Orientador: Marisa Lajolo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T06:12:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_EmiliaRaquel_M.pdf: 771535 bytes, checksum: 0e6e3f3a18784f97f63d2bbffb4c3dfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O livro Memórias da Emília de Monteiro Lobato, publicado pela primeira vez em 1936, e rico em questões filosóficas, destacou-se entre os demais livros do Sítio do Picapau Amarelo. Pesquisando em trabalhos (livros, teses, artigos) de especialistas em Literatura e em Monteiro Lobato, comparando diferentes edições da obra e a considerando como integrante de uma coleção, foi possível realizar este trabalho. Buscamos evidenciar os seguintes aspectos: a preocupação do autor com o livro (considerando-o como um objeto a ser consumido); as semelhanças e diferenças com o gênero memorialístico; o diálogo com outras manifestações artísticas, especificamente com o cinema; e a multiplicidade de vozes e de pontos de vista. / Abstract: The book Memórias da Emilia, by Monteiro Lobato, first published in 1936, and richin philosophical questions, was a highlight among the other books from the series "O Sítio do Picapau Amarelo". Searching on works (books, theses, articles) from literature and Monteiro Lobato experts, comparing different editions of this book and considering it as part of a collection, it was possible to carry out this work. The following aspects were highlighted: the concern of the author with the book (considering it as an object for consumption), the similarities and differences in the memoirs genre;the dialogue with other artistic events, specifically with the cinema, and the multiplicity of voices and points of view. / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-03T12:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 felipearaujoxavier.pdf: 4906341 bytes, checksum: cbc518b3b83df0277d03c3e4e4bb9ca0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T20:06:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 felipearaujoxavier.pdf: 4906341 bytes, checksum: cbc518b3b83df0277d03c3e4e4bb9ca0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T20:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 felipearaujoxavier.pdf: 4906341 bytes, checksum: cbc518b3b83df0277d03c3e4e4bb9ca0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-26 / Esta dissertação é fruto de uma pesquisa sobre o carnaval de Rio Novo (pequena cidade da Zona da Mata Mineira), de 1907, quando houve a fundação do primeiro Clube Carnavalesco, à 1979, período em que vejo a consolidação de um novo carnaval, promovido pelas Escolas de Samba. Isto através das representações construídas nas memórias dos depoentes, nos jornais, estatutos e nos livros de ouro e de atas, entre outros documentos. Primeiramente, resgato o passado do zé-pereira, folgança que anunciou o carnaval da cidade durante todo o século XX. São objetos do capítulo inicial a apresentação da cidade de Rio Novo, a chegada da manifestação em Rio Novo e as diversas facetas que este folguedo tomou dentro da cidade. Além disto, debato o exercício de reinvenção dessa tradição, com o resgate de seu passado nas últimas décadas do século XX e início do século XIX. No segundo capítulo enveredo para o estudo do carnaval promovido pelos Clubes Carnavalescos de Rio Novo, com sua típica divisão social. Através das representações reconstituo os perfis dos clubes carnavalescos, a circulação dos foliões nestes grêmios, as rivalidades, o policiamento e o polimento do comportamento que, corriqueiramente, se inseriam num espaço conflituoso. No terceiro capítulo abordo o processo de reorganização do carnaval de Rio Novo, com o fortalecimento das Escolas de Samba. Estas agremiações que, a princípio foram marginalizadas, paulatinamente tomaram proporções de destaque no carnaval da década de 1970, se tornando hegemônicas nos festejos, dando uma nova faceta para o carnaval rionovense, em um período de transformações sociais em que a velha segregação “racial” começava a ruir. / This thesis is the result of research into the carnival of Rio Novo, a small city in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, between 1907 - when the first “Carnival Club” was founded, to 1979 - which saw the consolidation of a new carnival in the city, one promoted by the new Samba Schools. This research was conducted via means of interviews with witnesses, newspaper articles, statute laws, donation registries and minutes of meetings, amongst other documents. Firstly, the past of the “zé-pereira”, a merriment that announced the beginning of carnival in the city throughout the entire 20th Century, is rescued. The objectives of this initial chapter is to present the township of Rio Novo, the arrival of this manifestation in the city, and the diverse facets that this frolic or merriment took on within the same. Furthermore, the exercise of reinventing this tradition, with focus on rescuing it’s past in the last decades of the 20th Century and the beginning of the 19th Century, is debated. The second chapter focuses on the study of the carnival which was promoted by the “Carnival Clubs” of Rio Novo , with their typical social divisions. By means of personal accounts, the profiles of the clubs, the distribution of the revellers in these guilds, their rivalries, behaviour and consequent policing, which usually resulted in conflict, are reconstructed. In the third chapter, the process of the reorganization of the carnival in Rio Novo, with the strengthening of the Samba Schools, is tackled. These guilds, which, at first were marginalized, gradually took on distinctive proportions in the carnival of the 1970s, becoming hegemonic in festivities and giving new facets to the city’s carnival in a period of social transformations in which the ancient racial segregation had began to crumble.