Submitted by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T18:55:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T20:28:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-21T14:13:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research seeks to deepen the knowledge related to the remix actions applied to digital graphic images in contemporary graphic design projects. Remix is the use and accumulation of layers from different origins, analog and digital, through actions resulting from collages, borrowings, appropriations or quotations, used in favor of a new imagetic design simulation levels challenges your agent’s imagination. The objective of this work is to investigate some cre- ation processes and their relevance to the results promoted by the hybridization and remixes of graphic fragments in the construction of new digital images, and for these analyzes were chosen some posters with singular languages in their visual configurations. The concept of remix in the field of graphic design and its languages was elaborated from the contribution of authors such as Bruno Munari, Donis A. Dondis and Rudolf Arnhein who bring us approaches on the elements of language and visual perception; Eduardo Navas, Lawrence Lessig and Kirby Ferguson collaborate with remix con- cepts; Levi Manovich with researches related to the aesthetics of remixability; Lucia Santaella and Jacques Aumont with studies on the cognitive image; Philip Meggs and Rafael Cardoso who contrib- ute with surveys on the history of graphic design; and Rick Poynor who brings us concepts of postmodern graphic design, among oth- ers that reinforce the theoretical scope during the investigation. Concepts and references are also brought from the universe of music, analog collage, language through technological aesthetics, and addressed in some graphic design productions, especially in the third and last part, composed by a case study on the design of the Brazilian designer Rico Lins in the visual configuration of the piece of publicity of the exhibition Brasil em Cartaz, event that took place in France in 2005. In short, it is concluded that remix is an important compositional action that intensifies the creative process and the imagination. / Esta pesquisa busca aprofundar os conhecimentos relacionados às ações de remix aplicadas às imagens gráficas digitais em projetos de design gráfico contemporâneo. Entende-se por remix o uso e os acúmulos de camadas de diferentes procedências, analógicas e digitais, via ações resultantes de colagens, de empréstimos, de apropriações ou citações, utilizadas a favor de uma nova concepção imagética em níveis de simulações que desafiam a imaginação do seu agente. Objetiva-se aqui investigar alguns processos de criação e sua relevância quanto aos resultados promovidos pela hibridação e remisturas de fragmentos gráficos em construção de novas imagens digitais, e para essas análises foram escolhidos alguns cartazes com linguagens peculiares em suas configurações visuais. O conceito de remix no campo do design gráfico e suas linguagens foi elaborado a partir da contribuição de autores como Bruno Munari, Donis A. Dondis e Rudolf Arnhein que nos trazem abordagens sobre os elementos da linguagem e percepção visual; Eduardo Navas, Lawrence Lessig e Kirby Ferguson colaboram com conceitos de remix; Levi Manovich com pesquisas relacionadas às estéticas da remixabilidade; Lucia Santaella e Jacques Aumont com estudos sobre a imagem cognitiva; Philip Meggs e Rafael Cardoso que contribuem com levantamentos sobre a história do design gráfico; e Rick Poynor que nos traz conceitos do design gráfico pós-moderno, dentre outros que reforçam o escopo teórico no decorrer da investigação. Conceitos e referências também são trazidos do universo da música, da colagem analógica, da linguagem por meio das estéticas tecnológicas, e abordados em algumas produções do design gráfico, em especial na terceira e última parte, composta por um estudo de caso sobre o projeto do designer brasileiro Rico Lins na configuração visual da peça de divulgação da exposição "Brasil em Cartaz", evento ocorrido na França em 2005...

