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In this thesis 14 gender pedagogues’ stories about power and control are described and analysed. Here the term gender pedagogue refers to educators who have participated in further training in gender and gender equality studies. The training programme was the result of an initiative taken by the former Social Democratic government. The intention of the government was that those who participated in the training programme would then work as resource persons in the work for gender equality in preschools and schools (Frånberg, 2010; Regeringen, 2001a, 2001b; Wahlgren, 2009). The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the gender pedagogues’ access to power and control in work for change. The theoretical framework chosen for the study consists of Basil Bernsteins concepts classification and framing (Bernstein, 1977, 2000) and Hildur Ve’s (1999a, 1999b) use of the concepts technical limited rationality and care work rationality. The empirical evidence is based on observations in a seminar series on gender issues and semi-structured interviews. The results of the interviews are presented as stories which have been created in the interplay between the gender pedagogues and the interviewer. One conclusion that can be drawn from the stories is that power relations and gender patterns on many different levels influenced the possibilities of the gender pedagogues for power and control. Power and control in the relation between technical limited rationality and care work rationality is expressed in different ways. It is seen in the possibilities and descriptions of resistance and difficulties. Resistance and difficulties depended, according to the gender pedagogues, on the differences between their own view of knowledge and that of others. If gender and gender equality was not considered to be an important area of knowledge, possibilities for power and control decreased.

This dissertation examines how perceptions of competence affect the care of older persons, and the values ​​and vocational conceptions of care work and care recipients that are tied to the perceptions of what skills that are needed and why. Competence is defined by three parts with relevance for the content of care work: what knowledge the care workers should have, what tasks they should perform and how they should respond to care recipients. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse how the care managers' and care workers' perceptions of competence form the direction of the care work and how that direction relates to the care recipients’ perceptions of and expectations on the care work.   The care work is characterised by what is analysed as an activation of the recipients - that the recipients themselves should perform as much of the care work as possible. The activation aims at managing the decay of the aging body and is motivated by a vocational conception of the care recipients as different from others, with designations as grateful and passive. This conception is analysed as generation character based on an idea among the care managers and care workers that the society in which the recipients grew up gave them certain cognitive prerequisites that have to be managed in the practical care work.   The care recipients in the study have opposing conceptions and perceptions of care work compared with the care managers and care workers. The recipients’ central objective with the care work is to prevent what has been interpreted as the disrepair of the home. The care recipients’ position in the organisation raises the problem of loyalty towards the care workers and in some sense the care managers. Their loyalty reduces their ability to complain and to influence their situation to the better.   Keywords: care of older persons, care needs, care work, care relationship, care receivers, care workers, care managers, competence, technologies, activation, generation character

The research was divided into two parts and mapped the current situation in the region of Czech Republic and Česke Budějovice in terms of care services for children under three years of age and respondents' oppinions related to these services, including relations with age, residence, education and reflection on starting work earlier than three years of a child. Statistical analysis was aimed at assessing dependency factors and the subsequent search of categories and where was a significant difference. It was a quantitative research. Object of inquiry was set 716 selected respondents, namely parents of children under the age of three from the Region of České Budějovice.

The thesis is focused on the suggestion of implementation of the prospectus, which leads towards the harmonization between work and family life of employees of research organization. The second area deal with European Union financial resources issue aim at research organization, or if you like it deal with Structural funds issue, that gives financial support to our implementation. Results of the thesis are further on check up in the real project that runs also in the time the thesis is drawn up.