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as relações entre o carnaval, enquanto iniciativa popular das escolas de samba, e o poder público que o promove e financia, sobretudo nas três últimas décadas. Para tal, identifica, inicialmente, os principais agentes que tem participado da organização oficial do festejo: do lado das escolas, os líderes sambistas das grandes agremiações e seus vários órgãos de representação (Liga, Superliga etc.), e do lado do estado, seus órgãos públicos (principalmente a SPTuris) e funcionários. Observando alguns casos concretos de negociações entre esses sujeitos (que envolvem desde a definição de políticas públicas formais ao uso dos espaços na cidade, como a rua, quadras, barracões e o sambódromo), o trabalho analisa de que forma um conjunto de noções é posto em debate associando o carnaval ao folclore, à cultura, ao turismo, ao negócio, ao espetáculo, ao lazer etc. Nesse enredo de negociações, conclui-se que os diversos interesses, prioridades e motivações dos agentes situam-se num continuum no qual as diferentes noções e posições tornam-se termos construídos ciclicamente em cada situação específica de diálogo e/ou embate. Tal como o carnaval, a cada ano um novo enredo se apresenta. / This study aims to analyze the relationship between the carnival, as a popular initiative of the Schools of Samba, and government that promotes and finances the event, especially over the last three decades. Initially, this dissertation identifies the main actors who have participated in the organization of the official celebration, which means, by the side of the government, state agencies, especially Spturis, and their employees; and, by the side of the Schools of Samba, leaders of their major associations and of their representative committees (called Liga League and Superliga Superleague). By observing some specific cases of negotiations between those actors, which involves from public politics development to the use of formal public spaces in the city, like streets, blocks, the Sambódromo, this study intends to examine how a set of concepts is called into a debate that associates the carnival to the folklore, culture, tourism, business, the spectacle, leisure etc. In this \"scenario of negotiations, its possible to conclude that the different interests, priorities and motivations of the agents fit a continuum in which different notions and positions are cyclically constructed, depending on the situation: if it is a dialogue or a controversy. Such as the carnival that happens every year, this scenario of negotiatios tell us, each year, another story.

O objetivo desta tese é compreender, por meio de um exame etnográfico, o lugar que o ritual carnaval ocupa na vida sociocosmológica do povo indígena Chiquitano que vive na fronteira do Brasil com a Bolívia. Carnaval é o nome da festa e da entidade sobrenatural que desperta acionada pelo som dos instrumentos musicais, do local onde foi enterrado, a fim de pôr em relação seres humanos e não humanos por meio da Alegria. A festa é realizada na mesma data do carnaval ocidental, contudo há um calendário ritual próprio que marca o fim e o início do ciclo anual. Os mitos chiquitano narram que o dilúvio de Água teria ocorrido no terceiro dia do carnaval, por acreditarem que o mundo é periodicamente destruído, mas se forma novamente e, com ele, homens e mulheres se fabricam a partir da transformação do planeta. A festa reúne famílias da aldeia e parentes de localidades vizinhas para dançar, beber chicha, fazer o viva, comer junto e brincar. Através do carnaval, os Chiquitano explicam seus mitos, domesticam os seres patogênicos que provocam doenças nas famílias, transformam as relações entre os humanos para a produção política de uma nova ordem social chiquitano pautada nas regras de respeito e evitação. / This thesis aims at understanding, through an ethnographic examination, the place that the Carnival ritual holds in the sociocosmological life of the Chiquitano indigenous people who live on the border of Brazil and Bolivia. Carnival is the name of the festival and the supernatural entity which is awoken by the sound of musical instruments of the place where it was buried, in order to bring humans and non-humans relation through Happiness. This festival is held in the same date of the Western Carnival; however they have their own ritual calendar which establishes the end and the beginning of the annual cycle. The chiquitano myths narrate that the Deluge would have occurred on the third Day of the Carnival because they believed that the world is periodically destroyed, but it is formed again and, with it, men and women are created from the transformation of the planet. The event brings together families from the village and relatives from the neighboring communities to dance, drink chicha, celebrate Life, eat together and play. Through Carnival, the Chiquitano explain their myths, domesticate the pathogenic beings which provoke diseases in families, change the relationships between humans for the political production of a new chiquitano social order based on the rules of respect and avoidance.