Les matériaux polymères sont à l'heure actuelle peu considérés dans le vaste domaine des micro et nano technologies. Ils présentent toutefois certaines propriétés remarquables en comparaison des matériaux traditionnels de la microélectronique. Par exemple leur déformabilité et leur légèreté permettent d'envisager des fonctions de supports flexibles pour des composants électroniques. Par ailleurs, ils offrent des solutions d'assemblage de matériaux de diverses natures. Cette étude porte précisément sur ces deux thématiques. En premier lieu, nous avons étudié les mécanismes de collage impliqués dans l'assemblage de substrats de type silicium par une couche de polymère. D'autre part, nous avons proposé des modèles de mécanisme de transfert de films monocristallins sur polymère. Les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux considérés, principalement du silicium monocristallin et des polymères de type vitreux et caoutchoutique, ainsi que leurs épaisseurs, peuvent varier sur plusieurs ordres de grandeur selon la configuration considérée. L'originalité de l'étude est de déterminer et d'aborder des configurations expérimentalement favorables, par des modèles mécaniques simples, élaborés à partir de lois d'échelle. Nous avons proposé, dans un premier temps, ces modèles pour expliquer des résultats liés à des configurations particulières et ainsi démontrer la pertinence de cette approche. Le cœur de notre étude porte sur le transfert de films monocristallins, aussi fins qu'une centaine de nanomètres d'épaisseur, sur polymère par adaptation du procédé Smart-CutTM (transfert par implantation ionique et fracture). En comparaison d'une configuration standard de cette technologie, nous avons notamment étudié l'impact des propriétés mécaniques propres aux polymères (de types vitreux ou caoutchoutique). Les méthodes en loi d'échelle nous ont ainsi permis de proposer des mécanismes de transfert, de l'échelle du nanomètre jusqu'à la fracture macroscopique. Nous avons également exposé un exemple d'application concret par la réalisation d'objets microélectroniques modèles sur et dans un film monocristallin de silicium. La structure, composée d'un film de quelques micromètres d'épaisseur supporté par un polymère, constitue ainsi une structure flexible d'un point de vue mécanique. / Polymers are little considered at the moment, in the wide domain of micro- and nano- technologies. They present however certain remarkable properties by comparison with the materials used in microelectronics. For example their flexibility and their lightness allow thinking to polymers as flexible supports for microelectronic components. Besides, they offer solutions for assembling various materials.This study concerns exactly these two items. First of all, we studied bonding mechanisms implied in the assembly of silicon wafers via polymer layers. Then we proposed models for mechanism of single-crystalline layer transfers onto polymers. The mechanical properties of the considered materials (mainly single-crystalline silicon and glassy or rubber polymers) as well as their thicknesses can vary on several orders of magnitude according to the application.The originality of the study is to determine favorable experimental configurations, by simple mechanical models developed from scale laws, and to realize demonstrators. The heart of our study concerns the transfer of single-crystalline layers as thin as about hundred nanometers onto polymers by tuning of the Smart-CutTM technology (based on ion implantation and splitting for transfer). By comparison with a standard configuration of this technology, we studied the impact of the specific mechanical properties of polymers (glassy or rubber types). The methods in scale laws allowed us proposing transfer mechanisms, from the nanometer scale up to the macroscopic one. Finally we reported on a realization of micro-technology devices, made in and on single-crystalline thin silicon membranes. The stacked structures, consisting in silicon membranes thick of a few micrometers supported by polymer films, may be considered as very flexible structures.

