La conception des machines électriques a une longue tradition et l’approche « business as usual » est un processus itératif d’essais et d’erreur, certes convergent mais nécessairement stoppé prématurément, car trop couteux. Un perfectionnement récent a consisté à remplacer les prototypes et les maquettes par des prototypes virtuels, entièrement numériques, comme ceux fournis par la méthode des éléments finis. Néanmoins, le procédé s’arrête toujours sur une frustration car le concepteur n’est jamais sûr d’avoir exploré complètement l’espace de conception qui s’offre à lui. La démarche de conception optimale se propose d’améliorer ce processus en le guidant, c'est-à-dire en proposant une méthodologie, et en l’automatisant, c'est-à-dire en proposant des outils logiciels. Mais dans cette démarche apparaissent de nombreuses difficultés. Ainsi, les objectifs généraux de cette thèse sont multiples. Il s’agit de définir des problèmes d'optimisation spécifiques représentatifs des choix structurels et d’élaborer des benchmarks de référence : discret, multiphysique, multidisciplinaire, multi-objectif et multi-niveaux. Ensuite, il faut rechercher, adapter et qualifier les méthodes d'optimisation les mieux à même de résoudre ces problèmes. Enfin, les différentes méthodes d'optimisation proposées sont implantées et testées de façon à prouver leur efficacité et leur adaptation. Un objectif secondaire mais important est de les capitaliser et diffuser les connaissances élaborées / The design of electrical machinery has a long tradition and the business as usual approach is a tries and errors iterative process, certainly converging but necessarily stopped prematurely as too expensive. A recent upgrade has been to replace the prototypes and models by virtual prototypes, fully numerical, such as those provided by the finite element method. Nevertheless, the process stops always on a frustration, because the designer is never sure to have completely explored the design space that offers to him. The optimal design approach proposes to improve this process by guiding it, i.e. by proposing a methodology and by equiping it, i.e. by providing software tools. But in this approach many difficulties appear. Thus, the general objectives of this thesis are multiple. It is to define specific representative optimization problems of the structural choices and develop reference benchmarks of optimization: discrete, multi-physics, multidisciplinary, multi-objective and multi-level. Then, it must seek, adapt and describe the best optimization methods able to solve these problems. These methods are implemented and tested in order to prove their efficiency and adaptation. A secondary but important objective is to capitalize and disseminate the developed knowledge

Ce travail de thèse démontre l’importance d’intégrer des outils théoriques à des observations expérimentales dans le but d’étudier le rôle des interactions non-covalentes et plus précisément de la dispersion dans la chimie des métaux de transition. Plusieurs thèmes ont ainsi été abordés comme les interactions d’empilement entre chélates de métaux de transition à l’état solide; l’influence de la chiralité sur l’oligomérisation en solution de complexes plans carrés de Rh(I) isonitrile; la stabilité et inactivité inhabituelles de complexes de type cis-platine en solution concentrée. Les résultats obtenus par titration calorimétrique isotherme ont permis d’évaluer la capacité de méthodes théoriques à reproduire avec précision les résultats expérimentaux. Les calculs ont démontré qu’un traitement théorique approprié des effets de la dispersion et de la solvatation, donne des valeurs cohérentes avec les résultats expérimentaux. Cependant, des améliorations supplémentaires sont nécessaires. / This thesis has shown the importance of integration of theoretical calculations and experimental investigations in studying the role of non-covalent interactions and particularly dispersion interactions in transition metal chemistry. Several subjects were addressed, such as stacking interactions of chelates in transition metal complexes in solid state, influence of chirality on the oligomerization of Rh(I) isonitrile complexes in solution and the stability of the cis-platin type complexes in concentrated solutions. Isothermal titration calorimetry proved to be very useful in the studies by providing accurate experimental data on the thermochemistry of addressed processes. This data was used to gauge the ability of the theoretical methods to accurately reproduce the experimental results. Calculations have shown that the proper treatment of dispersion effects and solvation by theoretical models gives values in relatively good agreement with experiments, but further improvements are needed.

