Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Vinicius Sedano.pdf: 443485 bytes, checksum: 533bdf2626f62477d172c8a37bb17fa9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-18 / The use of microwave in sugar mill has the purpose to raise the temperature of the material by irradiation. The central hypothesis of this work is that the elevation of temperature, collaborates on improving sugarcane disintegrated in the extraction process. We use two types of sugar cane, disintegrated rubber mat and shutt-donelly of the fifth suit. In a first test were applied the potencies 0W, 125W, 156W, 188W, 218W and 250W. In the second test were applied to maximum power by varying the time of 312W 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s. Both trials were conducted with four replications. The randomized factorial, being a factor was the origin of sugar cane (rubber mat or shutt donelly of the fifth suit) and another factor to power in the first test and the exposure time in the second test. Microwave radiation extraction rates increases, reducing the weight of the cake moist (PBU). There is a correlation between rates of extraction and heating power. / A utilização de micro-ondas nas agroindústrias tem como um dos objetivos elevar a temperatura do material pela irradiação. A hipótese central deste trabalho é que a elevação da temperatura da cana desintegrada, colabora na melhoria do processo de extração do caldo. Foram utilizados dois tipos de cana-de-açúcar: desintegrada da esteira de borracha, e do shutt-donelly do quinto terno. Num primeiro ensaio foram aplicadas as potências 0W, 125W, 156W, 188W, 218W e 250W. No segundo ensaio foram aplicadas a potência máxima de 312W variando o tempo de 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s e 90s. Ambos ensaios foram realizados com quatro repetições. O delineamento estatístico foi fatorial, sendo um fator a origem da cana (esteira de borracha ou shutt donelly do quinto terno) e outro fator a potência no primeiro ensaio e o tempo de exposição no segundo ensaio. A radiação micro-ondas aumenta os índices de extrações, reduzindo o peso do bolo úmido (PBU). Há uma correlação entre índices de extração e potência de aquecimento.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a substituição parcial (30%) da polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) por polpa de citros úmida despectinada (PCUD) na ração de bovinos em terminação. No 1o experimento, utilizou-se a PCUD em sua forma in natura. Para este ensaio foram utilizados 48 machos não castrados (24 Nelore e 24 Canchim) com idade aproximada de 18 meses e peso vivo inicial de 404 e 439 kg para Nelore e Canchim, respectivamente. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com arranjo fatorial 2x2 (duas raças e dois tratamentos) com os animais agrupados por raça e peso vivo inicial. O período experimental foi de 92 dias divididos em três períodos. As rações foram compostas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura, PCP, farelo de soja, uréia, núcleo mineral e vitamínico, bicarbonato de sódio e monensina sódica, além da polpa de citros úmida despectinada in natura. No 2o experimento, utilizou-se a PCUD em sua forma ensilada, aditivada na ensilagem ou não com benzoato de sódio (0,18% da MV). Para este ensaio foram utilizados 54 machos não castrados tricross (Nelore/Angus ou Nelore/Santa Gertrudis x Pardo Suíço de corte) com idade aproximada de 16,5 meses e peso vivo inicial de 303 kg. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com os animais agrupados por peso vivo inicial. O período experimental foi de 91 dias divididos em três períodos. As rações foram compostas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura, PCP, farelo de algodão, uréia, núcleo mineral e vitamínico, bicarbonato de sódio e monensina sódica, além da PCUD ensilada com e sem benzoato de sódio. Para os dois ensaios as rações continham 85% de ingredientes concentrados e 15% de bagaço cana-de-açúcar in natura, formuladas de acordo com o NRC (Gado de corte) nível 1 para serem isoprotéicas e com balanço positivo de proteína degradável no rúmen e proteína metabolizável. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso diário (kg/dia de PV), o consumo de matéria seca (kg/dia de MS), a conversão alimentar (consumo de matéria seca/ganho de peso diário), a energia líquida para manutenção, ganho e energia metabolizável das rações (Mcal/kg de MS) e a relação entre a energia calculada com os dados do experimento e a predita pelo NRC (1996) nível 1 (observado/predito). Em ambos os experimentos, a substituição da PCP por PCUD aumentou a ingestão de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido (P<0,01) e não afetou o consumo de matéria seca (8,05 vs. 8,13 e 7,76 vs. 7,78 kg/dia para o 1o e 2o ensaio, respectivamente), o ganho de peso diário (1,11 vs.1,16 e 1,27 vs. 1,36 kg/dia para o 1o e 2o ensaio, respectivamente) e a conversão alimentar (7,82 vs. 7,29 e 6,62 vs. 5,96 kg de MS/kg de GPD para o 1o e 2o ensaio, respectivamente). Os valores observados de energia líquida de manutenção, ganho e energia metabolizável das rações não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Já a relação de energia (observada/predita) do tratamento com PCP foi inferior (P<0,05) à da ração contendo PCUD (1,15; 1,39; 1,22 vs. 1,23; 1,51; 1,28 e 1,10; 1,31; 1,18 vs. 1,18; 1,45; 1,24 Mcal/kg MS de ELm, ELg e EM para o 1o e 2o ensaio, respectivamente). A substituição parcial de PCP por PCUD in natura ou ensilada não alterou o desempenho dos animais. / The objective of this study was evaluate despectinated citrus pulp (Braspolpa®) replacing 30% of pelleted citrus pulp in feedlot beef cattle finishing diets. In the first trial, was used despectinated citrus pulp in natura. Forty eight yearling bulls (24 Nelore and 24 Canchim), 18 months old and averaging 404 and 439 kg initial live weight for Nelore and Canchim, respectively. The animals were assigned in a randomized block design with a 2x2 factorial scheme (two breeds and two treatments) and grouped by breed and initial live weight. Experimental period lasted 92 days, with three periods. Diets contained sugar cane bagasse in natura, dried citrus pulp, soybean meal, urea, mineralvitamin mix, sodium bicarbonate, sodium monensin, and the energy sources tested (despectinated citrus pulp). In the second trial, the despectinated citrus pulp was ensiled with or without sodium benzoate (0.18% of GM). Fifty four yearling bulls (Nelore/Angus or Nelore Santa Gertrudis x Braunvieh), 16.5 months old and averaging 303 kg initial live weight. The animals were assigned in a complete randomized block design, and grouped by initial live weight. Experimental period lasted 91 days, with three periods. Diets contained sugar cane bagasse in natura, dried citrus pulp, cotton meal, urea, mineral-vitamin mix, sodium bicarbonate, sodium monensin, and the energy sources tested (despectinated citrus pulp with and without sodium benzoate). For these two trials, the rations were composed of 85% of the concentrate and 15% of the sugar cane bagasse in natura, and were balanced according to NRC (1996) level 1, to reach isonitrogeneous with positive rumen degradable protein and metabolizable protein balances. Variables evaluated were daily weight gain (DWG, kg/day), dry matter intake (DMI, kg DM/day), feed conversion (FC, kg DMI/kg DWG), net energy for maintenance and gain values, and the ratio between calculated net energy (based on experimental data) and net energy predicted by NRC (1996), level 1 (observed/predicted). In both trials, the substitution of dried citrus pulp for despectinated citrus pulp increased the NDF and ADF intakes (P<0.01) and did not affect (P>0.05) DMI (8.05 vs. 8.13 and 7.76 vs. 7.78 kg/day for the first and second trials, respectively), DWG (1.11 vs. 1.16 e 1.27 vs. 1.36 kg/day for the first and second trials, respectively), neither FC (7.82 vs. 7.29 e 6.62 vs. 5.96 kg of DM/kg for the first and second trials, respectively). Observed values for net energies of maintenance and gain did not differ among treatments (P>0.05). According to the experimental data, the net energy relation (observed/predicted) for the PCP treatment was lower (P<0.05) than PCUD treatment (1.15; 1.39; 1.22 vs. 1.23; 1.51; 1.28 and 1.10; 1.31; 1.18 vs. 1.18; 1.45; 1.24 Mcal/kg DM of NEm, NEg and ME for the first and second trials, respectively). The partial replacing of PCP for PCUD in natura or ensiling did not change the animal performance.

O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, um dos resíduos gerados durante a produção de açúcar, é composto basicamente por celulose (41 44 %), hemicelulose (25 27 %) e lignina (20 22 %); cerca de dois terços da energia existente na cana-de-açúcar está contida no bagaço e na palha. Diversos processos utilizam o bagaço excedente, mas principalmente para produção de energia. No entanto, devido à grande quantidade de bagaço e palha que ainda sobram no processo estes materiais podem ser utilizados como fonte de celulose para obtenção de etanol. Para tanto, se faz necessária a hidrólise do bagaço e da palha a fim de se obter um hidrolisado que possa ser fermentado por leveduras industriais. A hidrólise do bagaço pode ocorrer por explosão a vapor, hidrólise química com ácidos ou álcalis ou hidrólise enzimática entre outros processos; a hidrólise química pode gerar compostos que são inibidores do processo fermentativo enquanto a hidrólise enzimática é um processo bastante oneroso visto não existir no Brasil a produção de enzimas para este fim. Por outro lado, se a hidrólise for efetuada somente com o próprio fungo, o processo pode ser lento. Neste contexto, este trabalho visou utilizar bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, pré-tratado por explosão a vapor e pré-tratado com ácido como substrato para selecionar fungos capazes de hidrolisar o bagaço a açúcares potencialmente fermentáveis por leveduras industriais. Foram realizados experimentos em uma etapa preliminar para selecionar dentre seis linhagens de fungos o(s) mais apto(s) para produção de açúcares redutores. E, experimentos fatoriais 22 para otimização das condições de hidrólise para os fungos selecionados na etapa anterior. Os fungos Trichoderma reesei e Phanerochaete chrysosporium foram selecionados para hidrolisar bagaço moído pré-tratado por ácido em cinco dias de incubação. A análise de variância (ANOVA) possibilitou gerar modelos validados e, superfícies de resposta para liberação de açúcares redutores e hexoses na hidrólise pelos fungos selecionados. As superfícies de resposta indicaram faixas ótimas de temperatura e concentração de ácido (32,19°C/1,09%) para liberação de açúcares redutores por T. reesei e, (32,6°C/1,06%) para P. chrysosporium. / The bagasse from sugar cane, a waste generated during the production of sugar, is composed primarily of cellulose (41 - 44%), hemicellulose (25 - 27%) and lignin (20 - 22%), about two thirds of energy in existing sugar cane is contained in the bagasse and straw. Several processes using bagasse surplus, but mainly for energy production. However, due to the large amount of bagasse and straw still left in these materials can be used as a source of cellulose to obtain ethanol. Thus, it is necessary to hydrolysis of bagasse and straw in order to obtain a hydrolyzate that can be fermented by yeast industry. Hydrolysis of bagasse can occur for a steam explosion, hydrolysis with acid or alkali chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and other processes, the hydrolysis may generate chemical compounds that are inhibitors of the fermentation process while the enzymatic hydrolysis process is very costly as there is in Brazil the production of enzymes for this purpose. Furthermore, if the hydrolysis is carried out only with the fungus itself, the process can be slow. In this context, this work aimed to use crushed sugar cane, pre-treated by steam explosion and pre-treated with acid as a substrate to select fungi able to hydrolyze the bagasse potentially fermentable sugars for the yeast industry. Experiments were carried out in a preliminary step to select among six strains of fungi as suitable for production of reducing sugars. And, 2² factorial experiments to optimize the conditions of hydrolysis for selected fungi in the previous step. The fungi Trichoderma reesei and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were selected to hydrolyze milled bagasse pre-treated by acid in five days of incubation. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) allowed generate validated models and response surfaces for the release of reducing sugars and hexose hydrolysis by the selected fungi. The areas of response indicated bands optimum temperature and concentration of acid (32.19°C/1.09%) for release of reducing sugars by T. reesei, and (32.6°C/1.06%) for P. chrysosporium.

