This thesis is focused on the child's status in ancient Egyptian society, mainly deals with the context of the family. It examines the child education and development. The aim was to provide a different view of the child's status in ancient Egyptian society. For this reason, the knowledge of psychology and social work, which examine interpersonal relationships on a different level than the historical sciences was employed. The conclusion is that the status of children in ancient Egypt has been good, because the Egyptian company reported strong social conscience, which both protect the child in the family, and beyond.

Today, there are more Egyptian obelisks outside of Egypt than there are left where they were made. The obelisks are certainly beautiful, but what lies beneath are uncountable hours, days and years of work. Work which made the obelisks end up where they are today. From quarrying these enormous pieces of stone by smashing rock against rock, to building ships without equal for their transportation. It is hard to understand the amount of resources, manpower and organization that went into creating these tall monuments. Therefore, this study will attempt to examine each step in transporting the obelisks, from the quarry to their destination. Where theories collide, the study will weigh them against each other critically to give a fuller account of the transportation of the obelisks of Egypt. This study will begin by presenting a background, or basis, which will be further built upon as it progresses. The first chapter is mainly focused around the circumstance of transportation, along with giving a basic description of obelisks as individual objects. The next step lies in studying the general shipbuilding techniques used in ancient Egypt. This in turn will help in understanding the obelisk ships and the loading and unloading of these vessels. The obelisk ships and their loading will be the focal point of this study. The mainstay of the sources used for this study comes from earlier theories. The primary sources of this study will mainly consist of textual remains along with depictions. / Idag finns det fler obelisker utanför Egypten än vad det finns kvar innanför dess gränser. Obeliskerna är helt klart vackra, men vad som ligger under ytan är oräkneliga timmar, dagar och år av arbete. Arbete som gjorde att obeliskerna hamnade på den plats de är idag. Från att bryta dessa enorma stenblock genom att slå sten mot sten, till att bygga skepp utan dess like för deras transport. Det är svårt att förstå den enorma mängd resurser, arbetskraft och ren vilja som krävdes för att skapa dessa höga monument. Av denna anledning kommer den här studien att försöka närma sig varje steg i transporten av obelisker, från stenbrottet till deras destination. Där teorier kolliderar, kommer denna studie att väga dem mot varandra kritiskt för att ge en mer komplett inblick i transporten av antika Egyptiska obelisker. Denna studie kommer att börja med att presentera en bakgrund, eller bas, som kommer att byggas vidare på under arbetets gång. Studiens första del fokuserar  på omständigheterna för transporten, samt med att ge en grundläggande beskrivning av obelisker som individuella objekt. Det nästkommande steget ligger i att studera de tekniker som användes för skeppsbygge i det antika Egypten. Detta kommer i sin tur underlätta för förståelsen av obeliskskepp och avlastning samt pålastning av dessa farkoster. Obeliskskeppen och deras lastning kommer att utgöra huvuddelen i denna studie. Huvuddelen av källorna som använts för denna studie kommer från tidigare teorier. Primärkällorna som använts består till största del av textuella lämningar samt avbildningar.

Cette étude s’intéresse au rapport des Anciens Égyptiens au sable, élément naturel omniprésent dans le paysage et le quotidien. Le problème est abordé d’un point de vue textuel et plus particulièrement lexicographique. Pour cela, les mentions de six termes appartenant au vocabulaire du sable sont examinées dans des textes mythologiques et rituels, sur une période comprise entre l’Ancien Empire et l’époque romaine. L’enjeu est de déterminer la perception du sable en contexte et de mettre en évidence les croyances élaborées autour de l’élément. Il s’agit de saisir les principes d’introduction du sable au discours religieux afin de mettre en lumière un mécanisme de pensée spécifique à la religion égyptienne : l’observation naturaliste. / This study focuses on the relations between Ancient Egyptians and sand, a natural element, ever-present in landscape and daily life. It is seen from a textual and especially lexicographical point of view. Therefore, quotes of six words related to the vocabulary of sand are studied in mythological and ritual texts from Old Kingdom to Roman Period. The aim is to establish the perception of sand depending on the context and to reveal the beliefs associated to sand. The introduction of sand in the religious speech is taken into account in order to highlight a way of thinking specific to the Egyptian religion : naturalistic observation.