Abstract Higher education is facing a range of major challenges during the twenty-first century. Personalised, flexible and open learning are considered among the driving forces, thus, issues of quality must be urgently addressed. This qualitative, multiple-case-study research with single and cross-case analysis focuses on benchmarking e-learning in higher education. The results of this study include providing conceptual lenses with which to see, discuss and perceive the complexity of benchmarking e-learning in higher education in extended, stretched and boundless learning environments. It has become obvious through the research that there is a need for new frames of reference for quality in e-learning. The choice of theoretical foundations for benchmarking e-learning will impact the consequences of accomplishing and selecting benchmarks. This research provides directions and recommendations for the future regarding how to accomplish benchmarking e-learning in extended learning environments in which students can study, work and live independently of time and space with global resources at their disposal in lifelong learning environments. The greatest challenge identified in this study for integrating benchmarking e-learning into general quality assurance is the fact that the required changes related to and demanded for e-learning are not fully understood. The research shows that benchmarking as a method will have a significant impact on ordinary quality assurance in higher education. This doctoral dissertation revealed challenges to integrate external quality audits and internally driven benchmarking. The studies have likewise revealed the need for methodological changes by quality assurance bodies and authorities carrying out audit and accreditation for integrating e-learning into quality assurance, as well as the need to fully understand the complexity and the special characteristics of e-learning. Probably, the challenge lies not with the system, success factors or benchmarks but in the lack of knowledge and experience of e-learning systems amongst those charged with implementation. The concept benchlearning was introduced as part of benchmarking exercises. / Tiivistelmä Yliopistokoulutus on tällä vuosisadalla suurien haasteiden edessä. Yksilöllinen, joustava ja avoin opetus ovat tärkeimpiä kehitystä ajavia voimia. Tässä ympäristössä opetuksen laatuvaatimukset ovat tärkeitä. Tämä laadullinen monitapaustutkimus keskittyy e-lerningin benchmarkkaukseen yliopistoissa. Tutkimuksen tulokset tarjoavat käsitteellisiä linssejä, joiden avulla voidaan keskustella ja ymmärtää e-lerningin benchmarkkauksen kompleksisuutta avoimessa oppimisympäristössä. Tutkimus on osoittanut, että tarvitaan uusia viitekehyksiä e-learningin laadun varmistamiseen. Benchmarkkausta käytettäessä teoreettisen perustan valinta vaikuttaa käytännön toteutukseen ja vertailukohteiden valintaan. Tutkimus tarjoaa vinkkejä ja suosituksia, miten e-learningin benchmarkkausta tulisi toteuttaa yliopistoissa, joissa oppilaat opiskelevat avoimessa ympäristössä ja voivat työskennellä ja elää ajasta ja paikasta riippumatta siten, että heillä on käytettävissä globaalit resurssit elinikäiseen oppimiseen. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että suurin haaste liittyy siihen, miten e-learningin bechmarkkaus liitetään yliopistojen yleiseen laatujärjestelmään. Tätä integraatiota ei nykyisin täysin ymmärretä. Tutkimus osoittaa, että benchmarkkausmenetelmällä on merkittävä vaikutus yliopistojen yleiseen laadunvarmistamiseen. Tutkimus osoittaa, että on haastavaa integroida sisäisesti organisoitu benchmarkkaus ulkoisiin laatuauditointeihin. Laatuauditointeja järjestävien tahojen ja auditointeja sekä akreditointeja suorittavien viranomaisten tulee tehdä metodologisia muutoksia toimintaansa, jotta e-learning voidaan integroida laatujärjestelmiin. E-learningin kompleksisuus ja erityispiirteet tulisi myös ymmärtää. Varsinaiset haasteet eivät niinkään ole järjestelmässä, sen menestystekijöissä tai benchmarkeisssa vaan siinä, että päättäjillä ja käyttöönottajilla on liian vähän tietoa ja kokemusta e-learningista. Käsite benchlearning nousi esille tässä