Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University Page 105 is missing in all copies / The following study is an effort to determine the effectiveness of a planned program to teach the religion vocabulary presented in the first grade Catechism. It is an attempt to develop the word-meaning and recognition of fifty technical words contained in the religion vocabulary for first grade as a means for better understanding of religion, and to facilitate comprehension in second grade reading. This study is an outcome of the work done in 1950 by Sister Mary Christopher Coughlan who made an analysis of the Religion Vocabulary in Grade One. The results of her study showed conclusively that most of the children do not fully or clearly understand the words used in the Catechism.

By exploring selected Western epistemologies and Lutheran theology, this thesis argues for an approach to Lutheran Confirmation centered on the meaning-making process. Specifically, it is argued that meaning coemerges as an amalgam of inherited content, life experience and community interaction. For Confirmation to be a resource and catalyst for lifelong learning, curricula and teachers must account for the complexity and contributions of learner-formed meaning.<p> Confirmation is analyzed as a rite and a process of ordered learning: constructivist theory guides a concise study of the epistemological roots of Piaget, Dewey, Polanyi and Whitehead. Luthers intent, contemporary theology and the assumptions of constructivism are consistent with coemergence. Essential, fallible and gracious knowing are offered as epistemological-theological pillars to guide the intent of confirmation.

Este estudo aborda as políticas de ocupação e exploração das minas dos sertões concomitante as reações indígenas, no século XVIII, principalmente, a partir da década de 1730. Ao analisar as fontes, contempladas nas correspondências entre autoridades, instruções, planos de catequese e civilização, se constatou que a violência, como resultado da prática consuetudinária, prevaleceu sobre as leis de integração social dos gentios. Avaliou-se as investidas dos índios, ao impedirem o êxito dos propósitos do Antigo Sistema Colonial, tornaram objetos da política de Estado incluindo o destino desses povos na pauta de diretrizes, donde derivou a série de planos de catequese. Entretanto, nada mais foram que alternativas dissimuladas de cooptação, articuladas numa seqüência estratégica de anulação das resistências indígenas, como a invenção dos aldeamentos foi um meio de confiná-los em redutos projetados para infligir os hábitos da vida sedentária e a extinção da vida nômade. Pretendia-se adaptá-los ao modelo de civilização européia, promover a convivência com os não índios e viabilizar o acesso às minas. Nesta perspectiva a colonização, inevitavelmente, esteve associada à apropriação das riquezas, condição determinante do sentido à conquista e a razão à catequese. Em contrapartida, originou uma situação permanente de tensões diretamente vinculada à desapropriação das terras indígenas, conjuntamente revelou a maior incidência das disputas nas áreas dos principais focos de lutas indígenas e identificou-se, exatamente, nelas a concentração da política indigenista. Embora aparentemente as estratégias ressoassem o intuito de apaziguar os índios mediante os instrumentos de sujeição, tutela, liberdade restrita, a guerra ofensiva foi um recurso condicionado aos agravos das reações indígenas. Contudo, a guerra, fenômeno histórico-cultural tanto indígena quanto europeu, se efetivou nos combates armados de ambos os lados. Assim, sob o artifício da fé e civilização se enunciou o dever cristão de conduzir o bárbaro selvagem à salvação. No entanto, o cumprimento do dever esteve conexo à recompensa de administrar a vida dos índios, por conseguinte, de administrar a opulência do patrimônio abrigado nas sesmarias e datas minerais localizadas nos sertões. Em função disso, foi indispensável à pesquisa apreender a concepção de sertões e reconhecer a significância do nomadismo, comum aos índios, que forneceu a imagem de espaços em movimentos, compreendendo fronteiras imprecisas que se interagiam nas dimensões étnicas, sociais e econômicas. A itinerância dos índios conferiu atributos