Les derniers siècles du moyen âge européen pourraient être surnommés ‘l'ère de la déconstruction.' aussi, les œuvres littéraires se caractérisent-elles par l'hybridation ou la contamination de traditions et de modèles différents. leur dissonance interpelle. l'impossibilité à les faire entrer dans un cadre de référence précis, la difficulté à les classer témoigne de cette particularité. nous aborderons la question du point de vue du récit bref, en explorant le champ diversifié, européen, de la nouvelle du xiiie au xvie siècle. les conditions culturelles et politiques (système de cours diffusant à partir d'un cadre géographique précis, déplacements des auteurs, échanges et créations entre lieux artistiques et culturels spécifiques, ritualisation des pratiques littéraires, radicalisation des formes poétiques fixes), tout conduit à adopter face à l' ‘objet' littéraire une approche à la fois rigoureuse et pragmatique. l'enjeu est de dépasser les habituels cadrages critiques. a cette fin nous programmons trois directions qui contribueront à mieux définir notre objet :1° normes littéraires et esthétiques : transformations et dépassements. les innovations, les interférences créent les conditions d'un changement d'approche de l'écriture du récit bref. héritières du fabliau et du lai, les nouvelles médiévales ne sont pas encore le produit fini d'une pratique littéraire. les expérimentations (boccace, chaucer, antoine de la sale, cent nouvelles nouvelles, evangile des quenouilles) sont des solutions de compromis entre des formulations encore hésitantes. la nouvelle ne se présente pas comme une réalisation uniforme : les textes circulent et sont modelés par des échanges entre des lieux de productions et de diffusions qui ont leur logique propre (bourgogne, anjou-provence, cités-états italiens…). c'est dans une perspective dynamique que nous nous attacherons à disséquer ces tâtonnements, à repérer des modèles unificateurs et des tensions avec des traditions locales ;2° inscription du sujet dans l'œuvre : qu'il s'agisse de productions savantes ou populaires, d'auteurs uniques ou de travaux collectifs, leur genèse est multiple et diversifiée et passe à chaque fois par une approche critique singulière. les différentes formes de récits brefs ne s'inscrivent pas dans les mêmes temporalités ni dans les mêmes espaces. dans cette exploration, se posera la question complexe de l'inscription du sujet dans la fiction. de boccace à antoine de la sale l'engagement est différent, les méthodes, les pratiques et les résultats diversifiés. d'autres paramètres peuvent rendre plus complexe l'approche critique. c'est le cas de l'evangile des quenouilles. ce recueil de nouvelles racontées oralement par des femmes subit l'empreinte cléricale au moment de la mise en forme, le récit est biaisé par une tradition écrite qui édulcore la parole originelle et la transforme. l'œuvre est ainsi le produit de plusieurs médiations qui renforcent la ‘problématicité' de la nouvelle en y ajoutant la question du ‘genre' (‘gender'). les relations de l'œuvre au réel en sont modifiées.3° la circulation des textes dans cette europe virtuelle soulève une question plus profondément philosophique relative à la crise des croyances à l'aube de la renaissance européenne : qu'il s'agisse des lieux communs, des poncifs de la théologie morale, de l'esprit d'ouverture de l'humanisme naissant ou de l'idée de réformation, les implications politiques et religieuses ne cessent de soulever un questionnement lancinant sur les enjeux des transformations des formes littéraires. la question est encore plus urgente pour la nouvelle. / At the end of the Middle Ages, literary works can be characterised by the hybridisation, or the contamination, of disparate traditions and models. Their dissonance is striking. The impossibility of shoehorning them into the same precise frame of reference and the difficulty in classifying them bears witness to this particularity.We will approach the question from the point of view of the short narrative, exploring the diversified, European domain of the novella from the 13th to the 16th century.The cultural and political conditions (system of knowledge diffusing from a precise geographical frame, authors’ movements, exchanges and collaborations between two specific artistic and cultural spaces, ritualisation of literary practices, radicalisation of fixed poetic form) all lead to applying both a rigorous and a pragmatic approach to the literary ‘object’. Our objective is to go beyond the habitual critical framework.Thus it is with this dynamic and pragmatic perspective that we will set about dissecting these experimentations, these still-hesitant formulae governed by the mutability of the medieval text, which drifts from one form to another. This is also the case for the short narrative that we see elsewhere in the ‘fabliau’, the ‘conte à rire’, the novel, and memoir. These transformations confront us with the choice of individualised approaches for each work, for the application of each short story will forever remain unique and unclassable. Is it not a reflection of a late-medieval society which is searching and has not yet found the definitive form for the expression of new aspirations? It is the only criterion which allows us to define the ‘style’ of the novella.