Orientador: Milton Terumitsu Sogabe / Banca: Silvia Miranda Meira / Banca: Agnaldo Valente Germano da Silva / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo a análise da colagem como procedimento artístico. Para isto, foi traçado um histórico da colagem que englobou o Cubismo, o Dadaísmo, o Surrealismo e a Arte Pop. Em cada um destes momentos históricos, percebemos o significado do emprego da colagem como linguagem artística. Em um segundo momento, analisamos o processo da colagem nas imagens técnicas, sobretudo naquelas decorrentes da fotografia, como, por exemplo, nas fotomontagens, no cinema e na colagem digital. E, finalmente, realizamos entrevistas com artistas brasileiros e visitamos museus e galerias com o intuito de verificar como a colagem tem feito parte da arte contemporânea / Abstract: This study aims at analyzing the collage as artistic process. For this, we traced a history of collage that passed trough Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism and Pop Art. In each of these historical moments we could perceive the meaning of the use of collage as an artistic language. After that, we analyzed the collage's process in imaging techniques, resulted from photography such as in the photomontages, movie and digital collage. And finally, we conducted interviews with Brazilian artists and visited to museums and galleries to see how the collage has been part of contemporary art / Mestre

ORIBOMBO: Arte da Pós-Modernidade A presente dissertação de mestrado propõe-se a apresentar o Oribombo como arte da pós-modernidade, trazendo a questão do hibridismo do Oribombo, à situação da arte atual, onde se verificam hibridismos de toda natureza, incentivados pela total liberdade. O artista não se prende mais à ideologias e limitações que ditavam as concepções artísticas do passado, inclusive do passado recente. Liberdade é a palavra de ordem da pós-modernidade. Liberdade que se manifesta em todos os segmentos da sociedade. E na arte, uma consequência do livre fazer, é que os hibridismos são constantes, acontecendo de forma natural. As modalidades artísticas são exploradas simultaneamente, abrindo um leque de possibilidades durante o processo de criação. No caso do Oribombo, as modalidades artísticas que se mostraram plasticamente mais interessantes, foram a pintura, gravura, escultura e a colagem. Outra consequência da total liberdade adquirida pelos artistas da pós-modernidade, é que em certos momentos, indaga-se se tudo que é produzido com o título de arte é arte realmente. Essa discussão é muito ampla, mas a premissa de que arte é a produção de um artista, é a que mais ecoa, não somente no meio artístico, como também, entre pensadores e escritores, que direcionaram suas atenções ao desenrolar da história da arte. Os fazeres e conhecimentos artísticos são indispensáveis ao artista plástico visual, sendo assim, as modalidades artísticas que foram fundidas no processo de criação do Oribombo são seculares, mas, a liberdade com que foram tratadas é uma questão pós-moderna. / This dissertation proposes to introduce Oribombo as art of postmodernity, bringing the question of hybridity of Oribombo, the situation of contemporary art, where there are all kinds of hybridisms, encouraged by complete freedom. The artist is not attached to the ideologies and more limitations that dictate the artistic conceptions of the past, even the recent past. Freedom is the slogan of the postmodernity. Freedom that is manifested in all segments of society. And in art, one of the consequences of free artistic making is the hybridism, and it is a constant, happening naturally. The artistic modalities are explored simultaneously, opening up a range of possibilities during the creation process. In the case of Oribombo, the artistic modalities that were artistically more interesting, were the painting, the printmaking, the sculpture and the collage. Another consequence of complete freedom gained by artists of the postmodernity, is that at certain times, inquires if everything is produced with the title art is really art. This discussion is very ample, but the premise that art is the production of an artist, is the one that resonates, not only in the artistic world but also among thinkers and writers, that directed their attention to the course of art history. The doings and artistic knowledge are indispensable to the visual artist. The artistic modalities that were merged into the creation process Oribombo are secular, but the freedom with which they were treated is a postmodern matter.

Cette thèse avait pour premier objectif de comprendre les mécanismes d'auto-organisation entre nanoparticules de ZnO. Synthétisées via une technique physique combinant ablation laser et détente supersonique (la LECBD), les nanoparticules obtenues sont stoechiométriques, cristallisées et sans ligand. Grâce à la DRX et HRTEM, nous avons pu identifier la nature du mécanisme régissant le collage orienté des nanoparticules. Son impact sur la luminescence de couches minces de ZnO est de première importance pour des applications opto-électroniques. La microscopie confocale nous a permis de caractériser finement les spectres optiques de films nanostructurés. Une méthode originale combinant STEM et cathodoluminescence a permis de révéler une hétérogénéité nanométrique de la luminescence issue du collage orienté. Par ailleurs, des phénomènes fondamentaux tels que le blinking, ou bleaching pour une nanoparticule unique de ZnO ne sont pas connus. La LECBD permet d'obtenir des nanoparticules isolées et triées