à identidade dos ambientes naturais, à medida que se deslocavam se constituía a referência de fluidez dos espaços, mas para dominá-los dependia de fixá-los em limites. Portanto, a correlação entre mobilidade dos sertões e inconstância dos gentios configurou uma geopolítica específica do interior da América portuguesa interligado pelos caminhos trilhados das minas do ouro entre Minas-Goiases-Cuiabá, Minas e Espírito-Santo, Minas-Bahia e assim por diante. As Minas Gerais setecentista, respeitadas as peculiaridades do contexto e das diversas etnias dos povos indígenas, guardavam os metais preciosos e delas se partia para outras minas. Os sertões dos índios eram os sertões das Minas do ouro, espalhadas ao longo dos rios, distantes do litoral, se apresentaram nos focos de reações indígenas que se interpunham como desafio para atingi-las. / This study focuses in the politics of settlement and exploitation of the mines of the hinterlands (sertões) and the Indians reactions in the 17th Century Brazil, mostly in the 1730´s. In analyzing the sources the correspondence between authorities, instructions, catechism plans, we were able to verify that the violence, as a result of the consuetudinary practice, prevailed over the social integration laws of the gentiles. We evaluated that the Indians attacks - that were successful in stopping the Ancient Colonial System purposes - were subject to State policy, including the fate of these peoples in the State agenda, generating the catechism plans. However, these were dissimulated alternatives of cooptation, articulated in a strategic sequence of annulment of the Indian resistance, such as the creation of the settlements (aldeamentos), that was a means to confine them in planned locals that were able to cause the habits of a sedentary life and the end of the nomad life. The purpose was to adapt the Indians to the European civilization model, to promote the familiarity with others and to enable the access to the mines. In this perspective, the colonization was associated to the appropriation of the riches, that was an important condition to give sense to the conquest and justify the catechism. On the other hand, it originated a scenery with permanent tensions, directly linked to the expropriation of the Indian land, that appeared in the greater incidence of the dispute in the areas where the major Indian struggles developed, that were the same areas where were concentrated the policies regarding the Indians. Although apparently these strategies showed the intention of pacifying the Indians, by subjugation, tutorship and confinement, the war was a resource that was subject to the intensification of the Indians reactions. But the war, a historical and cultural phenomena both Indian and European, was accomplished in the battles. Thus the Christian duty of bringing the salvage barbarian to salvation was implanted under the artifice of faith and civilization. Nevertheless, the fulfillment of duty was connected to the rewards of governing the Indians, and of governing the riches of the estate that was located in the sesmarias and mines of the hinterland. Thus, it was important to the research the understanding of the concept of sertão, and to recognize the significance of nomadism, that supplied the image of spaces in movement, with imprecise borders that interacted in the ethnic, social and economic levels. The Indians dislocations gave identity features to the natural environment, and demanded the research to apprehend these dimensions. To be able to dominate them it was necessary to settle them in determined limits. The correlation between the mobility of the sertões and the inconstancy of the gentiles, shaped a specific geopolitics in the Portuguese America hinterland, connected by the paths of the gold mines (Minas- Goiases Cuiabá, Minas and Espírito Santo, Minas-Bahia and so forth). The Minas Gerais of the 18th Century, respected the peculiarities of the context and the various ethnics of the Indians peoples, kept the precious metals and from there they went to other mines. The Indians sertões were the sertões of the gold mines, scattered by the rivers, faraway from the coast, and they presented themselves in the reactions of the Indians that were an obstacle to attain it.