Orientador: José Eduardo Corá / Banca: Carolina Fernandes / Banca: Adolfo Valente Marcelo / Resumo: A utilização de resíduos da indústria sucroenergética como substrato para a formação de mudas pré-brotadas torna o processo de produção cana-de-açúcar sustentável, sendo os próprios resíduos utilizados para uma nova geração da cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter um substrato, composto por resíduos da indústria sucroenergética, adequado para a produção de mudas pré-brotadas de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de três substratos isolados: torta de filtro, cinza e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, os quais foram comparados a um substrato testemunha. Os tratamentos foram homogeneizados seguindo a proporção volume:volume e destas misturas foram realizadas as caracterizações físicas e químicas. Realizou-se o plantio dos minirrebolos em tubetes de 180 cm³, respeitando a densidade de cada material, e, então, os materiais foram levados para casa de vegetação por 90 dias. As mudas foram avaliadas quanto ao desenvolvimento da parte aérea, radicular, porcentagem de brotação e análise químicas das folhas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com dezoito repetições. Foi realizada a análise de variância e, quando significativa, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade; foi realizado análise de correlação entre todos os resultados. As mudas cultivadas no substrato T2/10-C2/10-B6/10 apresentaram maior desenvolvimento da parte aérea e radicular, maior facilidade para retirada do tubete,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of waste of sugarcane industry as substrate for the formation of pre-sprouted seedlings makes the process of sugarcane sustainable production, the waste itself used for a new generation of culture. This study aimed to obtain a substrate, composed of waste from sugarcane industry, suitable for the production of pre-sprouted of sugarcane seedlings. The treatments were a combination of three insulated substrates: filter cake, ash and bagasse sugarcane, which were compared to a control substrate. The treatments were homogenized following the ratio volume: volume mixtures of these and the physical and chemical characterizations were carried out. There was the planting of "minirrebolos" in tubes of 180 cm³, respecting the density of each material, and then the materials were taken to a greenhouse for 90 days. The seedlings were evaluated for the development of shoot, root, sprouting percentage and chemical analysis of the leaves. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eighteen repetitions. Analysis of variance was performed and, when significant, the means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability; correlation analysis was performed between all results. Seedlings grown in substrate T2/10-C2/10-B6/10 presented further development of root and shoot, easier to remove the cartridge, lower density and higher amount of nutrients / Mestre

Orientador: Rubens Monti / Banca: Eleonora Cano Carmona / Banca: Maristela de Freitas Sanches Peres / Resumo: Invertase ou β -D frutofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) é uma enzima que catalisa a hidrólise do terminal não redutor do resíduo β- frutofuranosidase em frutofuranosídeos. A imobilização em suportes lignocelulósicos como resíduos bagaço de cana (BC) e resíduos de sabugo de milho (SM) são favoráveis, pois são suportes de baixo custo. A invertase comercial e extraída de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e os derivados foram caracterizadas enzimaticamente. O pH ótimo encontrado para os derivados foram bem próximas da encontrada para as invertases livres, em torno de pH 4,5 a 5,5. Os derivados apresentaram estabilidade térmica superior a das invertases livres e alguns derivados tiveram acréscimos na temperatura, como os derivados da invertase extraída obtido com pó BC e SM glutaraldeído e derivados da invertase comercial obtido com pó SM e BC amino e BC glioxil. A energia de ativação encontrada para a maioria dos derivados apresentou- se na faixa de 12 a 29 kJ/ mol, valores inferiores ao encontrados para as formas livres de invertase, sendo 32.02 kJ/ mol para invertase comercial e 34.94 kJ/ mol para invertase extraída.O derivado da invertase comercial obtido com pó sabugo de milho amino e o derivado invertase extraída obtido com pó de sabugo de milho glutaraldeído foram os derivados mais estáveis, apresentando capacidade de serem reutilizados em cinco ciclos subseqüentes. Estes derivados foram ensaiados em concentrações variadas de sacarose e os resultados mostraram que a invertase imobilizada apresenta inibição pelo produto glicose/frutose após 6 horas de ensaio. A utilização de resíduos da agroindústria como suportes para imobilização da invertase apresentou-se promissora para a aplicação em escala industrial. / Abstract: Invertase or β - D fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) it is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of the non reducing terminal of the residue β- fructofuranosidase in frutcofuranosideos. Immobilization on lignocellulosic supports as residue sugarcane bagasse and residues of corn cobs are favorable, therefore they are matrices of low cost commercial invertase and extracted of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the derivatives had been enzymatically characterized. The optimum pH found for the derivatives had been well next to the found one for free invertases, around