Uppsatsen syftade till att undersöka faktorer kring hemtjänstpersonalens kvarvarande i yrket samt personalens arbetsvillkor. Datainsamlingen utfördes genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fyra enhetschefer inom både privat och kommunal hemtjänst.  Bidragande orsaker till att personal lämnar yrket framgick som upplevelser av otillräcklighet, bristande påverkans- och utvecklingsmöjligheter samt arbetstidsförläggningen. Faktorer för kvarvarande uppmärksammades som betydelsen av det relationsnära arbetet, kollegialt utbyte, utvecklingsmöjligheter och stöd i arbetet.  Resultatet indikerade på att bristande resurser var skäl till att personal lämnar yrket och betydelsen för personalens kvarvarande har diskuterats utifrån äldreomsorgens kvalité. Äldreomsorgen har likt andra välfärdsverksamheter skyldigheter i att bedrivas på ett sätt som tillgodogör målgruppens behov varför personalens kompetens och erfarenhet blir av stor betydelse. / The study aimed to examine home care workers’ intentions to remain within their profession and working conditions. Data collection was conducted through qualitative interviews with four first-line managers within private and municipal home care. The first-line managers described experiences of inadequacy, lack of influence and development opportunities, and the working hours as reasons for the care workers’ turnover intentions. Factors regarding remaining in the profession were noted as the importance of relational work, collegiate exchange, development opportunities, and support. The results indicated lack of resources as the main reason for home care workers leaving their profession, and the importance of remaining has been discussed based on the quality of elderly care. Elderly care has obligations to be conducted in a manner that meets the needs of the targeted group, which is why the home care workers’ competence and experience are of significant importance.

In the literature, the experience of ‘care’ and ‘caregiving’ has been well documented and widely researched. Caregivers are recognized as people (family and friends) who provide unpaid substantial care for family members. Over time, research has increased awareness of caregivers as a distinct social group and has also contributed to caregiving being a widely recognized social issue. However, despite this increased awareness and continued concern for caregivers, much of the literature focuses on adult caregivers. As a result, the experiences of other caregiving populations, such as the youth and young adults, continues to be overlooked and underrepresented. Therefore, there is a need to explore and understand the unique experience of this population and how they give meaning to their experiences. Young caregivers (YCs) are children (5-18) and young adults (18-25) who provide substantial (unpaid) care for a family member who has an illness or disability (Stamatopoulos, 2016). Research on this population is scant and there exists many notable gaps in the literature in terms of diversity, age-based differences, programming and best practices for intervention. More specifically, there is a gap in understanding the experiences of young caregivers who are affected by progressive and incurable chronic brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease or a Related Dementia. As such, this dissertation explores the experiences of YACs affected by ADRD, in terms of their personal experiences with ADRD (knowledge, dementia care and care practices), perceptions of their caregiving role and how they navigate the caregiving role. It builds on scholarship on young caregivers to broaden existing knowledge by using a phenomenological approach, known as Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis, to explore their caregiving experiences and the meaning they give to these experiences in-depth (n=12). It also aims to challenge the dominant assumptions about young caregivers by giving voice to this population by situating the young caregivers as the experts in their own lives. Findings indicate that the caregiving experience for YACs is complex, and situated within a larger socio-political context, which impacts the overall experience of care. Overall, the findings contribute to knowledge on the experiences of care among YACs and highlight the need for more inclusive research and practices on addressing caregiving among this group. / Dissertation / Candidate in Philosophy / This dissertation explores the lived experiences of young adult caregivers (YACs) caring for an older adult with Alzheimer’s Disease or a Related Dementia. Research on this group of caregivers is limited, particularly YACs (ages 18-25) who provide substantial (unpaid) caregiving for an older adult affected by Alzheimer’s or a Related Dementia. Therefore, a key aim of this research is to generate awareness and shed light on the nature of caregiving as experienced by this overlooked population of caregivers. As such, this dissertation aims to understand how young caregivers give meaning to, interpret and make sense of their caregiving experience. To understand the caregiving experience of YACs, I conducted interviews with 12 YACs from Canada and the United States and analyzed their perspectives in detail. The findings shed light on the many factors that shape the caregiving experiences. In addition, the findings show that more research is needed to understand the differences amongst young caregivers to better support their needs. In general, the research can contribute to existing knowledge on young adult caregivers, as well as relevant programs and policies.