Orientador: Mauricius Martins Farina / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:17:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kuramoto_Emy_M.pdf: 5779177 bytes, checksum: 83672f3af392f0bc1a074f2a36eedb3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho procura investigar a obra da fotógrafa norte-americana Diane Arbus (1923-1971). Primeiramente abordando as principais discussões que se aninharam em torno dela, salientando o componente mítico-alegórico que a percorre, e, depois, divisando e discutindo, na forma de ensaios, alguns motivos e aspectos particulares às suas imagens. Estão em debate sua ruptura com o documentarismo clássico; os pontos de inflexão de sua carreira e de seu estilo representativo; o exercício irônico de sua fotografia; a criação de um universo próprio, a filiação com o carnavalesco; a presença renitente de fantasias e máscaras em seu trabalho ¿tanto no sentido estrito (como referentes) como no sentido metafórico¿; sua faceta paródica; os traços relativos à ambiência de suas imagens; e, por fim, seu percurso biográfico e profissional / Abstract: This work attempts to investigate the oeuvre of the photographer Diane Arbus (1923-1971). Firstly focusing on the main discussions that surrounded her, emphasizing the mythic and allegoric component that traverses her work and, subsequently, descrying and discussing, in the form of essays, some peculiar motifs and aspects of her images. We debate the rupture with the classic documentarism; the points of inflexion of her career and of her representative style; the ironic exercise of her photography; the creation of a particular universe, the filiations with the carnivalesque; the renitent presence of fancy dresses and masks in her work -as much in the strict meaning (as referents) as in the metaphoric sense-; her parodistic facet; the traits relating to her images¿s ambience; and, at last, her biographic and professional journey / Mestrado / Multimeios / Mestre em Multimeios

Orientador: Heloisa Turini Bruhns / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T08:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa_MariaCristina_M.pdf: 15798229 bytes, checksum: 3d828ee397bf4fddc333894af704d64e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Este estudo aborda as inter-relações de turistas e moradores, na cidade de Ouro Preto, MG, durante os Carnavais dos anos de 1997 e 1998. As manifestações corporais expressas através da dança, da marcha, etc., em diferentes momentos da organização, da preparação e do desfile foram os principais mediadores desta pesquisa, tendo como foco central de análise dois blocos, o Caixão e a Bandalheira. As observações e entrevistas tiveram como referência vozes e ações dos participantes e espectadores, agentes da dinâmica da festa. Buscou-se compreender essas inter-relações a partir das motivações e dos interesses, da organização da festa, das relações entre culturas, da inovação e da tradição, da compreensão dos blocos/corpos e do corpo consumidor. O estudo indica que, na festa turística, ocorrem vínculos estabelecidos com as pessoas, com a cidade e com a festa, resignificados mutuamente, permeados de elementos da dimensão comunitária e pelos significados de tradição, associados ao cenário histórico de patrimônio cultural / Abstract: This present work is due to study the interaction existing among tourists and residents during the 1997 and 1998 Carnival parties in the historical city of Ouro Preto. The body features shown through different study of dancing and crowded parades along with the various steps of organization preparation and the show itself set up the main supports for this present research where two irreverent and extrovert groups named "Caixão" and "Bandalheira" appeared as a top concern. Reports and interviews have ali been based on voices and behavior coming from both participants and expectators. This research has focused a better understanding of that terific and spontaneous interrelation based on such different approaches as motivation, excitement, making off, cultural envolviment, inovation mixed with tradition and the group versus the bOdy, where the expectators, as an extension of those groups, become their consumers. This study is also intended to point out the deep and creative linkings generated and developed among the citizens, the town itself and the Festival. Everything involves mutual commitment carried out with a positive community interaction. This hilarious atmosphere turns to be much more attractive due to the magnificent scenario of Ouro Preto, which is recognized as a world Cultural Monument / Mestrado / Estudos do Lazer / Mestre em Educação Física