väitöstutkimuksessa kuvaamaan problematiikkaa. / Sammanfattning Högre utbildning står inför en rad stora utmaningar under det tjugoförsta århundradet. Personligt, flexibelt och öppet lärande utifrån ett livslångt lärande perspektiv är av största vikt. E-lärandet ses som en av de drivande krafterna för denna utveckling där kvalitet är av avgörande betydelse. Denna kvalitativa studie, fokuserar på benchmarking e-lärande i högre utbildning. Potentiella fördelar och utmaningar, fokuseras samt hur benchmarking av e-lärande bör integreras som en naturlig del av ordinär kvalitetssäkring. Resultaten visar på konceptuella perspektiv och komplexiteten av benchmarking av e-lärande inom högre utbildning i stretchade och gränslösa miljöer. Det finns behov av nya referensramar för kvalitet inom e-lärande. Forskningen ger anvisningar och rekommendationer för framtiden när det gäller hur man kan utföra benchmarking e-lärande i stretchade inlärningsmiljöer där studenterna kan studera, arbeta och leva oberoende av tid och rum med globala resurser till sitt förfogande i livslånga lärande miljöer. Den största utmaningen som identifieras i denna studie för att integrera benchmarking e-lärande i den allmänna kvalitetssäkring är behovet av att fullt ut förstå komplexiteten och särdragen gällande e-lärande Forskningen visar att benchmarking som metod kommer att ha betydande inverkan på ordinarie kvalitetssäkring i den högre utbildningen. Denna doktorsavhandling visar på utmaningar för att integrera extern kvalitetsgranskning och internt driven benchmarking. Studierna har också visat på behovet av metodförändringar för kvalitetssäkring och för myndigheter som utför revision och ackreditering för att integrera e-lärande i kvalitetssäkring, samt behovet av att fullt ut förstå komplexiteten och särdragen i e-lärande. Förmodligen ligger utmaningen inte i metoden som sådan eller, i framgångsfaktorer och benchmark, utan i brist på kunskap och erfarenhet av e-lärande bland de som ansvarar för implementering. Konceptet benchlearning infördes som en del av benchmarking.

As databases and traffic over the internet is becoming larger by the day, the performance of sending information has become a target of great importance. In past years, other software architectural styles such as REST have been used as it is a reliable framework and works really well when one has a dependable internet connection. In 2015, the querying language GraphQL was released by Facebook to the public as an alternative to REST. GraphQL made improvements in fetching data by for example removing the possibility of under- and overfitting. This means that a client only gets the data which they have requested, nothing more, nothing less. To create a GraphQL schema and server implementation requires time, effort and knowledge. This is however a requirement to run GraphQL over your current legacy database. For this reason multiple server implementation tools have been created by vendors to reduce development time and instead auto-generates a GraphQL schema and server implementation using an already existing database. This bachelor thesis will pick, run and compare the benchmarks of the two different server implementation tools Hasura and PostGraphile. This is done using a benchmark methodology based on technical difficulties (choke points). The result of our benchmark suggests that the throughput is larger for Hasura compared to PostGraphile whilst the query execution time as well as query response time is similar. PostGraphile is better at paging without offset as well as ordering, but on all other cases Hasura outperforms PostGraphile or shows similar results. / Linköping GraphQL Benchmark (LinGBM)

This paper deals with multi-objective optimization problems (MOOP). It is explained, what solutions in multi-objetive search space are optimal and how are optimal (non-dominated) solutions found in the set of feasible solutions. Afterwards, principles of NSGA-II, MOPSO and GDE3 algorithms are described. In the following chapters, benchmark metrics and problems are introduced. In the last part of this paper, all the three algorithms are compared based on several benchmark metrics.