This dissertation is about the experiences of low-paid single mothers in sustaining their families in Sweden in the early 2000. The investigation builds upon interviews with twenty low-paid single mothers living and working in Stockholm. Ten of the women are Swedish-born and the other ten are Iranian-born but have been residing in Sweden for several years. A majority of the Swedish-born women belong to the working class, while most of the Iranian-born mothers are from a middle class background. This study is based on an extended definition of sustenance that encompasses support for livelihood and meeting the family needs that conform to socially accepted norms. Sustenance requires incomes to cover expenses and care work. The informants sustain their families mostly from wage work. However, they also seek allowances from the social security system to buy goods and services that they combine with care work to sustain the family. The care work for younger children demands much time and physical work, while caring for older children requires more mental and emotional work. Sustenance for these mothers implies fulfilling all these demands and also to ensure that the children’s’ needs are met. Several factors influence the mothers’ sustenance. Low wages and the single responsibility for children means less money and more time devoted to care work. Few fathers take significant responsibility for their children’s sustenance. The mothers get support from their social networks, often from other women and from the welfare system. Ethnic background negatively affects sustenance for the Iranian-born mothers mostly in the form of reduced cultural and social capital. Children are the highest priority among all the families. However, the priorities may differ among the families and are connected to the mothers’ class, ethnic background and their access to cultural capital.

This dissertation examines changes in the Swedish health care system during the period 1962-2000. During this period, three legislative changes affected the development of the health care system. Firstly, the Health care act of 1962 that increased the county councils responsibility for the health care. Secondly, the Health care act of 1983, which resulted in a new definition of concept health at the same time as it changed the hospitals responsibility for care and illness. Thirdly, from 1992 to 1995, three reforms changed the hospitals position in the health care system. Together with the general technological development of the health care sector, these three legislative changes have led to new way of producing care as well as it has created new jobs, new work specialities and it has also effect the gender division in work. Women have always dominated the work in the health care sector. The way of care production have however also created new jobs mainly consisting of technological work assignments that have better status than traditional care work with the patients. The new technological jobs are furthermore primarily occupied by men, which leads to a organizational development than reemphasizes the hierarchical structure of the health care sector, where women work in the lower position and men in the upper positions. This development is also evident when nurses begin to work with technology. This express a new gender system in which men dominate in curing and nursing work-assignments at care wards with high technological level, but not in the caring assignments. And at care wards with low technological level the situation is the opposite, women dominate in all three assignments e.g. curing, nursing and caring care work.

Syfte: Huvudsyftet med denna undersökning var att kartlägga den psykosociala arbetsmiljön samt identifiera stressfaktorer bland undersköteskor och vårdbiträden i olika kommunala hemtjänstverksamheter. Metoder: Till denna undersökning användes en metodkombination utav kvantitativa samt kvalitativa undersökningar. En enkätsundersökning skickades till 149 medarbetare i berörd kommun och 91 medarbetare besvarade frågorna. Därefter analyserades svaren med hjälp av programmet SPSS. Slutligen genomfördes nio intervjuer med ändamålet att förstå samt försöka identifiera orsaken till stressfaktorer som visade sig i enkätsundersökningen. Resultat: En hög svarsfrekvens av stressrelaterad ohälsa bland hemtjänstpersonal påvisas utifrån mina undersökningar. Analysen har visat att den psykosociala arbetsmiljön på de olika hemtjänstverksamheterna består av höga krav och låga kontrollmöjligheter. Dock var det sociala stödet högt eftersom flertalet upplevde en god sammanhållning inom arbetsgrupperna. Resultatet i den kvantitativa undersökningen visade att det fanns stressfaktorer i dessa verksamheter. Det som var intressant och stack ut var att det allmänna hälsotillståndet upplevdes som mycket bra/ ganska bra av 70.8% av deltagarna, dessutom bedömde 80.3% arbetsförmågan kring psykiska krav som mycket god/ ganska god. 82.4% bedömde arbetsförmågan när det gäller fysiska krav som mycket god/ ganska god. Trots dessa positiva procentenheter svarade flertalet att arbetet krävde att man arbetar fort samt hårt. Dessutom svarade 83.5% att man ibland, ganska ofta, nästan jämt kände sig uppvarvad, 67,1% svarade att man ibland, ganska ofta, nästan jämnt känner sig pressade på gränsen av vad man klarar av. Ytterligare var det 71.8% som upplevde stress ibland, ganska ofta, nästan jämnt. Det vill säga att resultatet påvisade stressfaktorer dock inga bakomliggande orsaker. För att definiera bakomliggande orsaker genomfördes nio intervjuer i studie 2 med ändamålet att förstå medarbetarnas arbetssituation. Resultatet av studie 2 påvisade att orsakerna till att stress uppstod var förändrade arbetsuppgifter där administrativa uppgifter hade ökat radikalt, därtill poängterades det av alla intervjupersoner att man fått flera kundbesök med kort restid emellan vilket ledde till frustration, oro, stress samt dåligt samvete. På så sätt påverkades medarbetarnas meningsfullhet med arbetet. Därtill påvisade undersökningen att medarbetarnas arbetsplatser var så kallade ”spända arbeten” eftersom kraven var höga och beslutsutrymmen väldigt små.