Este estudo aborda as políticas de ocupação e exploração das minas dos sertões concomitante as reações indígenas, no século XVIII, principalmente, a partir da década de 1730. Ao analisar as fontes, contempladas nas correspondências entre autoridades, instruções, planos de catequese e civilização, se constatou que a violência, como resultado da prática consuetudinária, prevaleceu sobre as leis de integração social dos gentios. Avaliou-se as investidas dos índios, ao impedirem o êxito dos propósitos do Antigo Sistema Colonial, tornaram objetos da política de Estado incluindo o destino desses povos na pauta de diretrizes, donde derivou a série de planos de catequese. Entretanto, nada mais foram que alternativas dissimuladas de cooptação, articuladas numa seqüência estratégica de anulação das resistências indígenas, como a invenção dos aldeamentos foi um meio de confiná-los em redutos projetados para infligir os hábitos da vida sedentária e a extinção da vida nômade. Pretendia-se adaptá-los ao modelo de civilização européia, promover a convivência com os não índios e viabilizar o acesso às minas. Nesta perspectiva a colonização, inevitavelmente, esteve associada à apropriação das riquezas, condição determinante do sentido à conquista e a razão à catequese. Em contrapartida, originou uma situação permanente de tensões diretamente vinculada à desapropriação das terras indígenas, conjuntamente revelou a maior incidência das disputas nas áreas dos principais focos de lutas indígenas e identificou-se, exatamente, nelas a concentração da política indigenista. Embora aparentemente as estratégias ressoassem o intuito de apaziguar os índios mediante os instrumentos de sujeição, tutela, liberdade restrita, a guerra ofensiva foi um recurso condicionado aos agravos das reações indígenas. Contudo, a guerra, fenômeno histórico-cultural tanto indígena quanto europeu, se efetivou nos combates armados de ambos os lados. Assim, sob o artifício da fé e civilização se enunciou o dever cristão de conduzir o bárbaro selvagem à salvação. No entanto, o cumprimento do dever esteve conexo à recompensa de administrar a vida dos índios, por conseguinte, de administrar a opulência do patrimônio abrigado nas sesmarias e datas minerais localizadas nos sertões. Em função disso, foi indispensável à pesquisa apreender a concepção de sertões e reconhecer a significância do nomadismo, comum aos índios, que forneceu a imagem de espaços em movimentos, compreendendo fronteiras imprecisas que se interagiam nas dimensões étnicas, sociais e econômicas. A itinerância dos índios conferiu atributos à identidade dos ambientes naturais, à medida que se deslocavam se constituía a referência de fluidez dos espaços, mas para dominá-los dependia de fixá-los em limites. Portanto, a correlação entre mobilidade dos sertões e inconstância dos gentios configurou uma geopolítica específica do interior da América portuguesa interligado pelos caminhos trilhados das minas do ouro entre Minas-Goiases-Cuiabá, Minas e Espírito-Santo, Minas-Bahia e assim por diante. As Minas Gerais setecentista, respeitadas as peculiaridades do contexto e das diversas etnias dos povos indígenas, guardavam os metais preciosos e delas se partia para outras minas. Os sertões dos índios eram os sertões das Minas do ouro, espalhadas ao longo dos rios, distantes do litoral, se apresentaram nos focos de reações indígenas que se interpunham como desafio para atingi-las. / This study focuses in the politics of settlement and exploitation of the mines of the hinterlands (sertões) and the Indians reactions in the 17th Century Brazil, mostly in the 1730´s. In analyzing the sources the correspondence between authorities, instructions, catechism plans, we were able to verify that the violence, as a result of the consuetudinary practice, prevailed over the social integration laws of the gentiles. We evaluated that the Indians attacks - that were successful in stopping the Ancient Colonial System purposes - were subject to State policy, including the fate of these peoples in the State agenda, generating the catechism plans. However, these were dissimulated alternatives of cooptation, articulated in a strategic sequence of annulment of the Indian resistance, such as the creation of the settlements (aldeamentos), that was a means to confine them in planned locals that were able to cause the habits of a sedentary life and the end of the nomad life. The purpose was to adapt the Indians to the European civilization model, to promote the familiarity with others and to enable the access to the mines. In this perspective, the colonization was associated to the appropriation of the riches, that was an important condition to give sense to the conquest and justify the catechism. On the other hand, it originated a scenery with permanent tensions, directly linked to the expropriation of the Indian land, that appeared in the greater incidence of the dispute in the areas where the major Indian struggles developed, that were the same areas where were concentrated the policies regarding the Indians. Although apparently these strategies showed the intention of pacifying the Indians, by subjugation, tutorship and confinement, the war was a resource that was subject to the intensification of the Indians reactions. But the war, a historical and cultural phenomena both Indian and European, was accomplished in the battles. Thus the Christian duty of bringing the salvage barbarian to salvation was implanted under the artifice of faith and civilization. Nevertheless, the fulfillment of duty was connected to the rewards of governing the Indians, and of governing the riches of the estate that was located in the sesmarias and mines of the hinterland. Thus, it was important to the research the understanding of the concept of sertão, and to recognize the significance of nomadism, that supplied the image of spaces in movement, with imprecise borders that interacted in the ethnic, social and economic levels. The Indians dislocations gave identity features to the natural environment, and demanded the research to apprehend these dimensions. To be able to dominate them it was necessary to settle them in determined limits. The correlation between the mobility of the sertões and the inconstancy of the gentiles, shaped a specific geopolitics in the Portuguese America hinterland, connected by the paths of the gold mines (Minas- Goiases Cuiabá, Minas and Espírito Santo, Minas-Bahia and so forth). The Minas Gerais of the 18th Century, respected the peculiarities of the context and the various ethnics of the Indians peoples, kept the precious metals and from there they went to other mines. The Indians sertões were the sertões of the gold mines, scattered by the rivers, faraway from the coast, and they presented themselves in the reactions of the Indians that were an obstacle to attain it.