So far the optimization of integration processes between heterogeneous data sources is still an open challenge. A first step towards sufficient techniques was the specification of a universal benchmark for integration systems. This DIPBench allows to compare solutions under controlled conditions and would help generate interest in this research area. However, we see the requirement for providing a sophisticated toolsuite in order to minimize the effort for benchmark execution. This demo illustrates the use of the DIPBench toolsuite. We show the macro-architecture as well as the micro-architecture of each tool. Furthermore, we also present the first reference benchmark implementation using a federated DBMS. Thereby, we discuss the impact of the defined benchmark scale factors. Finally, we want to give guidance on how to benchmark other integration systems and how to extend the toolsuite with new distribution functions or other functionalities.

The ability of generating precise numerical forecasts is important to successful Enterprises in order to prepare themselves for undetermined future developments. For Utility companies, forecasts of prospective energy demand are a crucial component in order to maintain the physical stability and reliability of electricity grids. The constantly increasing capacity of fluctuating renewable energy sources creates a challenge in balancing power supply and demand. To allow for better integration, supply forecasting has become an important topic in the research field of energy data management and many new forecasting methods have been proposed in the literature. However, choosing the optimal solution for a specific forecasting problem remains a time- and work-intensive Task as meaningful benchmarks are rare and there is still no standard, easy-to-use, and robust approach. Many of the models in use are obtained by executing black-box machine learning tools and then manually optimized by human experts via trial-and-error towards the requirements of the underlying use case. Due to the lack of standardized Evaluation methodologies and access to experimental data, these results are not easily comparable. In this thesis, we address the topic of systematic benchmarks for renewable Energy supply forecasts. These usually include two stages, requiring a weather- and an energy forecast model. The latter can be selected amongst the classes of physical, statistical, and hybrid models. The selection of an appropriate model is one of the major tasks included in the forecasting process. We conducted an empirical analysis to assess the most popular forecasting methods. In contrast to the classical time- and resource intensive, mostly manual evaluation procedure, we developed a more efficient decision-support solution. With the inclusion of contextual information, our heuristic approach HMR is able to identify suitable examples in a case base and generates a recommendation out of the results from already existing solutions. The usage of time series representations reduces the dimensions of the original data thus allowing for an efficient search in large data sets. A context-aware evaluation methodology is introduced to assess a forecast’s quality based on its monetary return in the corresponding market environment. Results otherwise usually evaluated using statistical accuracy criteria become more interpretable by estimating real-world impacts. Finally, we introduced the ECAST framework as an open and easy to-use online platform that supports the benchmarking of energy time series forecasting methods. It aides inexperienced practitioners by supporting the execution of automated tasks, thus making complex benchmarks much more efficient and easy to handle. The integration of modules like the Ensembler, the Recommender, and the Evaluator provide additional value for forecasters. Reliable benchmarks can be conducted on this basis, while analytical functions for output explanation provide transparency for the user.:1 INTRODUCTION 11 2 ENERGY DATA MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES 17 2.1 Market Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 EDMS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.1 Core Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2.2 Typical Energy Data Management Processes . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.3 System Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.1 Smart Metering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.2 Energy Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.3 Energy Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3.4 Mobile Consumption Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.5 Smart Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 ENERGY SUPPLY FORECASTING CONCEPTS 35 3.1 Energy Supply Forecasting Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.1.1 Weather Forecast Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.1.2 Energy Forecast Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.2 Energy Forecasting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.1 Iterative Standard Process Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2.2 Context-Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 Model Selection - A Benchmark Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3.1 Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.3.3 Result Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 RELEVANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FORECASTING METHODS 55 4.1 Scientific Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.1.