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-05-25T20:15:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 autorizacao-breno minelli batista.pdf: 487779 bytes, checksum: ce7ed3542040576755353fe0eda9e1b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-30T14:18:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 autorizacao-breno minelli batista.pdf: 487779 bytes, checksum: ce7ed3542040576755353fe0eda9e1b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-30T14:18:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 autorizacao-breno minelli batista.pdf: 487779 bytes, checksum: ce7ed3542040576755353fe0eda9e1b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T14:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 autorizacao-breno minelli batista.pdf: 487779 bytes, checksum: ce7ed3542040576755353fe0eda9e1b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Não recebi financiamento / The care work comprises a very heterogeneous field of the third sector. The constitution and motivation to carry out this activity is linked by many authors to religious aspects, throughout history. However, the scope of religion in the segment of non-governmental institutions that practice care activities is quite broad and still unknown in certain aspects. Considering this context, the research that generated this dissertation had as its objective the study of the political-assistance plot of the Edmilson Foundation located in Taquaritinga-SP, founded and led by a former soccer player who worked abroad and was a five-time world champion: José Edmilson Gomes de Moraes. The investigative work involved: bibliographical review; Information gathering on social networks, newspapers and news portals; And semi-structured interviews with members of the foundation. It sought to evaluate how the aspects arising from other social fields and components of the care work present in this organization, led by an evangelical athlete with an international reputation, were developed. / O trabalho assistencial compõe um campo bastante heterogêneo do terceiro setor. A constituição e motivação para a realização de tal atividade é atrelada por muitos autores a aspectos religiosos, ao longo da história. No entanto, a abrangência da religião no segmento das instituições não governamentais que praticam atividades assistenciais é bastante ampla e ainda desconhecida em determinados aspectos. Considerando tal contexto, a pesquisa que gerou esta dissertação teve como objetivo o estudo do enredo assistencial-político da Fundação Edmilson localizada em Taquaritinga-SP, fundada e liderada por um ex-jogador de futebol que atuou no exterior e foi pentacampeão mundial: José Edmilson Gomes de Moraes. O trabalho investigativo envolveu: revisão bibliográfica; apuração de informações em redes sociais, jornais e portais de notícias; e entrevistas semiestruturadas com integrantes da fundação. Buscou-se avaliar como são desenvolvidos os aspectos advindos de outros campos sociais, e componentes do trabalho assistencial presentes nesta organização, capitaneada por um atleta evangélico com certo renome internacional.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-05T15:43:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marinamonteirodecastrecastro.pdf: 837007 bytes, checksum: 8accec4d823f8cadabfbd810ac05a27f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-06T12:30:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marinamonteirodecastrecastro.pdf: 837007 bytes, checksum: 8accec4d823f8cadabfbd810ac05a27f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T12:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marinamonteirodecastrecastro.pdf: 837007 bytes, checksum: 8accec4d823f8cadabfbd810ac05a27f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-15 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente estudo aborda o trabalho do assistente social na atenção primária à saúde em Juiz de Fora/MG no que se refere a sua organização e desenvolvimento, objeto, objetivos e instrumentos, e às condições de trabalho. O estudo foi construído a partir da compreensão de que o trabalho em saúde está situado na esfera dos serviços e que se efetiva na relação entre trabalhador/ usuário. Na atenção primária à saúde este trabalho adquire especificidades por este nível de atenção ser a porta de entrada dos serviços de saúde e ser uma estratégia de organização do sistema de saúde. O assistente social, por sua vez, se insere no trabalho em saúde atuando sobre os determinantes sociais que envolvem o processo saúde-doença com a perspectiva de atender as necessidades dos usuários. A metodologia utilizada teve como base a abordagem qualitativa e o método crítico-dialético. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com nove assistentes sociais que estão inseridos em Unidades Básicas de Saúde Tradicionais, com Programa de Saúde da Família e com Programa de Residência em Serviço Social, no município de Juiz de Fora. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que na saúde, os assistentes sociais, atuam no campo do trabalho vivo, uma vez que possuem uma relação direta com os usuários. O diferencial do seu trabalho está relacionado com a predisposição ao trabalho em equipe, a vinculação com os usuários, e o desenvolvimento de projetos de educação em saúde. Apesar dos desafios postos pela conjuntura neoliberal (adversa à consolidação e expansão de direitos sociais), o profissional de Serviço Social é cotidianamente desafiado a buscar alternativas competentes e criativas, explorando as possibilidades existentes na realidade e fortalecendo o caráter democrático dos serviços públicos de saúde. A realização desta dissertação visou trazer a tona uma reflexão sobre o trabalho dos assistentes sociais na atenção primária à saúde em Juiz de Fora, como também o fomento das discussões sobre a inserção do Serviço Social no trabalho em saúde. / This study focus on the role of the Social worker in Primary Assistance Health in Juiz de Fora - Minas Gerais concerning to: its organization, development, objective and used tools, the main object and work conditions. The study understands that the work in Health is located in the area of services and it relays on the relationship between worker/customer. Furthermore in Primary Health attendance, the Social Work is the front door of the Health Services and a strategy to the organization for Health System. The Social Workers include themselves in Health by acting on the social determinants that involves the health-illness process, and aims to achieve customers needs. It was used a qualitative approach and a dialectical critical methodology. The survey has been done with 9(nine) Social workers in Traditional Basic Health Units, dealing with Family Health Program and the Residence Formation in Social Service of Juiz de Fora Municipality. The results have shown that workers in Social Area deal with a lively field due to be in a direct relationship with customers. The main point of their work is to be able to work in multidisciplinary teams, the contact with customer and carry on Health Educational Projects. In spite of the challenges presented by the neo-liberal economy (which is adverse to the consolidation and expansion of social rights), Social Workers face the daily challenge to search for viable and creative alternatives, seeking out actual possibilities and strengthening the democratic character of public health care services. This presentation aims to have a reflection over the Social Workers in Primary Health in Juiz de Fora as well as to increase the discussions about the Social Service in Health Area.

With Youth work being one of the key interventions used to advance the development of young people, through this study, the researcher takes a closer look at how Youth work can be enhanced to ensure its maximised contribution to empowerment and development of young people. On that basis, the researcher investigates the perceptions, attitudes, and opinions of social service professionals towards emergence and future status of Youth work practice in South Africa. This is essential, given that policy directions ought to be guided by rational, fact-based information. The researcher used two-phased sequential mixed methods research approach, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods in sequence, to explore the research phenomenon. Qualitative data was gathered from four (4) focus groups, conducted in each of the selected South Africa’s provinces. Quantitative data was gathered from five hundred and ninety-three (593) respondents who completed a measuring instrument. Some of the key empirical findings suggested that the social development factors compared to human resources and diversion factors are key drivers behind emergence of Youth work. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that interventions primarily and consequently enhance the social functioning of young people. On the current status of Youth work, a significant majority of respondents indicated that Youth work is the responsibility of a multi-disciplinary team. The evidence also pointed to Youth workers being more skilled than Social workers and Child youth care workers in rendering services to the youth. Additionally, the findings showed that the involvement of social service professionals in Youth work was mainly in collaborating with other professionals when rendering Youth work services, and also in direct service delivery. Their involvement in policy development was to no extent. This was associated with a limited number of Youth workers in the public sector. The findings on perceptions of social service professionals regarding the future status of Youth work showed that 75% of the respondents believe that Youth work should become an area of specialisation for Social work and/or Child and youth care work; followed by 17% who are of the opinion that it should remain as an occupation; whilst only 8% said it should be an autonomous profession. Additionally, an overwhelming majority of the respondents agreed with all statements which were listed as advantages or benefits of having Youth work recognised as an area of specialisation or a profession. On the basis of these findings, the researcher recommended that young people’s problems and aspirations should be addressed within their social contexts; there is a need to ensure that interventions primarily enhance the social functioning of young people; there is a need to have Youth work as an area of specialisation for Social work and/or Child and youth care work; and there is a need to create additional capacity to provide services to the youth, especially in government as a policy making structure. It is essential to note that the support for specialisation supports South Africa’s approach to mainstreaming youth development across various sectors. It could also be seen as a clear indication of the positive role and value placed on Youth work, and the potential contribution it might have should it become an area of specialisation for Social work and/or Child and youth care work. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