Nyckeln till en djupare förståelse av omsorgsbegreppet ligger i omsorgens verkliga synlighet i förskolan. Att synliggöra begreppet omsorg är dock inte lätt. Hur beskrivs omsorgsarbetet och hur förstår pedagogerna omsorg på ett djupare plan? Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka pedagogers förståelse av begreppet och emotionellt omsorgsarbete samt att ta reda på hur förskolor aktivt arbetar med omsorgsfrågor i sina arbetslag. Våra forskningsfrågor är följande; a) Hur beskriver pedagoger sin förståelse av begreppet omsorg? b) Hur förklarar pedagoger arbetet med barns rätt till omsorg? c) Hur tar pedagoger hand om och tillgodoser barns känslomässiga behov i förskoleundervisningen? Resultatet visar att omsorgen sker ömsesidigt i samspelet mellan pedagoger och barn men eftersom begreppet omsorg är mångsidigt och svårtolkat blir det sekundärt i förskoleundervisningen. Alla barn har rätt till lika mycket omsorg men det ser olika ut på grund av olika faktorer som barns ålder, personaltäthet, resurser, storleken på barngruppen et cetera. Respondenterna i vår studie framhåller att det inte samtalas tillräckligt mycket kring omsorg och hur man bedriver och aktivt arbetar med barns känslomässiga behov i förskoleutbildningen. / The key to a deeper understanding of the concept of care lies in the real visibility of care in preschool. However, making the concept of care visible is not easy. One must consider what care look like in its entirety between children and adults in today's preschool? How is care work described and how do the educators understand care on a deeper level? The purpose of our study is to examine educators' understanding of the concept of care and emotional care work and to find out how preschools actively work with care issues in their work teams. Our research questions are as follows; a) How do educators describe their understanding of the concept of care? b) How do educators explain the work with children's right to care? c) How do educators care for and provide for children's emotional needs in preschool education? The result is based on analyzes from a care ethics perspective by Nel Noddings. We have used Noddings concept to link educators' descriptions, which are from a care ethics perspective; role model, dialogue, practical actions and confirmation. The result shows that care takes place mutually in the interaction between educators and children but since the concept of care is versatile and difficult to interpret it becomes secondary in preschool education. All children have the right to the same amount of care, but it looks different due to different factors such as children's age, staff density, resources, size of the group of children etc. The respondents in our study say that there isn’t enough talk about care and how to conduct and actively work with children's emotional needs in preschool education.

The gender division of care work and housework is a product of numerous factors, both individual and national. By using the ‘Equal Gender Division of Labour’ (EGDL) indicator developed by Dearing (2016a), this thesis assesses correlations between parental leave policy and division of reproductive labour in 27 countries. OLS regression was used to test the hypothesis and determine correlations. By controlling for the correlations of individual attitudes, the thesis attempted to isolate the effects of parental leave policies. The results indicate that parental leave policies which promote gender equality are positively correlated with men’s larger shares of care work and housework. When control variables are added, the results demonstrate how parental leave policy is directly correlated with men’s larger share of care work. As for men’s share of housework, the thesis suggests that the original correlations are due to the effect of individual attitudes, which may also be impacted by parental leave policy.