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.1.2 Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.1.3 Qualitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.2 Practical Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.2.2 Feedback from Software Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.2.3 Feedback from Software Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.3 Forecasting Competitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5 HEURISTIC MODEL RECOMMENDATION 67 5.1 Property-based Similarity Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.1.1 Time Series Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.1.2 Reducing Dimensionality with Property Extraction . . . . . . . . . 69 5.1.3 Correlation Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 5.2 Feature Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.1 Feature Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.2.2 Feature Pre-Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.2.3 Property-based Least Angle Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.3 HMR Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.3.1 Formalized Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.3.2 Procedure Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.3.3 Quality Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 5.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.4.1 Case Base Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.4.2 Classifier Performance on univariate Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.4.3 HMR performance on multivariate models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6 VALUE-BASED RESULT EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 105 6.1 Accuracy evaluation in energy forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.2 Energy market models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3 Value-based forecasting performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3.1 Forecast Benefit Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 6.3.2 Multi-dimensional Ranking Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 6.4 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 6.4.1 Use Case Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.4.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.4.3 Result Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 7 ECAST BENCHMARK FRAMEWORK 129 7.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.1.1 Objective Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 7.1.2 Fundamental Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.2 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.2.1 Task Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 7.2.2 System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 7.3 Demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.3.1 Step 1: Create a new Benchmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 7.3.2 Step 2: Build Ensembles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 7.3.3 Step 3: Evaluate the Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 8 CONCLUSIONS 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 LIST OF FIGURES 167 LIST OF TABLES 169 A LIST OF REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES 171 B QUESTIONNAIRES 175 C STANDARD ERRORS FOR RANKING SCORES 179 D ERROR DISTRIBUTION FOR BENCHMARKED PREDICTORS 183

The ever increasing demand for Internet traffic, storage and processing requires an ever increasing amount of hardware resources. In addition to this, infrastructure providers over-provision system architectures to serve users at peak times without performance delays. Over-provisioning leads to underutilization and thus to unnecessary power consumption. Therefore, there is a need for workload management strategies to map and schedule different services simultaneously in an energy-efficient manner without compromising performance, specially for heterogeneous micro-server architectures. This requires statistical models of how services interfere with each other, thereby affecting both performance and energy consumption. Indeed, the performance-energy behavior when mixing workloads is not well understood. This paper presents an interference analysis for heterogeneous workloads (i.e., CPU- and memory-intensive) on a big.LITTLE MPSoC architecture. We employ state-of-the-art tools to generate multiple single-application mappings and characterize the interference among two different services. We observed a performance degradation factor between 1.1 and 2.5. For some configurations, executing on different clusters resulted in reduced energy consumption with no performance penalty. This kind of detailed analysis give us first insights towards more general models for future workload management systems.