Orientador: Márcia Maria Strazzacappa Hernández / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T08:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gordo_MargaridadoEspiritoSantoCunha_D.pdf: 9784735 bytes, checksum: eb5cb55cd8051affdbba0c2efdfeb3dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O carnaval é o quintal do amanhã: saberes e práticas educativas na escola de samba Bole-Bole em Belém do Pará teve como objetivo identificar e desvelar os saberes construídos no cotidiano de uma escola de samba, para que sejam reconhecidos e compartilhados com os da escola. Traz como problema estrutural realizar uma pesquisa em uma comunidade carnavalesca na capital paraense procurando desvelar os saberes e as práticas educativas existentes nesse espaço de efervescência cultural, bem como esses saberes expressam a cultura e a identidade de um grupo ou coletividade. Essa questão sinaliza para o seguinte problema: quais os saberes e as práticas educativas construídos no cotidiano de uma escola de samba e de que forma a vivência nesse espaço pode ser demarcadora da identidade cultural de um grupo social, a partir dos sujeitos constituintes desse grupo? Com o intuito de oferecer alguns parâmetros para esse problema, o meu samba-enredo (texto-tese) foi desenvolvido em sinopse do enredo (introdução) três estrofes (capítulos) e o fechamento do samba (conclusão). A primeira estrofe tem como inspiração, Carnaval e escola de samba; a segunda, Bole-Bole: histórias e histórias para contar e a terceira, Bole-Bole para além do desfile: a educação não-formal. A fala dos destaques (os entrevistados) teve total liberdade para transitar em todas as estrofes. Para dar vida às estrofes desse samba contei com o auxílio luxuoso de nove destaques (os entrevistados), divididos em dois grupos. Um grupo foi o que teve alguma ligação administrativa e artística com o Bole-Bole. Já o outro foi constituído por pessoas atendidas pelos projetos do Bole-Bole, as quais tornaram-se profissionais a partir do aprendizado que lá tiveram, sendo atualmente agentes multiplicadores. A metodologia utilizada para realizar o tratamento das entrevistas foi a transcriação (MEIHY, 2005; VILELA, 2010). A transcriação é a última etapa de um processo constituído por três etapas, sendo a primeira a transcrição e a segunda a textualização. Esta tese sinaliza que há saberes e práticas educativas sendo veiculados no espaço da escola de samba, os quais são formatados por meio de oficinas, aprendidos na prática, implícitos nas relações interpessoais e nas vivências estabelecidas na escola de samba. Saberes capazes de transformar, de dar um rumo, de tirar a venda dos olhos. Saberes esses que precisam ser reconhecidos e aproveitados / Abstract: Carnival is tomorrow backyard: Knowledge and educational practices at Bole-Bole Samba School in Belem/PA had the intention of identifying and reveal the knowledge constructed in the daily life of a samba school, to be recognized and shared with the school ones. It brings as structural problem to achieve a search in a carnival community of the Para State Capital looking for unveiling knowledge and existing educational practices in this space of cultural effervescence as this knowledge also express the culture and identity of a group or community. These questions point to the following problem: what are the knowledge and educational practices regular built in the daily life of a samba school and how the experience in this space can be remarkable for the cultural identity of a social group, from the constituent subjects of this group? In order to provide some parameters for this problem, my samba-theme (text-thesis) was developed in synopsis of the plot (introduction), three verses (chapters) and the samba closure (conclusion). The first stanza has an inspiration, Carnival and a Samba School; the second, Bole-Bole Samba School: ranges of story to tell and the third, Bole-Bole beyond the parade: the non-formal education. The speech of the school highlights (respondents) had total freedom to travel in all the verses. To add life to the stanzas of this samba I counted on the luxurious cooperation of nine school highlights (respondents), divided into two groups. One group was the one that had some administrative and artistic connection to Bole-Bole. The other one was made up of people served by projects of Bole-Bole, which have become professionals from learning at the school projects and becoming hence currently multipliers. The methodology used to perform the treatment of the interviews was transcreation (Meihy, 2005; Vilela, 2010). Transcreation is the last step of a process consisting of three steps, the first being the transcription and the second the textualization. This thesis indicates that there is knowledge and educational practices being conveyed on samba school space, which are formatted through workshops, learned in practice, implicit in interpersonal relationships and experiences performed within the samba school. Knowledge able to transform, to give a direction, to take the blindfold off. This knowledge that needs to be recognized and well exploited / Doutorado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Doutora em Educação