The Wine Jars Speak: A text study. Reworked and translated from a Swedish MA thesis, Vinkärlsetiketterna berättar: En textstudie from 2008 in Egyptology, Uppsala University. This paper examines the texts written on shards from wine jars found at El-Amarna, Tutankhamun’s tomb (KV 62) and Deir el-Medina. Information concerning the administration of wine and its production, found in these texts, is examined. Wine was an important element in Egyptian society and a common iconographic motif in tombs at Thebes during New Kingdom. A survey on previous research on the subject is presented. This is followed by analysis of the different reoccurring elements found in the texts. A definition of the standard formulation of the wine jar label texts is given and the minimal level of information needed for the administration of wine production and distribution is identified.  The chapter of the analysis deals with the various types of information given in the label texts, such as date, wine classification, and function. The next chapter presents the words associated with the vineyard, the names of the institutions involved in the production and use of wine, and the place names that identify where wine production took place. The following chapter deals with the titles and personal names of the officials involved in wine production. This study shows that these small texts contribute to an understanding of wine production. They also display continuity in form that bridges the turbulence of the Amarna Period. The earlier examples of these texts do not have an ideological component. It is first with the Ramesside Period, and the more intrusive inclusion of the name of the King, that some ideological intent can be identified.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Dept. of Ancient History, 2000. / Bibliography: p. 475-498. / PART I -- Thesis introduction -- Location, environment and routes of the Western Desert -- Cultural, historical and archaeological setting of Dakhleh Oasis -- Introduction to the vessel typology -- Introduction to the site catalogue -- Technology of pottery manufacture -- Fabrics and wares -- Conclusion -- PART II -- The vessel typology -- The site catalogue. / This thesis analyses a body of largely unpublished ceramic material from Dakhleh Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt. The material is primarily from the survey of Dakhleh Oasis and the testing of sites by members of the Dakhleh Oasis Project and, except for some Phase 4 material recovered from excavations at Ismant el-Kharab, is unstratified. It covers a thousand years of Egyptian pottery-making from the eighth century BC to the late second century AD. -- A comprehensive survey of published and unpublished material from other sites in Egypt and adjacent regions has been undertaken to acquire comparative material for the pottery from Dakhleh Oasis. In addition, a study of the technical characteristics of the vessels that have remained accessible has been undertaken to describe and explain ancient pottery practices and to build up a framework for comparative purposes. -- With this body of information, a vessel typology divided into two series, each of which are further divided into two phases, has been devised and the chronology of the vessels determined. This ceramic typology has been used to compare surveyed sites of different utilisation - cemetery, settlement and temple sites - and to establish a dating system for these sites. The resulting chronology will be a guide to the determination of future excavations in the oasis and will assist in the on-going study of the socio-economic development of the oasis. The typology also provides a corpus of pottery for the processing of material from future excavations in Dakhleh Oasis and information for other ceramicists working in Egypt and elsewhere. -- The comparative survey of ceramic material from other sites demonstrates that Dakhleh Oasis, although a remote region in the Western Desert of Egypt, maintained contact with the Nile Valley and more distant areas. It also shows that, while this interaction influenced local pottery styles, the oasis retained and developed its own pottery traditions. -- In addition, a preliminary analysis has been made of fabrics and clays for descriptive purposes and to increase knowledge of the ancient ceramics from the oasis. -- A database has also been built to store and manipulate the information on this extensive body of ceramic material from Dakhleh Oasis. The pottery drawings have been produced in a format readily accessible for electronic transfer to researchers in the field of Egyptian ceramics. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / 498, [199] p. ill. (some col.), maps