Examensarbetet utfördes våren 2018 på Scanias axel- och växellådsmontering i Södertälje. Axel- och växellådsmonteringen består till största del av manuella monteringsstationer men också till en del av automationslösningar för skruvdragning. Huvudmålet för examensarbetet är att så långt som möjligt automatisera tre manuella monteringsstationer, med delmålen att redovisa nuläget med eventuellt nödvändiga förändringar i processen samt identifiera tekniska lösningar för automation. De tekniska lösningarna för automation ska vara nedbrutna i en budget och payback för eventuell investering. Mål och avgränsningar för rapporten återfinns i inledningskapitlet. För att få operations- och produktkännedom inleds examensarbetet med en praktik på de berörda monteringsstationerna. Vidare fortsatte arbetet med litteraturstudier för att ge en teoretisk referensram. Den teoretiska referensramen används dels i rapporten samt även som underlag för ett flertal intervjuer med forskare på KTH och Scania, samt med kollegor inom produktionsteknik. För att finna tekniklösningar utfördes intern benchmark på flera av Scanias produktionsenheter. Intern benchmark och litteraturstudie har varit grunden för examensarbetets benchmark. I kapitel 2.1 återfinns en utförlig beskrivning av examensarbetets arbetsmetod samt de metoder som tillämpats. De monteringsmoment som utförs på den line där de manuella monteringsstationerna är placerade är att sammanfoga skruv-, press-, limförband. En beskrivning av linen och vilka monteringsmoment som utförs på vardera station återfinns i kapitel 4.2, figur 9. De monteringsoperationerna som utförs på de manuella monteringsstationerna är skruvilägg, mutteräntring, limning, dragning, lagerpressning och avlyft. Examensarbetet visar i kapitel 6.2 de tekniklösningar som kan användas för automation av de fyra manuella monteringsstationerna. Tekniklösningarna är identifierade under intern benchmark på Scania. Tekniklösningarna bryts ned i investeringsuppskattningar vilka presenteras i kapitel 6.3, tabell 15. Tekniklösningarna uppskattas att för hela systemet kräva en investering på 16.5 till 22.5 miljoner kronor. En investering i tekniklösningarna ger då en årlig besparing om fem positioner vilket resulterar i en årlig besparing om 2.5 miljoner kronor. Payback-tid för investeringen (kapitel 6.3, tabell 16) blir då 6.6 till 9 år. Fördelar med att automatisera de manuella monteringsstationerna blir att de ergonomiska repetitionsbelastningarna för operatörerna minskar (kapitel 3.4 och 4.4) samt att kvalitetssäkring av limförband kan utföras vilket i nuläget är utmanande. Utmaningarna med att automatisera blir att skapa värde för fler företagsdelar i samband med automationsinvesteringen samt skapa en flexibel automationslösning vilken kan möta framtida produkt- eller produktionsvolymsförändringar. En rekommendation i att investera i examensarbetets framställda tekniklösningar för automation kan inte ges, däremot rekommenderas att studera vidare hur ett alternativ skulle se ut för att vara flexibelt nog att möta framtida förändringar samt skapa för flera delar av företaget vid investering. / The thesis project is conducted during spring of 2018 at Scania axle and transmission assembly in Södertälje. The axle and transmission assembly consists in large parts of manual assembly stations but also of automatic tightening solution The main objective of the thesis project is to automate three manual assembly stations as far as possible. The main objective where divided into three assignments. First assignment is to identify and describe the work stations current state. Second assignment is to identify and propose necessary changes of the current process. Last assignment is to identify technical solutions for automation and present investment, budget and calculate time for payback. Objectives and delimitations of the thesis project is found in the introduction chapter. To gather knowledge of the product and assembly line an practice period where conducted during the first week of the thesis project. To reach an academic perspective of our thesis a literature review was conducted. The theoretical frame of reference is used during the project in two different ways, as a theoretical background to our objective and also as an basis for several interviews with researchers and senior colleagues at Scania. In order to meet the third assignment to identify technical solutions an internal benchmark was performed on several of Scanias production units. Internal benchmark and literature review has been the basis of the proposed technical solutions. Chapter 2.1 contains a description of work method of the thesis and the methods applied. The manual assembly operations performed on the assembly line are to assemble screw, press and adhesives conjoins. A description of the manual assembly operations is found in chapter 4.2, Figure 9. The assembly operations performed on the manual assembly stations are screw and nut placement, adhesive application, bearing placement and lift. The thesis describes in chapter 6.2 the technical options for automation solutions applied to the four manual assembly stations. The technical options are identified through the internal benchmark at Scania. The technical options are presented as estimated investments in Chapter 6.3, table 15. The technical option is estimated to an investment of 16.5 to 22.5 million sek. The technical solution results in an annual saving at 2.5 million sek., which gives an 6.6 to 9 years payback time (Shown in Chapter 6.3, table 16). The automation solution the thesis project proposes has advantages in that the ergonomic repetitions are significantly reduced (chapter 3.4 and 4.4) and contributes to ensure quality of the adhesive application of the conjoint. Challenges with the proposed automation system is to create additional value cross functional through the organization and to design a solution that is flexible enough to meet changes in products and/or production flow. Recommendation for investment in the thesis projects automation solution cannot be given due to the lack of future flexibility and additional value to another part of the organization. The thesis project shows significant advantages for automation solution in terms of ergonomics and quality. The recommendation is to continue the study of how an investment in an automated solution can create a cross functional value and contribute to product flexibility.