[ES] La presente tesis doctoral aborda la relación existente entre teoría del cuidado y práctica artística. La desigualdad en las labores reproductivas y de mantenimiento con relación al género ha sido puesta en evidencia desde la década de 1970. A partir de la reclamación de la importancia de este tipo de trabajo, y de su posición central en las estructuras sociales, surge la ética del cuidado, pensamiento que se desarrolla especialmente en el ámbito filosófico y político. La investigación llevada a cabo pone de manifiesto que existe una fuerte influencia del pensamiento y las prácticas del cuidado en la creación artística del siglo XXI, especialmente en la zona del sur de Europa. Para abordar esta conexión se plantea un estudio dirigido a profesionales en España, Francia, Portugal e Italia, siendo los ámbitos profesionales objeto de estudio, los relacionados con el comisariado y la gestión cultural, las instituciones culturales y, por último, artistas y colectivos de artistas. Las respuestas obtenidas sobre prácticas laborales con relación al cuidado han sido analizadas y contextualizadas. Asimismo, se estudian y analizan diferentes casos paradigmáticos que presentan una notable vinculación con las prácticas del cuidado como son el Centro HUARTE en España, la bienal Manifesta 12 en Italia o el trabajo de la artista Céline Condorelli en Francia, entre otros. A partir de los mismos se constata que la influencia de la teoría del cuidado desempeña un protagonismo relevante en el ámbito artístico desde la década de 2010. Se aborda también el papel de los comunes urbanos como espacios de generación de infraestructuras de cuidado y los puntos esenciales que definen una estética del cuidado. Finalmente, se concluye que se confirma la hipótesis planteada y se realiza una clasificación de las orientaciones temáticas que el cuidado adopta en el ámbito expositivo contemporáneo. / [CA] La present tesi doctoral aborda la relació existent entre teoria de la cura i pràctica artística. La desigualtat en les labors reproductives i de manteniment en relació amb el gènere ha sigut posada en evidència des de la dècada de 1970. A partir de la reclamació de la importància d'aquesta mena de treball, i de la seua posició central en les estructures socials, sorgeix l'ètica de la cura, pensament que es desenvolupa especialment en l'àmbit filosòfic i polític. La investigació duta a terme posa de manifest que existeix una forta influència del pensament i les pràctiques de la cura en la creació artística del segle XXI, especialment en la zona del sud d'Europa. Per a abordar aquesta connexió es planteja un estudi dirigit a professionals a Espanya, França, Portugal i Itàlia, sent els àmbits professionals objecte d'estudi, els relacionats amb el comissariat i la gestió cultural, les institucions culturals i, finalment, artistes i col·lectius d'artistes. Les respostes obtingudes sobre pràctiques laborals en relació amb la cura han sigut analitzades i contextualitzades. Així mateix, s'estudien i analitzen diferents casos paradigmàtics que presenten una notable vinculació amb les pràctiques de la cura com són el Centre HUARTE a Espanya, la biennal Manifesta 12 a Itàlia o el treball de l'artista Céline Condorelli a França, entre altres. A partir dels mateixos es constata que la influència de la teoria de la cura exerceix un protagonisme rellevant en l'àmbit artístic des de la dècada de 2010. S'aborda també el paper dels comuns urbans com a espais de generació d'infraestructures de cura i els punts essencials que defineixen una estètica de la cura. Finalment, es conclou que es confirma la hipòtesi plantejada i es realitza una classificació de les orientacions temàtiques que la cura adopta en l'àmbit expositiu contemporani. / [EN] This thesis addresses the relationship between care theory and artistic practice. Since the 1970s, inequality in reproductive and maintenance tasks in relation to gender has been highlighted. The ethics of care arises from the claim of the importance of this type of work, and its central position in social structures, it is a thought that is developed especially in a philosophical and political field. The research carried out shows that there is a strong influence of care thinking and practices on the artistic creation of the 21st century, especially in southern Europe. To address this connection, a study aimed at professionals in Spain, France, Portugal and Italy is proposed. The professional fields under study are those related to curating and cultural management, cultural institutions and, finally, artists and artist collectives. The responses obtained on work practices in relation to care have been analysed and contextualized. Likewise, different paradigmatic cases that present a notable connection with care practices are studied, such as the HUARTE Center in Spain, the Manifesta 12 biennial in Italy or the work of the artist Céline Condorelli in France, among others. From these cases it is confirmed that the influence of care theory has played a relevant role in the artistic field since the 2010s. It is also addressed the role of urban commons as spaces generating care infrastructures and essential points that define an aesthetics of care. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed hypothesis is confirmed, in addition to a thematic classification of the ways in which care is adopted in the contemporary exhibition field. / Ferriols Montañana, A. (2024). Teoría del cuidado en el arte del siglo XXI. Propuestas de creación artística y gestión cultural en el sur de Europa durante el periodo 2000-2023 [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203127

Care work is not a new subject for feminist research. However, it is still important to study because of the persistent social devaluation of care workers. Financial cutbacks, the intensification of work and the general insecurity of the labour market have meant additional challenges for women, who make up the overwhelming majority of those who perform this type of work. Nowadays, women continue to be over-represented in caring and “emotional” work. In this thesis, I focus on home care work as a particular form of care work and aim to analyse care workers’ emotional management and perceptions of their current work situation. The thesis is based on a qualitative study through interviews with night-time home care workers. Building on the theory of “emotional labour” as presented by Arlie Russel Hochschild (1983) in The Managed Heart, this paper argues that working at night poses additional emotional challenges to an already affected workforce. In a time of prominent challenges in Swedish healthcare, care workers must adapt to new ways of dealing with emotions.