Luther’s theological and ethical consideration of lying is founded on protecting the reputation and welfare of the neighbor. In sermons, prayer books, catechisms, lectures, letters, and table talks, Luther addresses lies and secrecy in varying contexts and continually returns to the same conclusion: a person’s speech should protect the neighbor’s reputation rather than harm it. Luther first develops his thoughts on lying in catechetical literature on the eighth commandment, “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor,” which he interprets positively as a requirement to protect the neighbor’s reputation. Diverging from an idealized Augustinian ethic which condemns all lies as sinful, Luther’s emphasis on protection of the neighbor allows him to identify truths as sinful when they harm another and lies as sinless when they protect another. Luther does draw on Augustine’s framework of three types of lies—the harmful, the playful, and the dutiful—to distinguish among sinful, harmless, and beneficial lies. Luther maintains this focus on protection and the distinction among kinds of lies in his Lectures on Genesis, where he examines lies in many different contexts, commending some and condemning others. Luther’s interpretations expand to offer application and advice to his contemporaries, including advice on how to deceive others in an appropriate way. Luther’s consistent position on deception in his catechetical and exegetical writing provides his rationale for advising lying in the case of Philipp of Hesse’s bigamy despite the disastrous consequences for both Luther and Philipp. Combined with his theology of the seal of the confessional, Luther’s view of lying provides further protection for the neighbor, whether the neighbor is a rich influential ruler or the vulnerable woman next door. As others in the Wittenberg circle wrote their own catechisms, they drew heavily on Luther’s concern for protecting the neighbor and continue to excuse lies that prevent harm. Luther’s emphasis on protection and prevention of harm thus become an enduring focus in the Lutheran ethical tradition’s treatment of lying and deception. / 2025-07-26T00:00:00Z

Thesis deals with rekontextualization and actualisation of Jesus's parables. The methodological part describes the catechetical methods and possibilities of cooperation with selected sciences such as didactics, pedagogy, psychology and hermeneutics. Moreover there are discussed concepts such as allegory, exegesis, metaphor and metonymy. Particular text dealing with the parables of the New Testament contains a characteristic of parable as a literary form, its origin, significance and its construction order. Parables are selected particularly in the context of Matthew's gospel. The thesis functions on the basis of synchronic methodology as well as diachronic one.