MGS / Institute for Gender and Youth Studies / One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Women still carry out more domestic labour than men. Housework is shared quite unequally among most married couples. Work performed directly in the service of families including housework and childcare is often unacknowledged all over the world because of cultural assumptions that a wife or mother should work in the privacy of the home. This study adds extra depth to the doing gender approach by testing whether or not couple negotiate specific conjugal and parent roles in terms of the division of household labour. This study therefore seeks to discuss numerous variables that impact the division of household labour between men and women. This study suggests that patriarchal power structures seem to take a powerful and effective impact on the South African marriage institution, especially in the black communities. The study was therefore conducted in Schoemansdal village situated in Nkomazi region, Mpumalanga Province. To explore issues behind gender division of labour within households. The study embarked on a qualitative research design to collect and analyze the data. Samples of married men and married women were selected in this study. The findings of the study are as follows: Women do a disproportionate share of the housework, even when the women work and the men don‟t, and even when the women want to share the housework more equally. When men aren‟t working, they don‟t see domestic labour as a means of contributing. In fact, they double down and do less of it, since it challenges their masculinity. But when men earn more, women who are almost all working too, feel obliged to contribute in some way to maintaining the household, generally by cooking and cleaning. / NRF

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a centralidade do trabalho nas demandas de cuidado e reprodução social nos marcos da sociedade capitalista, considerando as dimensões de gênero-raça-classe no trabalho do cuidado. Busca aprofundar os dilemas do trabalho reprodutivo no contexto da sociedade capitalista sob as novas morfologias do trabalho; compreender as abordagens sobre trabalho reprodutivo nas teorias feministas marxistas; e analisar os impactos das diferentes formas de explorações-opressões das mulheres no campo do trabalho do cuidado. A questão norteadora desta pesquisa é que o trabalho do cuidado, por ser exercido majoritariamente por mulheres, não é tratado em grande parte da literatura clássica como trabalho. Tendo em vista os determinantes históricos da exploração-opressão de gênero-raça-classe as mulheres são levadas a experimentarem mais profundamente as condições de subalternização e feminização da pobreza, o que se intensifica com a maior presença delas no trabalho do cuidado. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica sobre trabalho do cuidado de forma remunerada/não remunerada nos espaços domésticos, junto aos dados produzidos pela Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio Contínua (PNAD Contínua) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) no período compreendido entre 2017 e 2022, período em que foram disponibilizados os relatórios anuais. Os dados levantados mostram a inserção das mulheres no trabalho do cuidado com recortes de raça, idade, escolaridade, localidade, condição no domicílio, atividades desenvolvidas, remuneração e condições do trabalho (se possuem ou não carteira assinada). Explicitam a dinâmica do trabalho do cuidado no período estudado, permitindo observar aspectos da divisão sociossexual e racial do trabalho. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the centrality of work in the demands of care and social reproduction within the framework of capitalist society, considering the dimensions of gender-race-class in care work. It seeks to delve deeper into the dilemmas of reproductive work in the context of capitalist society under the new morphologies of work, understand the approaches to reproductive work in Marxist feminist theories, and analyze the impacts of different forms of exploitation-oppression of women in the field of care work. The guiding question of this research is that care work, as it is mostly carried out by women, is not treated in much of the classical literature as work. Considering the historical determinants of gender-race-class exploitation-oppression, women are led to experience more deeply the conditions of subalternization and feminization of poverty, which is intensified with their greater presence in care work. The methodology used was bibliographical research on paid/unpaid care work in domestic spaces and data produced by the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (Continuous PNAD) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) between 2017 and 2022, period in which the annual reports were made available. The data collected shows the insertion of women in care work with details of race, age, education, location, status at home, activities carried out, remuneration and working conditions (whether or not they have a formal contract). They explain the dynamics of care work in the period studied, allowing us to observe aspects of the sociosexual and racial division of work.