Les études qui se sont intéressées au temps dans la culture pharaonique se sont pour la plupart attachées à l’analyse des rythmes récurrents, à caractère religieux. Pourtant, à côté de ce temps cosmique, les sources, textuelles comme iconographiques, permettent d’entrevoir en filigrane un temps des hommes que nous nous proposons d’étudier, en nous restreignant cependant au moment de la journée, unité fondamentale du vécu. Cette thèse poursuit donc un double objectif, induit par le double sens du mot « quotidien » : outre la nuance temporelle qu’il possède, il en vient à caractériser par glissement de sens ce qui a trait à la vie de tous les jours, ce qui est habituel et familier. En raison de son iconicité, l’écriture hiéroglyphique fournit d’emblée des informations sur la perception du temps quotidien, dont le vocabulaire est caractérisé par le disque solaire ; cependant, cette image permet plus largement de conceptualiser la notion abstraite de temps, qui ne possède pas d’équivalent dans la langue. En outre, nous nous sommes attachée à l’aspect quantitatif du temps quotidien, soit son découpage, fondé sur des repères (mouvements du soleil, changements de luminosité, couleurs du ciel et de la terre ou projection des ombres pour les heures) perceptibles pour les uns dans l’étude du lexique, pour les autres dans celle des instruments de mesure. Enfin, nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence l’aspect qualitatif du temps quotidien, soit la manière de vivre la journée et, inévitablement, la nuit, en dressant un bilan-temps de l’homme égyptien et en montrant l’hétérogénéité des pratiques temporelles. / The studies which tried to deal with time in the pharaonic civilization were often limited to the analysis of recurring rhythms of religious character. However, aside of this cosmic time, textual as well as iconographical sources allow to get a glimpse at a men’s time which we want to consider here by restricting the subject to the frame of the day, the fundamental unit of the everyday life. This thesis pursues a double objective, led by the double meaning of the word « daily » : besides the undeniable temporal nuance that it possesses, it can also characterize the matters of daily life by a shift in meaning, namely what’s usual and familiar. Regarding its iconicity, the hieroglyphic writing gives direct information on perception of daily time, the vocabulary of which is characterized by the sun disc ; however, this image gives a larger idea of the notion of time for which there is no comparison in the language. Besides, we also tried to take account of the quantitative aspect of the daily time, its divisions, based on benchmarks (movements of the sun, light changing, colours of the sky and the earth or shadow projections for hours) visible for ones through the study of the vocabulary, for others through the study of the measuring instruments. Finally, we tried to underline the qualitative aspect of the daily time, namely the way the day was live and, inevitably, the night, by giving a typical daytime schedule of the Egyptian and by showing the heterogeneity of the daily activities

Ancient Egypt counts among the few historical cases which document the origins of the state. In contrast to other regions, where state organization remained for a long period on the level of city states, an extensive territorial state emerged in Egypt at the end of the 4th millennium BCE. Archaeological research during the last few decades has revealed a wealth of new information. In particular the emergence of complex social, economic and political structures can be followed from the earlier part of the 4th millennium. Within the regional setting, the development of city-state like structures can be documented. In addition, large scale networks of communication and interaction, extending from the Levant south to the area of the 2nd cataract of the Nile, can be recognized which anticipated important structures and functions of the territorial state of dynastic Egypt. Thus the origins of the state can be anchored within a larger context of structural development. At the same time, the question needs to be addressed: how did social, economic and cultural structures later on develop within the political framework of the pharaonic state? / El antiguo Egipto está entre los pocos casos históricos que documentan los orígenes del Estado. En contraste con otras regiones donde la organización estatal permaneció por mucho tiempo en el nivel de ciudades-Estado, en Egipto surgió un extenso Estado territorial ya hacia fines del cuarto milenio a.C. La investigación arqueológica realizada durante las últimas décadas ha revelado una abundancia de nueva información. De manera particular, el surgimiento de la complejidad social y de las estructuras económicas y políticas se puede seguir desde la parte temprana del cuarto milenio. Dentro de este entorno regional se pueden reconocer tanto el desarrollo de estructuras de tipo ciudades-Estado como redes de comunicación e interacción de gran escala que alcanzaron desde el área sur del Levante hasta la Segunda Catarata del Nilo; estas últimas anticiparon estructuras y funciones importantes del Estado territorial del posterior Egipto dinástico. De este modo, los orígenes del Estado pueden ser determinados dentro de un contexto más grande de progreso estructural. Al mismo tiempo, el tema necesita ser abordado en el marco de cómo, más adelante, surgieron organizaciones sociales, económicas y culturales al interior del escenario político del Estado faraónico.