Livros de divulgação nos permitem olhar de modo peculiar para a ciência de um período, e a percepção de padrões nessas obras pode dar indícios de como certa área de pesquisa era apresentada ao público não especializado. Nesta pesquisa investigamos textos introdutórios à química publicados na Inglaterra durante a primeira metade do século XIX, que para muitos autores representa o período de maior popularidade já experimentado por esta ciência. Sob a luz da contemporânea historiografia da ciência, valorizamos o acesso a registros originais e a reconstrução de contextos, buscando critérios contemporâneos que nos permitam analisar: Qual contexto motivava a produção e o consumo desses livros de divulgação? Quais obras tiveram maior relevância no período? Qual era a visão da química comunicada pela divulgação? No âmbito do ensino, buscamos viabilizar material historiográfico que explicite o caráter dinâmico da química, além dos seus vínculos com questões sociais, econômicas, políticas e religiosas, pontuando reflexões sobre aspectos da natureza da ciência com foco na formação de professores. Nossos resultados revelam um amplo contexto de valorização das ciências naturais como ferramentas do progresso social. Dentre as obras de destaque, resenhas e críticas dos periódicos locais apontam para The Chemical Catechism, de Samuel Parkes, e Conversations on Chemistry, de Jane Marcet. Ambas foram publicadas originalmente no ano de 1806 e receberam várias reedições e traduções, sendo também adaptadas e plagiadas por outros autores. Embora apresentem estilos bem diferentes, esses textos sugerem uma visão comum da química, tratada como uma ciência: de caráter utilitário e que se aplica diretamente na resolução de problemas de interesse econômico e social; que fundamenta a construção do seu entendimento sobre a matéria nos processos de síntese e decomposição; que desperta o interesse comum pelo forte apelo sensorial dos seus experimentos; e que desvela a sabedoria divina escondida nas leis que regem os fenômenos naturais. Esta última característica revela o convívio entre os discursos da ciência e da religião nos textos de divulgação do período. Esta tese busca um diálogo com a formação de professores de química na atualidade, pontuando como um olhar histórico sobre a ciência pode propiciar reflexões de interesse no âmbito do ensino. / Popularization books provide a particular way of accessing science within specific historical contexts by allowing one to glimpse how a certain field of knowledge was addressed to the lay public. The present research focus on early nineteenth-century introductory books on chemistry published in England as objects of study. For many authors, chemistry experienced its greatest popularity period at that time. Methodological framework was based on current historiography of science, taking into account a careful consideration of the historical context and the search for primary sources. Research questions included: What context motivated the production and the consumption of popular chemistry books? Which amongst these books achieved the greatest relevance? What was the image of chemistry communicated by popularization initiatives? Seeking a contribution for science teaching, this thesis provides historiographical material that makes explicit the dynamic character of chemistry as a science that deals with social, economic, political and religious issues. Such influences are highlighted in order to encourage reflections on aspects of the nature of science with a focus on teachers training. Results reveal a broader context connecting the development of natural philosophy with social progress. Contemporary periodical reviews point to the books entitled The Chemical Catechism, by Samuel Parkes, and Conversations on Chemistry, by Jane Marcet, among the most successful in their genre. Both were first published in 1806 with several further editions and reprints, also being translated into several languages and even plagiarized by other authors. Despite their very different styles, both texts suggest a common image of chemistry, which included: a practical appeal by its direct application in solving problems of economic and social interest; the processes of synthesis and decomposition as means for understanding matter in general; a strong sensory appeal provided by experiments; and the capacity to unveil divine wisdom hidden in the laws governing natural phenomena. This last feature reveals the interaction between the discourses of science and religion in popularization texts of the period. This thesis also proposes a dialogue with current training of chemistry teachers, by suggesting how a historical look at science may give rise to useful reflections for chemistry educators.