en masse. Nous avons ainsi pu observer la luminescence d'une collection de 50 nanoparticules sous faisceau (état de l'art), donnant accès aux paramètres intrinsèques de la luminescence d'une particule unique. A ce jour, le dopage de type p par substitution reste un verrou technologique dans ZnO freinant le développement d'applications optoélectroniques. Un dernier objectif a donc été d'explorer numériquement les possibilités d'un autre type de dopage dans ZnO à savoir le dopage endohédral. Nous avons montré que le dopage de type p était possible dans la sodalite, une structure cage hypothétique pour ZnO, ce qui ouvre la voie à de nouveaux champs d'investigation dans ce domaine / The understanding of the self-organization mechanisms between ZnO nanoparticles was a first objective of this thesis. Synthesized via a physical technique combining a laser ablation and a supersonic expansion (LECBD), nanoparticles are stoichiometric, crystallized and ligand-free. Thanks to XRD and HRTEM, we could identify the nature of the mechanism governing the oriented attachment between nanoparticles, still under debate in the literature. Its impact on the luminescence of ZnO thin films is of primary importance for opto-electronic applications. Confocal microscopy allowed us to characterize accurately the optical spectra of nanostructured films. A novel method combining STEM and cathodoluminescence revealed a nanometer scaled heterogeneity of luminescence from oriented attached structures. Moreover, fundamental phenomena such as blinking or bleaching for a single ZnO nanoparticle are not yet known. Thanks to LECBD it is possible to synthesize isolated and weight selected nanoparticles. We were able to observe the luminescence of a collection of 50 nanoparticles under the beam (state of the art), giving us access to the intrinsic parameters of the luminescence of a single particle. On the other hand and up to date, the p-type doping by substitution remains a technological barrier in ZnO constraining the development of opto-electronic applications. Thus, as a final objective we explored numerically the possibilities of another scheme of doping in ZnO namely the endohedral doping. We have shown that the p-type doping was possible in the sodalite, a hypothetical cage structure for ZnO, which opens the way to new fields of investigation in this area

Ce travail de recherche est axé sur la compréhension du comportement en flexion, statique et instantané, des structures multimatériaux acier-béton collées du génie civil. La première étape consiste à mener une analyse expérimentale et numérique par éléments finis non linéaire sur la caractérisation de la connexion. L’essai Push-Out a été retenu : deux dallettes de béton C25/30 sont connectées à un profilé métallique. Nous faisons varier la géométrie des dallettes et du joint de colle. La ruine est cohésive dans le béton proche de l’interface par cisaillement. Un effet favorable du frottement entre dallette et presse peut se développer et induire le développement de contraintes de compression et augmenter la contrainte de cisaillement moyenne à l’interface. Les dimensions des éprouvettes et du joint de colle influent sur la charge de ruine. Ainsi, l’essai Push-Out est, dans l’état actuel de connaissances, difficile à utiliser pour la caractérisation de la connexion collée acier-béton en vue du dimensionnement de structures. La seconde partie est consacrée à l’analyse du comportement de poutres mixtes acier béton collées. Un essai sur poutre constituée de prédalles et d’une dalle de compression confirme que le collage est une alternative aux connexions traditionnelles. Nous développons aussi un modèle de calcul en variables généralisées et en variables locales en 3D non linéaire. La modélisation par éléments finis apporte plus de précisions, notamment sur l’état de contraintes à proximité de l’interface et à l’approche de la ruine. Les dimensions du joint de colle et la plastification du profilé influent sur la zone de rupture dans le béton. / This PhD thesis investigates the connection of steel-flexural members by bonding and focuseson static and instantaneous behavior. First, experimental and numerical analyses are performed. A push out test is used : two concrete blocks are connected to steel members. The influence of the concrete blocks and bonding joint geometry is examined. Cohesive shear failure appears in concrete near the interface. Failure can occur when the average shear strain is twice the tension limit of concrete, which can be explained by favorable slipping between the concrete block and the support. In this case, the bonding joint is not only solicited in shear but also in compression. Results depend on the length of bonding joint and concrete blocks geometry. So, push out test cannot be now used to characterize the bonding connection between steel and concrete in order to design structures. The second is about the analysis of the behavior of steel concrete composite beams. A precast beam with compressive concrete was tested. Results show that a bonding connection can be an alternativesolution regardless of the slab manufacturing. We develop two numerical models. The first one is based on multi-layer beam modeling and the second one is a nonlinear 3D finite element model. The stress distribution close to the interface and near failure is more accurate with the finite element model than with the generalized model. Bonding joint geometry and plastification of steel girder have an influence on the failure region in the concrete.