This paper examines the texts written on shards from wine-jars found at El-Amarna, Tutankhamuns tomb (KV 62) and Deir el-Medina. Information concerning the administration of wine and its production, found in these texts, is examined. Wine was an important element in Egyptian society and a common iconographic motif in tombs at Thebes during New Kingdom. A survey on previous research on the subject is presented. This is followed by analysis of the different reoccurring elements found in the texts. A definition of the standard formulation of the wine jar label texts is given and the minimal level of information needed for the administration of wine production and distribution is identified.  The chapter of the analysis deals with the various types of information given in the label texts, such as date, wine classification, and function. The next chapter presents the words associated with the vineyard, the names of the institutions involved in the production and use of wine, and the place names that identify where wine production took place. The following chapter deals with the titles and personal names of the officials involved in wine production. This study shows that these small texts contribute to an understanding of wine production. They also display continuity in form that bridges the turbulence of the Amarna Period. The earlier examples of these texts do not have an ideological component. It is first with the Ramessid Period, and the more intrusive inclusion of the name of the King, that some ideological intent can be identified.

Tit et djed sont les noms égyptiens de deux signes utilisés à la fois dans le système hiéroglyphique et dans le domaine iconographique, mais qui se matérialisent aussi sous forme d’objets (amulettes) intégrés aux rites funéraires ; ce triple emploi ayant longtemps empêché de définir distinctement leur nature. Leur apparition, remontant aux plus hautes époques de l’histoire de l’Égypte ancienne (Ire dynastie), montre déjà une affectation funéraire marquée des emblèmes, spécialisation qui ne cessera de progresser tout au long de cette vaste période, avec une nette transition au Nouvel Empire, justifiant le cadrage chronologique mais aussi la sélection du contexte funéraire pour notre étude. Celle-ci se propose d’examiner trois catégories principales de documents : les papyri du Livre des Morts, l’iconographie des tombes et les décors du mobilier funéraire, dans le but de comprendre les croyances et fonctions associées à l’emploi combiné des deux emblèmes, en tenant toujours compte des aspects politiques et religieux relatifs à l’institution pharaonique qui pourraient l’éclairer. / Tit and djed are the egyptian names of two signs employed at the same time in the hieroglyphic system and in the iconographic domain, but which materialize too in the form of objects (amulets) into the funerary rites ; this triple use long prevented to define their nature. Their occurrence, which dates from the first dynasty, already shows a funerary affectation of the emblems, specialization which continues to progress during this period, with a transition during the New Kingdom, justifying the chronological framing but also the selection of the funeral context for our study. This one intends to examine three main categories of documents : the Book of the Dead papyri, the iconography of the tombs and the decorations of the funeral furniture, in order to understand the beliefs and functions concerning both signs, always by taking into account political and religious aspects relative to the pharaonic institution, which could enlighten it.

This study presents mitochondrial genome sequences from 22 Egyptian house cats with the aim of resolving the uncertain origin of the contemporary world-wide population of Domestic cats. Together with data from earlier studies it has been possible to confirm some of the previously suggested haplotype identifications and phylogeny of the Domestic cat lineage. Moreover, by applying a molecular clock, it is proposed that the Domestic cat lineage has experienced several expansions representing domestication and/or breeding in pre-historical and historical times, seemingly in concordance with theories of a domestication origin in the Neolithic Middle East and in Pharaonic Egypt. In addition, the present study also demonstrates the possibility of retrieving long polynucleotide sequences from hair shafts and a time-efficient way to amplify a complete feline mitochondrial genome.