Die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie ist eine der größten Herausforderungen und gleichzeitig Gelingensbedingung für Geschlechtergerechtigkeit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und im familiären Bereich. Die vorliegende Dissertation verdeutlicht in drei empirischen Papieren die Relevanz von Sorgearbeit für die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Frauen und Männern, sowie die Rolle von Unternehmen für das Unterfangen, berufliche und familiäre Aufgaben zu vereinbaren. Im ersten Papier fragt diese Dissertation nach der Rolle von Haus- und Sorgearbeit sowie ihrer Verteilung im Paar für die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation von Frauen und Männern. Für die Analyse werden Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) der Jahre 2001-2017 herangezogen. Um sich bestmöglich einer kausalen Identifikation anzunähern, werden First- Difference Instrumentalvariablen-Regressionen (FD-IV) geschätzt. Das zweite Papier betrachtet die Gründe von Vätern gegen eine (längere) Elternzeitnahme. Anhand eines Mixed-Methods Forschungsdesigns wird untersucht, welche betrieblichen Determinanten eine (längere) Elternzeitnutzung erklären. Darüber hinaus wird analysiert, ob und in welchem Unternehmenskontext Männer und Frauen Karriereeinbußen nach Elternzeitnutzung erfahren. Die Datenbasis sind qualitative und quantitative Daten einer Zusatzbefragung zum AID:A II Survey. Das dritte Papier untersucht die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang von Homeoffice-Nutzung und Work-Family Conflicts. Konkret wird analysiert, ob es Unterschiede nach Unternehmenskultur gibt. Auf Grundlage des LPP-ADIAB werden Multilevel-Regressionen mit fixen Effekten für Berufe separat für Männer und Frauen geschätzt. Zusammengefasst belegt die Dissertation geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in der Herausforderung, Erwerbstätigkeit und private Verpflichtungen in Einklang zu bringen. Darüber hinaus wird die Notwendigkeit von politischen Reformen und der Handlungsbedarf, aber auch die Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Unternehmen verdeutlicht. / Reconciling work and family is one of the greatest challenges and, simultaneously, a precondition for gender equality both in the labor market and in the domestic sphere. In three empirical chapters, this dissertation illustrates the relevance of care work for the labor market participation of women and men, as well as the role of companies in the effort to reconcile work and family responsibilities. In the first paper, this dissertation asks about the role of housework and care and its distribution in the couple for the labor market participation of women and men. The analysis uses data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) from 2001-2017 on time use for various household chores as well as childcare and eldercare. First-difference instrumental variable regressions (FD-IV) are estimated to best approximate a causal identification. The second paper examines fathers’ reasons against taking (longer) parental leave. Building on this, a mixed-methods research design is used to investigate which firm-level determinants explain (longer) parental leave use by men and women. Furthermore, it analyzes whether, and in which company contexts, men and women experience perceived career setbacks after taking parental leave. The database is qualitative and quantitative data from a supplementary survey to the AID:A II. The third paper investigates the question of the relationship between working from home and work-family conflicts. Specifically, it analyzes whether there are differences according to corporate culture. Based on the LPP-ADIAB, multilevel regressions with occupation fixed effects are estimated separately for men and women. Overall, the dissertation demonstrates gender-specific differences in the challenge of reconciling gainful employment and private obligations. In addition, it points out the necessity of political reforms and the need for action, but also the potential for companies to shape these changes.