Livros de divulgação nos permitem olhar de modo peculiar para a ciência de um período, e a percepção de padrões nessas obras pode dar indícios de como certa área de pesquisa era apresentada ao público não especializado. Nesta pesquisa investigamos textos introdutórios à química publicados na Inglaterra durante a primeira metade do século XIX, que para muitos autores representa o período de maior popularidade já experimentado por esta ciência. Sob a luz da contemporânea historiografia da ciência, valorizamos o acesso a registros originais e a reconstrução de contextos, buscando critérios contemporâneos que nos permitam analisar: Qual contexto motivava a produção e o consumo desses livros de divulgação? Quais obras tiveram maior relevância no período? Qual era a visão da química comunicada pela divulgação? No âmbito do ensino, buscamos viabilizar material historiográfico que explicite o caráter dinâmico da química, além dos seus vínculos com questões sociais, econômicas, políticas e religiosas, pontuando reflexões sobre aspectos da natureza da ciência com foco na formação de professores. Nossos resultados revelam um amplo contexto de valorização das ciências naturais como ferramentas do progresso social. Dentre as obras de destaque, resenhas e críticas dos periódicos locais apontam para The Chemical Catechism, de Samuel Parkes, e Conversations on Chemistry, de Jane Marcet. Ambas foram publicadas originalmente no ano de 1806 e receberam várias reedições e traduções, sendo também adaptadas e plagiadas por outros autores. Embora apresentem estilos bem diferentes, esses textos sugerem uma visão comum da química, tratada como uma ciência: de caráter utilitário e que se aplica diretamente na resolução de problemas de interesse econômico e social; que fundamenta a construção do seu entendimento sobre a matéria nos processos de síntese e decomposição; que desperta o interesse comum pelo forte apelo sensorial dos seus experimentos; e que desvela a sabedoria divina escondida nas leis que regem os fenômenos naturais. Esta última característica revela o convívio entre os discursos da ciência e da religião nos textos de divulgação do período. Esta tese busca um diálogo com a formação de professores de química na atualidade, pontuando como um olhar histórico sobre a ciência pode propiciar reflexões de interesse no âmbito do ensino. / Popularization books provide a particular way of accessing science within specific historical contexts by allowing one to glimpse how a certain field of knowledge was addressed to the lay public. The present research focus on early nineteenth-century introductory books on chemistry published in England as objects of study. For many authors, chemistry experienced its greatest popularity period at that time. Methodological framework was based on current historiography of science, taking into account a careful consideration of the historical context and the search for primary sources. Research questions included: What context motivated the production and the consumption of popular chemistry books? Which amongst these books achieved the greatest relevance? What was the image of chemistry communicated by popularization initiatives? Seeking a contribution for science teaching, this thesis provides historiographical material that makes explicit the dynamic character of chemistry as a science that deals with social, economic, political and religious issues. Such influences are highlighted in order to encourage reflections on aspects of the nature of science with a focus on teachers training. Results reveal a broader context connecting the development of natural philosophy with social progress. Contemporary periodical reviews point to the books entitled The Chemical Catechism, by Samuel Parkes, and Conversations on Chemistry, by Jane Marcet, among the most successful in their genre. Both were first published in 1806 with several further editions and reprints, also being translated into several languages and even plagiarized by other authors. Despite their very different styles, both texts suggest a common image of chemistry, which included: a practical appeal by its direct application in solving problems of economic and social interest; the processes of synthesis and decomposition as means for understanding matter in general; a strong sensory appeal provided by experiments; and the capacity to unveil divine wisdom hidden in the laws governing natural phenomena. This last feature reveals the interaction between the discourses of science and religion in popularization texts of the period. This thesis also proposes a dialogue with current training of chemistry teachers, by suggesting how a historical look at science may give rise to useful reflections for chemistry educators.

[pt] O Ídolo de Pedra trata de forma romanceada o episódio conhecido como A Santidade de Jaguaripe, seita indí­gena que floresceu no século XVI na Bahia e foi rotulada como heresia durante a primeira visita do Santo Ofí­cio ao Brasil em 1591. Resultado do hibridismo entre a doutrina católica - propagada pelos jesuí­tas e mal assimilada pelos Í­ndios - e as crenças nativas, a Santidade teve o poder de arrebatar para o seu culto os próprios colonos portugueses, fascinados pelo grau de participação exigido em suas cerimónias. É este aspecto que O Ídolo de Pedra utiliza para provar a hipótese de que a popularidade da seita jazia justamente nessa oferta de uma experiência mí­stica inexistente nas celebrações da Igreja Católica da época. / [en] The Stone Idol is a fictional attempt to recreate the episode known in Brazilian history as A Santidade de Jaguaripe (The Jaguaripe Sanctity), an indian cult that flourished in the sixteenth-century, in Bahia, and was labelled as a heresy by the Inquisition during its first visit to Brazil in 1591. A result of the hybridism between the Catholic doctrine - propagated by the Jesuit fathers and misunderstood by the Indians - and native beliefs, the Sanctity had the power of enthralling even the Portuguese settlers, fascinated by the degree of participation demanded in its cerimonies. It is this very aspect that The Stone Idol employs to put forward the hypothesis that the cults popularity lay exactly in the offer of a mystic experience that was absent from the Catholic church celebrations at the time.

No description available.