Les travaux de thèse portent sur le développement de méthodologies d'élaboration de dispositifs à base de polymères PDMS, destinés à des applications médicales. Ce travail s'appuie sur deux volets applicatifs : le développement de matrices de micro-capteurs capacitifs souples portables destinées à la mesure de champs de pression dans un contexte de suivi d'appuis du corps humain, et le développement d'une technique de collage réversible de composants PDMS dans une application de laboratoire sur puce en micro-fluidique. Dans ces travaux, les propriétés mécaniques du PDMS sont déterminées expérimentalement et à l'aide de modélisations numériques, afin d'identifier les éléments essentiels du dimensionnement des micro-capteurs capacitifs. Différents types de micro-capteurs de pression souples sont réalisés par un procédé de microfabrication à transfert de films. Ce procédé est optimisé à chacune de ses étapes afin d'obtenir un procédé fiable et reproductible. Les caractérisations électromécaniques montrent que les capteurs fabriqués sont opérationnels et adaptés aux applications médicales visées. Les capteurs de pression normale ont une variation de capacité de 3 à 17 % à 10 N - 300 kPa, adaptée à une application dentaire. Les capteurs à trois axes de sensibilité ont une résolution spatiale de 25 mm2, et une sensibilité de 4 % à 3 N en compression et 1,4 % par Newton en cisaillement pur, et sont adaptés à une application de mesure de la pression plantaire destinée à l'analyse de la marche et la détection des hyper-appuis. Par ailleurs, deux méthodes différentes permettant le collage réversible de composants PDMS sont développées. Les dispositifs microfluidiques fabriqués avec ces méthodes peuvent être utilisés avec jusqu'à 5 cycles de collage/décollage, et travailler à débit élevé (500 µL/min, correspondant à une pression de 148 kPa). Les méthodologies développées dans ces travaux ouvrent la voie à l'élaboration de dispositifs à base de PDMS performants et optimisés pour répondre à des cahiers des charges exigeants pour des applications biomédicales ciblées. / This thesis focuses on the development of methodologies dedicated to the development of PDMS-based devices, which are required in medical applications. Two objective applications are considered in this work: i) the development of wearable flexible micro-sensors arrays for measuring pressure fields on human body and ii) the development of a reversible bonding technique of PDMS components dedicated to microfluidic chips. In this work, the mechanical properties of PDMS are determined using experiments and computations; they allow identifying the essential elements of the design of capacitive micro-sensors. The manufacturing process is reliable and reproducible, and different types of flexible pressure sensor have been fabricated by a film transfer process. Electromechanical characterizations show that the fabricated sensors are fully operational and suitable for the intended applications. Normal pressure sensors have a capacitance change ranging from 3 to 17% under a 10 N - 300 kPa - load, which is suitable for dental applications. Fabricated triaxial sensor arrays have a spatial resolution of 25 mm2, and a sensitivity of 4% under 3 N load in compression, and 1.4% / N under shear. These features are suitable for plantar pressure measurements required in gait analyses or for the detection of over-pressures. Besides, two different process methods for the reversible bonding of PDMS devices are developed. The microfluidic devices fabrcitated with these methods can be used within up to 5 “bonding & peeling off” cycles, and can be working at high microfluidic flows (500 µL / min, corresponding to a pressure of 148 kPa). The methodologies developed in these works open the way to the design and fabrication of PDMS-based devices suitable for demanding biomedical applications.