Cette recherche traite de la forme la plus contemporaine de mascarade du carnaval de Trinidad (République de Trinidad-et-Tobago, Caraïbe Anglophone), connue sous l’appellation Pretty Mas’. Cette dernière s’imprègne d’une esthétique nommée Bikini & Beads, pratiquée en majorité par les femmes et de jeunes participants. C’est la forme de mascarade la plus commerciale du pays et le modèle de carnavals diasporiques à travers le monde. L’objet de cette recherche est d’expliquer comment l’aspect visuel de la mascarade tend à transformer cette performance carnavalesque en spectacle.Je montre que la valeur historique de la pratique du carnaval évolue dans la forme contemporaine Bikini & Beads, où les joueurs portent de simples bikinis en guise de costumes. Cette recherche aborde également la question de la représentation de soi à travers ce style de carnaval où le corps des participants se substitue au costume. Les joueurs y affirment leur individualité et leur volonté d’interpréter des histoires autoréférentielles. La visibilité du joueur et de la joueuse devient un moyen d’affirmation de soi, ce qui modifie la pratique performative de la mascarade. J’analyse ensuite l’impact du visuel sur le management de ce style de mascarade. La recherche de visibilité des joueurs et la nécessité d’impressionner les publics modifient l’organisation des groupes de carnaval et la création des costumes. Le désir de reconnaissance publique des participants influe sur la pratique performative et représentationnelle de la mascarade. En privilégiant l’aspect visuel de l’évènement, la performance carnavalesque devient prévisible et reproductible pour son exportation dans les festivals internationaux. / This research is about the most current form of carnival masquerade on the island of Trinidad (Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies), known as Pretty Mas'. Pretty Mas' is imbued with a masquerade style named Bikini & Beads, which is mostly practiced by women and young participants. It is the most commercial form of masquerade in the country and is the model for diaspora carnivals around the world. The object of this research is to explain how the visual aspect of this masquerade tends to transform the carnival performance into a spectacle.I show how the historical value of carnival practice has evolved into the contemporary form of Bikini & Beads, where players wear simple bikinis as costumes. This research deals with the question of self-representation through this masquerade style where the participants' bodies replace the costumes. In doing so players affirm their individuality and willingness to interpret self-referential stories. The player's visibility becomes a mean of asserting oneself, which modifies the performative practice of the masquerade. I then analyze the visual impact on the management of this form of performance and costuming. The players' search for visibility and their need to impress the public have changed the organization of carnival groups and the creation of costumes. The participants' desire for public recognition influences the performative and representational practice of the masquerade. I conclude by affirming that the emphasis on the visual aspect of the event makes the carnival performance more predictable and reproducible so it can be exported to the international festivals.

In this thesis based on research of historical sources I try to reconstruct the Prague festival of majales in 50s and 60s of 20th century and understand if they were truly meant as an act of defiance against the communist "régime" as some historians say. My point of view is base around the theory of Michail Bachtin and carnival as form of culturally creative force which act as form of social order negotiation. Worlds of play and laughter exist as a parallel to the official mundane world with their own different rules and they can be used as a form of social negotiation even in totalitarian or strongly conservative "régimes". Majales is a form of carnival that grants the transition into the world of play. Students in Czechoslovakia could use this possibility to negotiate about many otherwise taboo topics. Even if the worlds of play and mundane seem to be separated they influence each other in many ways and even the rules of mundane world can be changed through play and carnival. Students are also protected by their liminal status between being a child and an adult. Which grants them more rights than children but less duties than adults.