Cyber attacks are ubiquitous and increasingly prevalent in industry, society, and governmental departments. They affect the economy, politics, and individuals. Ever-increasingly skilled, organized, and funded threat actors combined with ever-increasing volumes and modalities of data require increasingly sophisticated and innovative cyber defense solutions. Current state-of-the-art security systems conduct threat detection on dynamic graph representations of computer systems and enterprise communication networks known as provenance graphs. Most of these security systems are statistics-based, based on rules defined by domain experts, or discard temporal information, and as such come with a set of drawbacks (e.g., incapability to pinpoint the attack, incapability to adapt to evolving systems, reduced expressibility due to lack of temporal information). At the same time, there is little research in the machine learning community on graphs such as provenance graphs, which are a form of largescale, heterogeneous, and continuous-time dynamic graphs, as most research on graph learning has been devoted to static homogeneous graphs to date. Therefore, this thesis aims to bridge these two fields and investigate the potential of learning-based methods operating on continuous-time dynamic provenance graphs for cyber threat detection. Without loss of generality, this work adopts the general Temporal Graph Networks framework for learning representations and detecting anomalies in such graphs. This method explicitly addresses the drawbacks of current security systems by considering the temporal setting and bringing the adaptability of learning-based methods. In doing so, it also introduces and releases two large-scale, continuoustime temporal, heterogeneous benchmark graph datasets with expert-labeled anomalies to foster future research on representation learning and anomaly detection on complex real-world networks. To the best of the author’s knowledge, these are one of the first datasets of their kind. Extensive experimental analyses of modules, datasets, and baselines validate the potency of continuous-time graph neural network-based learning, endorsing its practical applicability to the detection of cyber threats and possibly other semantically meaningful anomalies in similar real-world systems. / Cyberattacker är allestädes närvarande och blir allt vanligare inom industrin, samhället och statliga myndigheter. De påverkar ekonomin, politiken och enskilda individer. Allt skickligare, organiserade och finansierade hotaktörer i kombination med ständigt ökande volymer och modaliteter av data kräver alltmer sofistikerade och innovativa cyberförsvarslösningar. Dagens avancerade säkerhetssystem upptäcker hot på dynamiska grafrepresentationer (proveniensgrafer) av datorsystem och företagskommunikationsnät. De flesta av dessa säkerhetssystem är statistikbaserade, baseras på regler som definieras av domänexperter eller bortser från temporär information, och som sådana kommer de med en rad nackdelar (t.ex. oförmåga att lokalisera attacken, oförmåga att anpassa sig till system som utvecklas, begränsad uttrycksmöjlighet på grund av brist på temporär information). Samtidigt finns det lite forskning inom maskininlärning om grafer som proveniensgrafer, som är en form av storskaliga, heterogena och dynamiska grafer med kontinuerlig tid, eftersom den mesta forskningen om grafinlärning hittills har ägnats åt statiska homogena grafer. Därför syftar denna avhandling till att överbrygga dessa två områden och undersöka potentialen hos inlärningsbaserade metoder som arbetar med dynamiska proveniensgrafer med kontinuerlig tid för detektering av cyberhot. Utan att för den skull göra avkall på generaliserbarheten använder detta arbete det allmänna Temporal Graph Networks-ramverket för inlärning av representationer och upptäckt av anomalier i sådana grafer. Denna metod tar uttryckligen itu med nackdelarna med nuvarande säkerhetssystem genom att beakta den temporala induktiva inställningen och ge anpassningsförmågan hos inlärningsbaserade metoder. I samband med detta introduceras och släpps också två storskaliga, kontinuerliga temporala, heterogena referensgrafdatauppsättningar med expertmärkta anomalier för att främja framtida forskning om representationsinlärning och anomalidetektering i komplexa nätverk i den verkliga världen. Såvitt författaren vet är detta en av de första datamängderna i sitt slag. Omfattande experimentella analyser av moduler, dataset och baslinjer validerar styrkan i induktiv inlärning baserad på kontinuerliga grafneurala nätverk, vilket stöder dess praktiska tillämpbarhet för att upptäcka cyberhot och eventuellt andra semantiskt meningsfulla avvikelser i liknande verkliga system.