La mise en forme à froid des alliages d’aluminium peut être limitée par les transferts de matière sur la surface des outillages pouvant mener au grippage. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de ces mécanismes pour permettre à terme d’optimiser les procédés de formage d’un alliage Al-Mg-Si. Une approche couplée expérimentale et numérique est développée afin d’alimenter une base de données d’indicateurs de dégradations des surfaces. L’approche expérimentale développée au cours de ces travaux repose sur l’utilisation de l’essai de compression-translation. Ce dispositif permet de reproduire une large gamme de conditions de contact rencontrées en mise en forme à froid. Une méthode d’analyse des surfaces reposant sur des mesures par profilométrie optique et des analyses au microscope électronique à balayage est développée afin d’évaluer le volume de matière adhérée sur les outils de chaque configuration d’essai. Le comportement rhéologique de l’alliage Al-Mg-Si est caractérisé à l’aide du simulateur thermomécanique GLEEBLE 3500 sur la gamme de températures de 298 à 423 K et à deux vitesses de déformation de 0,1 et 1 s-1. Un modèle de comportement physique reposant sur l’analyse du taux d’écrouissage et l’utilisation du modèle de la contrainte mécanique seuil est développé puis implémenté dans un logiciel éléments finis. Un modèle numérique de l’essai de caractérisation tribologique est développé. Il s’agit d’une analyse thermomécanique utilisant la formulation arbitrairement lagrangienne-eulérienne. Les données locales telles que la pression de contact et la vitesse de glissement calculées par ce modèle permettent de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de collage observés expérimentalement. Enfin, un programme de traitement des résultats numériques est développé afin de réaliser les modifications géométriques de la surface de l’outil en fonction du dépôt relevé expérimentalement. Un modèle d’usure basé sur le travail des forces de frottement est identifié. Ce dernier est un bon indicateur de la tendance au collage et permet une première approximation de ce mécanisme. / Cold forming of aluminium alloys can be limited by a severe material transfer to the die surfaces, compromising the process viability. The purpose of this research work is to contribute to a broader understanding of the galling mechanisms which would further allow the optimisation of the forming processes of an Al-Mg-Si alloy. A methodology combining experimental and numerical approaches is introduced in order to build up a database of surface degradations indicators. The experimental approach is carried out by means of upsetting-sliding tests which reproduce a wide range of contact conditions experienced at the tool/workpiece interface during cold forming operations. To evaluate the amounts of adhered material on the tools of each test configuration, surface topography acquisitions are performed by optical profilometry and coupled to scanning electron microscope analyses. Axisymmetric compression tests are carried out by means of the GLEEBLE 3500 thermomechanical simulator to determine the deformation behaviour of the Al-Mg-Si alloy at high strains, in the temperature range of 298 to 423 K and strain rates of 0.1 and 1 s¡1. A constitutive model based on both the Mechanical Threshold Stress model and the analysis of the work-hardening rate is proposed and then implemented in a finite element code. A finite element simulation of the upsetting-sliding test, which is a thermomechanical analysis using the arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian formulation, is introduced. The local contact variables such as the contact pressure and the sliding velocity are evaluated through this simulation and allow a better understanding of the galling mechanisms observed experimentally. Finally, a post-processing program, which analyses the results of the finite element simulation and updates the tool shape according to the amount of adhered material determined experimentally, is developed. A wear model based on the friction work is introduced. This model is a good indicator of the galling tendency and allows a first approximation of this mechanism.

The dissertation introduces the art performance by Miroslav Hornicek. It reflects the collage creation which Miroslav Hornicek devoted more than twenty years. The author introduced the gift of improvisation and humor into his collage. Many of them look like graphic, some of them remind the theater scene. He often repeats the same motive such as eye, sisters, theatrical costumes, sculptures, senses and body organs. It is interesting that despite his work he did not consider himself like the artist. He created many collage, he found inspiration in the creation of Max Ernst, Toyen, Jindrich Styrsky and Jiri Kolar. In relating with Jiri Kolar it is possible to search a certain similarity. From the poet became the artist, collage maker. Miroslav Hornicek was primarily the actor who has also found a way of life in creating collages. Miroslav Hornicek wrote to some of his collages names and interpretations. This material is very important for trying to understand his theater scenes and a tangle of something "incomprehensible", because of collages effect on the viewer. Finally, the dissertation aims to look at his art creation as a whole, highlight the exhibition activity and introduce Miroslav Hornicek not only as the actor, writer, dramatist, director and also the artist with an incredible imagination...