pH 4.5 the 5.5. The derivatives had presented superior thermal stability of free invertases and some derivatives had additions in the temperature, as the derivatives of extracted invertase gotten with dust sugarcane bagasse and corn cobs glutaraldehyde and derivatives of commercial invertase gotten with dust corn cobs and sugarcane bagasse amine and sugarcane bagasse glyoxyl. The energy of activation found for the majority of the derivatives were between 12 the 29 kJ/mol, less values to the found ones for the free forms of invertase, being 32.02 kJ/mol for commercial invertase and 34.94 kJ/mol obtained with extracted invertase. The derivative of commercial invertase gotten with dust corn cobs amine and the derivative extracted invertase gotten with dust of corn cobs glutaraldehyde had been the derivatives most stable, presenting capacity to be reused in five subsequent cycles. These derivatives had been assayed in concentrations of varied sucrose. The results with derivates shown that invertase presented inhibition for the product glucose/ fructose after 6 hours of test. The use of residues of the agribusiness as supports for immobilization of invertase presented promising for the application in industrial scale. / Mestre

Orientador: Keizo Yukimitu / Resumo: Neste trabalho, aborda-se a substituição parcial da formulação padrão para materiais cerâmicos tipo porcelanato conhecida como formulação P-48, disponibilizada pela indústria Villagres, por material residual de origem orgânica (cinza de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar). As causas motivadoras do estudo englobam a sustentabilidade, rentabilidade, disponibilidade e inovação, visto que a cinza de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tem como destinação, em sua maioria, o descarte a céu aberto, além dos gastos para as usinas sucroalcooleiras em seu descarte correto. Conforme o decorrer do projeto, composições em porcentagens de substituição foram previamente determinadas, sendo da ordem de 1% a 5% em massa. Os dados foram mensurados e analisados quanto a tempo de escoamento, absorção, piroplasticidade, retração e presença de coração negro. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram-se promissores nas faixas de 1% de substituição com silicato de sódio e 2,5% de substituição sem silicato de sódio, porém, com ressalvas. A amostra de melhor desempenho foi a de 5% de substituição sem silicato de sódio, em que os parâmetros de qualidade da empresa Villagres e das Normas Brasileiras (NBR) para porcelanato. Dessa forma, justifica-se a continuidade do estudo, com o intuito de aprimorar e material residual e as condições de produção para a aplicação efetiva da cinza de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar em porcelanato. / Abstract: In this work, the possibility of partially replacement in the standard blend of porcelain tiles know as blend P-48, given by Villagres, by residual material with organic origin (sugarcane bagasse) is discussed. The motivating causes of the study include sustainability, profitability, availability and innovation, since the sugarcane bagasse ash is destined to discard in open air places, beyond expenses for the sugar and alcohol industry for the correct waste disposal. As the project progresses, compositions in a suitable range were previously determined, ranged of 1% to 5% of replacement in the original formulation, then doing the samples to get data collection, as flow time, absorption, pyroplasticity, retraction and presence of black stains. The results obtained were promising for 1% substitution with sodium silicate, 2.5% without sodium silicate, however, sample with negative points. The sample with better performance was 5% without sodium silicate, because the industry quality parameters were respected, as well as the regulations for porcelain tiles. Therefore, the continuity of the study is justified, in order to improve the conditions, as well as to improve the sugarcane bagasse itself, for more effective application in porcelain tiles. / Mestre

Kuba har i dagsläget ett högt beroende av importerad olja, för att tillgodose sin växande efterfrågan på elektricitet. Importen sker främst från Venezuela. Detta beroende gör Kuba känsligt för ändringar i oljepriser samt det politiska klimatet. Den nuvarande krisen i Venezuela har haft en betydande inverkan på Kubas elproduktion. Genom att utöka landets förnybara energikällor kan Kuba minska sitt beroende av andra länder och diversifiera sin energiförsörjning. Detta kommer även att leda till en positiv miljöpåverkan då landets CO 2-utsläpp minskar. Kubas geografiska läge har ideala förhållanden för förnyelsebar energigenerering, så som solkraft. Solkraft utvecklas konstant och innehåller en hög potential. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) är en teknologi där speglar och/eller linser används för att koncentrera solljus till en liten yta som konverterar solljuset till värme. Denna värme kan sedan användas i termodynamiska cykler. Det finns två huvudsakliga problem med implementering av CSP på Kuba. För det första är CSP beroende av momentana väderförhållanden, vilket leder till en oregelbunden elproduktion. För det andra har CSP höga investeringskostnader. För att adressera dessa problem, är det möjligt att implementera CSP i ett redan existerande kraftverk med regelbunden energikälla, d.v.s. skapa ett hybridkraftverk. På så vis uppnås regelbunden elproduktion med signifikant lägre investeringskostnad. Ett sådant existerande kraftverk kan hittas hos många av Kubas sockerbruk. Den här studien undersöker möjligheten att implementera solkraft i sockerbruket Carlos Baliño, beläget i Villa Clara, Kuba. Fabriken är självförsörjande av elektricitet på årlig basis. De använder en Rankine-cykel för att generera el och processvärme som används i sockerframställningen. Bränslet som används är bagasse, en restprodukt efter att sockerjuicen pressats ut ur sockerrören. Fyra CSP-teknologier och tre implementeringslayouts undersöktes, vilket resulterade i att parabolic trough-teknologin och förvärmning av vatten ansågs vara de bästa alternativen för Kuba och Carlos Baliño. Vidare undersöktes två olika scenarier för CSP. Scenario 1 innefattar implementering av CSP i sockerbruket under rådande skick och Scenario 2 består av implementering av CSP efter en investering gjorts i en Condensing Extraction turbin (CEST). Resultatet visar att Carlos Baliño bör investera i CEST innan de implementerar CSP, det vill säga Scenario 2. Detta beror på att i scenario 1 är det inte möjligt att generera elektricitet utanför sockersäsongen, vilket leder till att en stor del av solpotentialen inte kan utnyttjas. Den maximala investeringskostnaden för scenario 1 är 3,7 MUSD, vilket inte är en realistisk kostnad. Den maximala investeringskostnaden för scenario 2 beror av tillgänglig bagasseimport och är 5,9 – 7,2 MUSD. Att investera i CSP rekommenderas ej om bagasseimporten är obegränsad. Givet att bagasseimporten är begränsad skulle CSP-implementeringen leda till en utökad elproduktion av 5,4 – 7,2 GWh/år, en årlig minskning av oljeanvändandet med 16 100 – 21 800 tunnor och minskade CO2-utsläpp med 12 00-16 00 ton årligen. Carlos Baliños ekonomiska resultat skulle öka med 0,5 MUSD/år och den kubanska statens med 0,7 – 0,9 MUSD/år. Framtida studier rekommenderas undersöka möjligheten till generering av el året runt vid Carlos Baliño utan en CEST, solkraftsefterfrågan på nationell nivå och potentiella utvecklingar av solkraft hos Carlos Baliño. / Cuba is currently highly dependent on imported oil, mainly from Venezuela, to meet their growing electricity demand. This dependence makes Cuba sensitive to changes in oil price as well as the political climate. The current crisis in Venezuela has a large impact on Cuba’s electricity generation. By expanding its renewable energy sources Cuba could decrease their dependence on other countries and diversify their energy supply. Moreover, it would have a positive climate impact by reducing the country’s CO2-emissions. Geographically, Cuba has ideal conditions for renewable energy utilization, such as solar power. Solar energy is constantly progressing and is considered a great source of energy. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is a technology which applies mirrors and/or lenses to concentrate the sunlight onto a small area which converts the sunlight into heat, possible to use in a thermodynamic cycle. There are mainly two problems with the implementation of CSP in Cuba. Firstly, CSP is a non-dispatchable power generating system since it is dependent on the instantaneous weather conditions. Secondly, it has high investment costs. One way of solving these problems is by implementation CSP in an already existing power plants with a dispatchable source of energy, making it a hybrid power plant. Accordingly, the hybrid power plant would be dispatchable and the investment costs would be significantly lower. Existing power plants can be found in Cuban sugar mills. This study investigates the possibility to implement solar power in the sugar mill Carlos Baliño, located in Villa Clara, Cuba. The factory is currently self-sufficient electricity wise on a yearly basis, using a co-generation Rankine cycle to generate electricity and process heat used in the sugar production. The fuel used is bagasse, a rest product obtained after the sugar juice has been pressed out of the sugar canes. Four CSP-technologies and three implementation layouts were examined, resulting in the parabolic trough-technology and feedwater heating being considered the optimal solution. Furthermore, two different scenarios for CSP was investigated; implementation of CSP in the mill at the current state (scenario 1) or after investing in a Condensing-Extraction Turbine (CEST) (scenario 2). The results show that Carlos Baliño should invest in a CEST before considering implementation of CSP. Off-season operation is not available for scenario 1, leading to a vast amount of solar potential being unexploited. The maximal investment allowed for scenario 1 is 3.7 MUSD, which is not a realistic number. The maximal investment allowed for in scenario 2 is 5.9 – 7.2 MUSD, depending on bagasse import availability. If bagasse import is unlimited, it is not recommended to invest in solar power. Implementation of CSP in scenario 2 regarding bagasse import limits would yearly lead to an additional electricity generation at Carlos Baliño of 5.4 – 7.3 GWh, decrease the oil usage with 16,100 – 21,800 barrels and the CO2-emissons with 1,200 – 1,600 tonnes. Carlos Baliño’s annual yield would increase with 0.5 – 0.6 MUSD/year and the Cuban states annual yield would increase with 0.7 – 0.9 MUSD/year. Future work is recommended to explore alternatives to all year-around electricity generation in Carlos Baliño without investing in a CEST, investigate solar power demand on a national level, and examine possible developments of the suggested solar field, for instance solar-only operation.