Ce travail porte sur la compréhension du comportement en flexion, statique instantané, en fatigue et en fluage des structures multi matériaux du génie civil, constituées d'acier et de béton et assemblées par un adhésif de type époxy. L'analyse et la résolution du problème posé se feront à deux échelles : au niveau de l'interface et à l'échelle d'un élément de structure. De plus, l'attention sera tout particulièrement portée sur le comportement au cours du temps (fluage, relaxation, retrait…), la fatigue et la durabilité sous différents environnements. La première étape consiste à mener une analyse expérimentale sur la caractérisation de la connexion acier-béton, à l'échelle de l'interface, en vue de repérer les principaux facteurs influençant leur comportement mécanique. Pour cela, L'essai push out, analogue à celui utilisé pour caractériser les connecteurs des ponts mixtes, a été plus particulièrement utilisé. Des essais de vieillissement accéléré par immersion dans un bain d'eau chaude ont été réalisés. Ils n'ont pas diminué la contrainte de cisaillement moyenne à rupture de façon significative mais ont en revanche modifié le mode de ruine qui devient mixte (adhésif et cohésif dans la colle). Cette modification est à la fois due au primaire et à l'adhésif lui-même dont les performances intrinsèques diminuent avec le vieillissement. A l'échelle d'un élément de structure, nous avons enrichi les données expérimentales existantes sur le comportement instantané des poutres mixtes acier-béton collées avec la réalisation de 7 essais de flexion avec deux modes de sollicitation (flexion 3 et 4 points). Ces essais nous donnent une base solide pour nos essais en fatigue et sous fluage. On constate que le mode de ruine est mieux prédit en se basant sur une comparaison entre la contrainte de cisaillement dans les poutres avec les contraintes de cisaillement limite déduites des essais push-out. Cette conclusion montre la pertinence des essais push-out dans l'objectif de les prendre comme critère de dimensionnement. Aussi, et contrairement aux travaux antérieurs, nous pouvons conclure que la contrainte moyenne de cisaillement à l'interface entre le béton et l'acier est supérieure à la résistance en traction du béton utilisé. Pour le comportement à long terme, trois poutres ont été testées sous charge cyclique pour plus de 2 million de cycles et à plusieurs niveaux de charge. Une autre poutre a subi une charge constante pendant 7 mois pour étudier l'influence de fluage sur ce type de structure. Après les essais de fatigue et fluage, le comportement des poutres est analogue à celui des poutres de référence. Nous avons toujours une ruine par rotule plastique et non par cisaillement du joint de colle ce qui confirme sa bonne résistance vis-à-vis ces deux phénomènes / This PhD thesis focuses on understanding the static, fatigue and creep behavior of composite-flexural members made of steel and concrete and assembled by adhesive epoxy. The analysis and resolution of the problem will be carried out at two levels: the interface and the structural element. In addition, attention will be particularly focused on the time-dependent behavior (creep, relaxation, shrinkage ...), fatigue and durability in various environments. The first step is to conduct an experimental analysis on the characterization of the steel-concrete connection in order to identify the main factors influencing their mechanical behavior. To do this, a Push-out test, similar to that used to characterize a steel-concrete element with studs, was especially used. An accelerated aging test, by immersion in a hot water bath, has been made. They have not decreased significantly τu but changed the failure mode which becomes mixed (adhesive and cohesive in the adhesive). This change is due to a decrease of the intrinsic performance of the primary and the adhesive with aging. From a structural point of view, we have improved the existing experimental data on the instantaneous behavior of steel-concrete bonded beams by performing seven beam tests with two modes of loading (3 and 4 point bending test). These tests give us a solid foundation for our fatigue and creep tests. It is found that the failure mode is better predicted based on a comparison between the shear stress in beams with shear limit provided by push-out tests. This finding indicates the relevance of the push-out tests as a design criterion. Also, unlike previous work, we can conclude that the average shear stress at the interface between the concrete and steel is greater than the tensile strength of the concrete used.For the long-term behavior, three beams were tested under cyclic loading for over 2 million cycles with several load levels. Another beam has been test with a constant load for 7 months to investigate the influence of creep on this type of structure. After fatigue and creep tests, the behavior of the beam is similar to that of reference beams. We have always a failure with plastic hinge and not a shear failure which confirms the good resistance of the adhesive joint in case of creep or fatigue