Polystylism and Collage in Czech Music in the Second Half of the 20th Century by Robert Škarda Key words: czech music, collage, polystylism, postmodernism, quotation, style contraposition, team composition The topic of my thesis Polystylism and Collage in Czech Music in the Second Half of the 20th Century is the area of Czech composers' works based mainly on style contraposition, stylization of historical or jazz music and usage of quotations. My work is based on assumption of historicity of musical terminology. I consider the notions polystylism and collage as period musical terms and I attempt to reconstruct their meaning. Time definition of the thesis is delimited by the years 1960 and 2000. Lower time limit is selected regarding to nature of the topic - the 60s are the period when works and reflections belonging to the context of the notions polystylism and collage first appeared. The first part of my thesis focuses on the general mapping of the topic polystylism and collage. I summarized relevant musicology literature and I dealed with historical and teoretical relations of polystylism and collage to related terms (first of all postmodernism, montage and style), I was concerned with the context of European and American music and with question of polystylism and collage in Czech popular music....

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This dissertation highlights the general problems of musealization and the ways of preservation of contemporary art. The object of research is contemporary art in the system of relations with museum institutions. The subject of the dissertation is methods of preserving such contemporary art practices as collage, object and installation. In the study of foreign and russianexperience in preservation of contemporary art objects, the author comes to the conclusion that, despite the wide variety of mediums and techniques used in the process of creation of contemporary art objects, three types of preservation activities can be distinguished. The first are aimed primarily at maintaining the physical state of the work –there are restoration and conservation. The second one is a specific way of archiving the maximum information about the work - the documentation. The third way depends on the conceptual solution laid by the artist - reinstallation, which is applicable to those objects whose representation requires their new reproduction. / Данная диссертация освещает общие проблемы музеефикации и способы сохранения современного искусства. Объектом исследования является современное искусство в системе отношений с музейными институциями. Предметом исследования диссертации стали методы сохранения таких современных практик, как коллаж, объект и инсталляция. В ходе исследования зарубежного и отечественного опыта сохранения объектов современного искусства автор приходит к выводу, что, несмотря на большое разнообразие используемых методов и технологий при создании современных произведений искусства, можно выделить три вида деятельности по их сохранению. Первые, прежде всего, направлены на поддержание физического состояния произведения – это реставрация и консервация. Второй – своеобразный способ архивации максимальной информации о произведении – документация. Третий способ зависит от заложенного художником концептуального решения – реинсталляция, которая применима к тем объектам, репрезентация которых требует их нового воспроизведения.

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Cities involve several systems that work together as a network of urban relationships. These systems are in balance, and they work as a whole that articulates urban life. But what makes a city memorable and special are its events: those magical situations where the uniformity of the experience stops and something unique arise. Those are the moments where our memory is deeply engraved by a particular situation that will come back in our dreams and imaginative processes as an agent image. Four urban events — a space for film edition and writing, an urban stage, a footage archive and park, and a projection space- whose locations have been determined by a Cartesian game dictated by the Plan of Washington DC; and one common discipline, Film, will be the main focus of this research and a way of understanding the relations among Memory and its spaces, Architecture and Film in the City. Each event will respond to the particularities of its context by understanding first the sites and their relation with the city. These sites will be located in the four quadrants of Washington DC- NE, SE, SW and NW- and they will be consider as different communities that, by keeping their own idiosyncrasy, create one city. The question of urban scale as well as the concept of detail as part of an architectural cosmology will be present throughout the process of the thesis by the alternation of micro and macro analysis of each stage of the research. The question of scale will be present as well when comparing the four projects with their differences in shape and size. Characterization and monstrosity as architectural concepts will be incorporated into the project too, by understanding the role of Architecture in the city and what it wants to show or "monstrare" to its inhabitants. / Master of Architecture