With over one hundred years of commercial cultivation, sugar cane is one of the most valuable agricultural botanical resources in the World. This position is not only based on production of sugar from sugar cane but also it is, to a great extent, as a result of the increasing importance of sugar cane by-products and side industries. Furthermore, with the advancement of science; awareness of inharmonious growth of materials and energy consumption, and the desire to minimize the negative impacts of industrial pollutants and materials, the scope for using sugar cane is still developing rapidly. Bagasse, molasses and filtered mud are the most important by-products in the process of production of sugar from sugar cane. Among these by-products, bagasse is both a biomass resource for producing energy and is one of the most important agricultural wastes, which can be used in different side industries. Therefore, it was chosen for study in this research as it offers considerable potential as a source of energy. Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills; when burned in quantity, it produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare. To this end, today a secondary use for this waste product is in combined heat and power plants where its use as a fuel source provides both heat and power. With a suitable energy production technology, bagasse can be used as a fuel in CHP for high efficiency energy generation. Today, with regard to the low efficiency of traditional methods, the high cost of disposal of waste materials and environmental pollution, the use of modern methods such as anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas has increased. The collected biogas from the process of anaerobic digestion provides a renewable energy source similar to natural gas, but with less methane and lower heating value, that is suitable for use in CHP plants. In this research, a comparison with different bagasse energy production technologies leads to the selection of anaerobic digestion as the most suitable for use in Iran. Then a typical biogas CHP is assumed, and the biogas system is designed. Finally, the potential for the development of biogas CHP plants with bagasse in Iran is addressed through a study of the economic and environmental aspects.

Cuba has a long history of different dependencies and is a country facing many energy challenges, and therefore seeks to diversify its energy sources and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. The purpose of this degree project is therefore to conceptualize a microgrid based on renewable energy sources for local energy sustainability at the lowest cost possible. For this purpose, the sugar mill Carlos Baliño and its surrounding community, in Villa Clara, Cuba is used for a case study. The currently existing electricity generation at Carlos Baliño is tied to the steam needed to run the sugar production process, which is generated with a back-pressure steam engine. This thesis evaluates the possibility to extend the system including a condensing extraction steam turbine connected to a new generator, solar PV, and wind power by developing and comparing three scenarios for the future. The BASE scenario is the business as-usual case including no changes, the PLAN scenario is based on the plans of installing a 1 MW solar PV power plants, and the APT scenario includes all possible technologies to be part of the system. For all scenarios, the different microgrid configuration were evaluated based on the following key performance indicators; CAPEX, NPV, IRR and DPP of the microgrid, share of electricity supplied from the grid and lastly the emission reduction rate compared to the current system in Carlos Baliño. In addition to the technical, economic, and social perspective, the results are evaluated in relation to the national context and goals. Evolution of microgrids is significant to develop more sustainable power systems. The key advantages of this microgrid solution include reduced greenhouse gas emissions, increased energy independence, and improved resilience in the electricity supply. By utilizing bagasse and renewable energy sources like solar PV and wind, Cuba can reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels, leading to lower carbon emissions and contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts. Moreover, the integration of bagasse-based cogeneration plants enhances the country's energy resilience by diversifying the energy mix and reducing vulnerability to external energy shocks. The distributed nature of microgrids enables local communities to generate their own clean energy, fostering self-sufficiency and socioeconomic empowerment. The results show negative NPV for the BASE and PLAN scenarios. When including a Condensing Extraction Steam Turbine generator, the electricity supplied from the grid decreases from 30 to 11% for the BASE scenario and even more for the PLAN. Additionally, for the PLAN scenario, the 1 MW solar PV investment in isolation generates a positive NPV of 2.67 million USD indicating a good investment even though the whole system shows infeasibility and should increase the solar PV installation size to become profitable. Lastly, for the APT scenario, the NPV is 59.8 million USD, with an IRR of 11% and payback time of 7 years showing a good investment. However, with a high CAPEX of 41.3 million USD. The emission reduction rate is as high as 92%. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to address the uncertainty in different cost parameters affecting the results of the study. And the result shows that the system NPV is most sensitive to the change in cost in bagasse fuel price. In conclusion, the integrated microgrid solution with solar PV and bagasse represents a sustainable and resilient energy option for Carlos Baliño and Cuba in general. By capitalizing on its solar potential and utilizing bagasse as a local biomass resource, Cuba can achieve a greener and more reliable energy system while promoting rural development and reducing carbon footprint. This solution can serve as a blueprint for other regions in Cuba and the Caribbean with similar energy challenges seeking to transition to renewable energy and achieve energy security. / Kuba har en lång historia av olika beroenden och är ett land som står inför många energiutmaningar, och försöker därför diversifiera sina energikällor och minska sitt beroende av fossila bränslen. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därför att konceptualisera ett mikronät baserat på förnybara energikällor för lokal energihållbarhet till längsta möjliga kostnad. För detta ändamål genomförs en fallstudie av sockerfabriken Carlos Baliño och dess närliggande samhälle, i Villa Clara, Kuba. Den nuvarande elproduktionen vid Carlos Baliño är kopplad till den ånga som behövs för att driva sockerproduktionsprocessen, som genereras med en back-pressure turbin. Vårt mål är att utvärdera möjligheten att utöka systemet och inkludera en CEST-generator, solcellsenergi och vindkraft. Dem olika konfigurationerna på mikronätet utvärderas utifrån följande nyckeltal; CAPEX, NPV, IRR och DPP för mikronätet, andel el som levereras från nätet och slutligen utsläppsminskningstakten jämfört med det nuvarande systemet i Carlos Baliño. Utöver det tekniska, ekonomiska och sociala lokala perspektivet utvärderas resultaten i relation till nationella sammanhang och mål. Utvecklingen av mikronätet är viktig för att utveckla mer hållbara kraftsystem. De viktigaste fördelarna med denna mikronätslösning inkluderar minskade växthusgasutsläpp, ökat energioberoende och förbättrad motståndskraft i elförsörjningen. Genom att använda bagass och förnybara energikällor som solenergi och vindkraft kan Kuba minska sitt beroende av importerade fossila bränslen, vilket leder till lägre koldioxidutsläpp och bidrar till globala klimatförändringar. Dessutom förbättrar integrationen av bagass-baserade kraftvärmeverk landets energitålighet genom att diversifiera energimixen och minska sårbarheten för externa energichocker. Mikronätets möjlighet till distribuerad energiproduktion gör det möjligt för lokalsamhällen att generera sin egen rena energi, vilket främjar självförsörjning och socioekonomisk egenmakt.  Resultaten visar en negativ NPV för BASE och PLAN scenarierna. När en Condensing Extraction Steam Turbine generator inkluderas minskar eltillförseln från nätet från 30 till 11% i BASE scenariot och ännu mer för PLAN. Dessutom, för PLAN scenariot, ger 1 MW solcellsinvesteringen en positiv NPV på 2,67 miljoner USD när den beräknas för sig själv, vilket indikerar en bra investering. Däremot är hela systemet inte ekonomiskt möjlig, och bör öka solcellsanläggningens storlek för att bli lönsam. Slutligen, för APT scenariot, är NPV 59,8 miljoner USD, med en IRR på 11% och en återbetalningstid på 7 år, vilket visar på en bra investering. Dessutom med en utsläppsminskningsgraden är så hög som 92%. Dock med en hög CAPEX på 41,3 miljoner USD. Vidare görs en känslighetsanalys för att ta itu med osäkerheten i olika kostnadsparametrar som påverkar studiens resultat. Och resultatet visar att systemets NPV är mest känsligt för förändringen i priset på bagassbränslet. Sammanfattningsvis representerar den integrerade mikronätlösningen med solceller och bagass ett hållbart och motståndskraftigt energialternativ för Carlos Baliño och Kuba i allmänhet. Genom att utnyttja sin solpotential och använda bagass som en lokal biomassaresurs kan Kuba uppnå ett grönare och mer tillförlitligt energisystem samtidigt som det främjar landsbygdsutveckling och minskar koldioxidavtrycket. Denna lösning kan fungera som en plan för andra regioner på Kuba och Karibien med liknande energiutmaningar som försöker gå över till förnybar energi och uppnå energisäkerhet.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles / L'utilisation du sorgho sucré [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] et du millet perlé sucré [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.BR.] comme cultures énergétiques au Québec a gagné de l'intérêt ces dernières années. Leur sève riche en carbohydrates solubles dans l'eau peut être fermentée pour une éventuelle production d'éthanol. Leur particularité réside dans leur utilisation efficace des fertilisants azotées et de l'eau par comparaison au maïs, la seule culture utilisée actuellement pour produire de l'éthanol au Québec. Différentes études s'intéressant à la régie de culture de ces deux plantes ainsi qu'à leur récolte, à l'entreposage de la biomasse et à l'extraction du jus et son entreposage, ont été effectuées. Cependant, la valorisation du résidu de pressage (appelé bagasse) nécessite d'être explorée davantage. L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'optimiser l'extraction des carbohydrates solubles dans l'eau à partir de la biomasse du sorgho sucré et du millet perlé sucré pressée à l'aide d'une presse hydraulique et de valoriser la bagasse générée pour une éventuelle production d'éthanol cellulosique ou pour en faire de l'ensilage. L'extraction du jus à partir de la biomasse du sorgho sucré et du millet perlé sucré a été effectuée à l'aide d'une presse hydraulique de laboratoire. L'optimisation de l'extraction des carbohydrates solubles a été basée sur deux pressages de la biomasse avec imprégnation de la bagasse avec de l'eau avant le deuxième pressage. Les effets de deux types de hachages (grossier ou fin), quatre ratios eau:bagasse (0,5; 1; 1,5 et 2) et trois températures de l'eau d'imprégnation (25, 45 et 65 °C) sur l'extraction des carbohydrates solubles ont été étudiés. Le potentiel de la bagasse générée par le processus de pressage optimisé a été exploré pour une éventuelle production d'éthanol cellulosique. Pour ce faire, la bagasse a été réduite en deux tailles (4,5-9 mm et 1 mm), prétraitée à l'aide de l'acide sulfurique ou de l'hydroxyde de sodium à deux concentrations (1% et 3%) puis saccharifiée enzymatiquement. L'effet de ces paramètres sur la libération de carbohydrates structuraux a été déterminé et les rendements en éthanol de première génération et cellulosique ont été calculés basé sur ces résultats puis prédits en tenant compte du rendement de ces cultures au Québec. Afin d'étudier le potentiel d'un pressage au champ de la biomasse de sorgho et de millet perlé sucrés, trois ratios eau:bagasse (0,5; 1 et 1,5) ont été considérés pour l'imprégnation de la bagasse avant le deuxième pressage. Les bagasses