese dictionaries.