Le packaging des MEMS-RF est un sujet de recherche qui a été étudié de manière intensive ces dernières années. En effet, la fiabilité des composants micromécaniques est directement dépendante de l’humidité et de la poussière avoisinant la structure. C’est pourquoi la recherche d'un package parfaitement hermétique à très faible coût, sans influence sur les performances RF reste d’actualité, même si un grand nombre de publications et de solutions ont été présentées auparavant. Ces travaux de recherche porte sur la conception, la réalisation et la caractérisation de commutateurs MEMS-RF ohmiques packagés par deux techniques différentes. La première partie de cette thèse a été consacrée d’étudier une encapsulation par film mince. Une couche métallique d’or électrolysée est utilisée pour former le capot, ensuite le nitrure de silicium est utilisé pour sceller le capot. Cette technique a présenté plusieurs avantages où nous obtenons une petite taille, l’augmentation du nombre de composants par substrat tout en réduisant le cout de fabrication. Malgré tous ces avantages, cette technique engendre aux composants des faibles effets parasites sur leurs performances RF. La deuxième technique qui a été étudié dans ce travail, est l’encapsulation par collage de tranche. Le principe de cette encapsulation est de sceller un substrat de capots micro-usinés en silicium avec un substrat contenant les composants MEMS-RF. Ensuite, une découpe de deux substrats est nécessaire pour obtenir les commutateurs MEMS-RF encapsulés. Le scellement utilisé durant cette thèse était le glass frit qui garantit une très bonne herméticité. Des mesures d’herméticité sont faites par le cnes montrent que les commutateurs mems-rf sont encapsulés hermétiquement en indiquant un taux de fuite de 8.8e-12 atm.cc/s. Les performances RF du commutateur MEMS-RF sont déjà présentées et qui montrent que cette technique d’encapsulation ne présente aucune influence sur ces performances. / RF MEMS packaging is an important research topic that is intensively studied for years. Indeed, Micro-mechanical devices that are protected from humidity, dust and working in a clean controlled atmosphere consequently improve their reliability. Meanwhile, the search for a perfectly hermetic package at very low cost with no influence on the RF performances is still a challenge even if a lot of publications and solutions have been presented so far. This research focuses on the design, realization and characterization of encapsulated RF MEMS switches using two different techniques. The first part of this thesis has been to study a Wafer Level Thin Film Packaging (WLTFP) using a metallic cap, then we have utilize the silicon nitride to seal this cap. This encapsulation technique presents several advantages where we have extremely small volume cavity, no double-wafer alignment required, and substantial increase in the number of devices per wafer reducing cost. Despite all these advantages, this technique generates to the components a low parasitic effects on their RF performances. Another type of packaging has been studied during this thesis is Wafer to Wafer Packaging. The principle of this encapsulation is to seal a micro-machined wafer of caps on the wafer containing RF MEMS switches to be protected. The both wafers are then cut together and we obtain directly the packaged switches. The RF MEMS packaging using this technique permits to obtain a hermetic package (leak rate of 8.8e-12 atm.cc/s measured by the French Space Agency-CNES) with no influence on the device characteristics. The RF characterization of the switch having a silicon cap bonded using a dielectric sealing paste have shown that the insertion loss in the ON state and the isolation in the OFF state is practically the same before and after capping.