générées ont été ensilées et leurs qualités de conservation et nutritives ont été évaluées. Pour l'extraction de carbohydrates solubles en laboratoire, presser la biomasse grossièrement hachée (4,5-9 mm) deux fois tout en imprégnant la bagasse avec de l'eau à 25 °C selon un ratio eau:bagasse de 1 juste avant le deuxième pressage était la condition optimale. Sous cette condition, les rendements d'extraction de carbohydrates solubles étaient de 83% et 78% pour le sorgho sucré et le millet perlé sucré, respectivement. Le rendement en éthanol de première génération a été prédit à 871-1267 L.ha⁻¹ pour le sorgho sucré et à 600-1188 L.ha⁻¹ pour le millet perlé sucré. Le prétraitement de la bagasse générée avec de l'hydroxyde de sodium à 3% était la condition la plus appropriée pour l'obtention d'éthanol cellulosique en favorisant la libération des carbohydrates structuraux après saccharification enzymatique. En effet, la cellulose a été saccharifiée à 88% et 73% pour le sorgho et le millet, respectivement, ce qui a généré une concentration en glucose de 320 et 249 g.kg⁻¹ MS de bagasse, respectivement. Ainsi, les rendements en éthanol cellulosique prédits ont varié de 1527-2221,6 et 1185-2347 L.ha⁻¹ pour le sorgho et le millet, respectivement. Pour le pressage du sorgho et du millet au champ, un ratio d'imprégnation eau:bagasse de 0,5 a été adéquat pour l'extraction des carbohydrates solubles résiduels. Dans ce contexte, un rendement d'extraction des carbohydrates solubles totaux (initiaux + résiduels) de 50% a été obtenu pour le sorgho contre 46% pour le millet, à la suite de deux pressages. La concentration des carbohydrates solubles résiduels dans les bagasses de deuxième pressage ont permis une fermentation adéquate des ensilages. Malgré la teneur élevée en fibres ADF et NDF des ensilages, les digestibilités in vitro de la matière sèche (IVTD) et des fibres NDF (NDFd) étaient bonnes, surtout pour le sorgho sucré. Cela pourrait procurer à la bagasse de sorgho sucré un potentiel intéressant en alimentation animale. / The use of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and sweet pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.BR.] as energy crops in Quebec has gained interest in recent years. Their sap rich in water soluble carbohydrates can be fermented for an eventual production of ethanol. Their particularity lies in their efficient use of nitrogen fertilizers and water compared to corn, the only crop currently used for ethanol production in Québec. Various studies focusing on the cultivation management of these crops as well as their harvesting, the storage of the biomass, and the extraction of the juice and its storage have been carried out. However, the valorization of the pressing residue (called bagasse) still needs to be further explored. The general objective of this thesis was to optimize the extraction of water soluble carbohydrates from sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet biomass pressed using a hydraulic press and to valorize the generated bagasse for eventual cellulosic ethanol production or for making silage. Juice extraction from sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet biomass was performed using a laboratory hydraulic press. The optimization of soluble carbohydrate extraction was based on two pressings of the biomass with impregnation of the bagasse with water before the second pressing. The effect of two chopping modes (coarse or fine), four water:bagasse ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2), and three water temperatures (25, 45, and 65 °C) on the extraction of soluble carbohydrates have been studied. The bagasse generated from the optimized pressing process was investigated for an eventual production of cellulosic ethanol. For this purpose, the bagasse was reduced in two sizes (4.5-9 mm and 1 mm), pretreated either with sulfuric acid or with sodium hydroxide at two concentrations (1% and 3%) and then enzymatically saccharified. The effect of these parameters on structural carbohydrate release was determined and the first generation and cellulosic ethanol yields were predicted based on the yield of these plant species in Quebec. For an in-field pressing of sorghum and millet biomass, three water:bagasse ratios (0.5, 1, and 1.5) were considered for bagasse impregnation before the second pressing. The bagasses generated were ensiled and their conservation and nutritive qualities were evaluated. For the extraction of soluble carbohydrate in the laboratory, pressing the coarsely chopped biomass (4.5-9 mm) twice while impregnating the bagasse with water at 25 °C according to a water:bagasse ratio of 1 just before the second pressing was the optimal condition. Under this condition, extraction yields of soluble carbohydrates were 83% and 78% for sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet, respectively. First generation ethanol yields of 871-1267 L.ha⁻¹ and 600-1188 L.ha⁻¹ were predicted for sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet, respectively. Pretreatment of the generated bagasse with 3% sodium hydroxide was the most suitable condition to produce cellulosic ethanol by efficiently releasing structural carbohydrates after enzymatic saccharification. Indeed, the cellulose was saccharified at 88% and 73% for sorghum and millet, respectively, which generated a glucose concentration of 320 and 249 g.kg⁻¹ DM of bagasse, respectively. Thus, cellulosic ethanol yields ranging from 1527-2221.6 and 1185-2347 L.ha⁻¹ were predicted for sorghum and millet, respectively. For in-field pressing of sorghum and millet, a water:bagasse ratio of 0.5 was adequate for the extraction of residual soluble carbohydrates. In this context, an extraction yield of total soluble carbohydrates (initial + residual) of 50% was obtained for sorghum against 46% for millet, following two pressings. The concentration of residual soluble carbohydrates in the second pressing bagasse allowed adequate fermentation of the silages. Despite the high content of ADF and NDF fibers in silage, in vitro true digestibilities of dry matter (IVTD) and NDF fibers (NDFd) were good especially for sweet sorghum. Sweet sorghum silage from bagasse could thus have a good potential in animal feed.