Les imageurs à base d’alliage InGaAs sur substrat InP se sont fortement popularisés pour l’imagerie dans le proche infrarouge. La méthode de fabrication de référence est constituée d’une matrice de photodiodes planaires réticulées par diffusion localisée de zinc. Cette approche reste chère du fait d’une méthode d’hybridation individuelle entre circuit de lecture CMOS et circuit de détection. Afin de réaliser des imageurs proche infrarouge bas coût ou de grand format, cette méthode d’hybridation doit donc être revisitée. La solution présentée durant cette thèse est de transférer les structures III-V absorbantes directement sur le circuit de lecture par un collage moléculaire direct suivi d’une fabrication collective des matrices de photodiodes. Cette méthode demande le développement d’une nouvelle architecture pour la connexion électrique au circuit de lecture et la formation de diodes. Elle consiste en la réalisation de via de connexion à partir desquels un dopage localisé est réalisé. On forme alors des diodes circulaires autour de chaque via appelées LoopHoles. Ce dopage dont la température ne doit pas dépasser 400°C est réalisé par diffusion MOVPD. Malgré des phénomènes physiques parasites il a été possible de réaliser dans l’InP et l’InGaAs des jonctions p-n adaptées. Les caractéristiques optoélectroniques de groupes de diodes LoopHoles sur substrat InP et sur matériaux reportés ont ainsi pu être mesurées. / Nowadays short wavelength infrared (SWIR) imaging based on InP/InGaAs photo-diodes is quite popular for uncooled camera. The state of the art technology is a double layer planar heterointerface focal plane array. But, it remains expensive. Its cost comes essentially from the individually hybridization of photo-diodes array with read-out circuit, by the mean of an indium-bumps flip-chip process. We suggest an alternative method for hybridization, in order to lowering the cost and providing a sustainable process to decrease the pixel pitch. It consists in a direct integration by bonding silica of InP/InGaAs/InP structure above a finished read-out circuit (with CMOS technology) and circular diode architecture named “LoopHoles”. This diode consists in via-hole through the III-V materials and bonding silica layer down to top metal layer in the readout circuit for each active pixel. Via-hole is also used to diffuse laterally zinc in III-V layer in order to create p-type doping area. Because of the read-out circuit, temperature of diffusion has to be below 400°C which induces parasitic phenomena’s. We have found that a Hf02 coating on InP surface prevent this degradation while allowing zinc diffusion. We were able to control depth of p-n junction inside InP and InGaAs. We also investigated few steps of the processes like the molecular bonding, via etching and metallization. Finally, we succeeded to produce LoopHole photodiodes on bulk InP and on bonded materials with a high spectral efficiency, low pitch and a lower dark currant of 150 fA at room temperature.

The purpose of the present thesis is to examine the modes of enunciation (“mode d’énonciation”) and the use of text genres in relation to thematic and semantic aspects of Claude Cahun’s book, Aveux non avenus (Disavowals: or, Cancelled Confessions)(1930), which consists of text fragments. Claude Cahun, who is mostly known for her photographic self-portraits, was active on the margins of surrealism in Paris in the 1920s. The text fragments of Aveux non avenus can be compared to a collage technique that she also uses in the photomontages which open each chapter of the book. As an author, Claude Cahun clearly resisted traditional confessional literature (as the title of the book also suggests), and this study focuses on how she creates images of herself through characters borrowed from mythology, the Bible, and popular and literary texts, but also through reflections on specific themes in dialogues, essays and aphorisms. The thesis examines how Aveux non avenus differs from an actual autobiography, how the fragmented self-portrait is constructed, and how the book expresses a critique of contemporary society. The method of the thesis is based on textual analysis, with the support of the concepts of modes of enunciation (”mode d’énonciation”), text genres, and détournement (”détournement”). It also rests on the contextualisation of Claude Cahun’s practice of writing in relation to the history of literary genres, surrealist avant-garde movement, and in relation to sources within cultural history and the history of women. The thesis analyses how Claude Cahun, through the use of different genres and shifting modes of enunciation, creates a fragmented, diverse, and contradictory portrait of herself, in a way that also conveys a critical image of contemporary society. The text functions, simultaneously, as a collage of different text genres. The conclusion thereby underlines the idea that the text is not arbitrarily fragmentary, but constructed on the principles that the analysis of the work has demonstrated. In previous research on Claude Cahun, the indefinite genre of the book has been emphasised. Instead, this thesis wants to show that the diversity of text genres is deliberately explored to develop varying modes of enunciation that give Claude Cahun the opporturity to reflect and give nuance to representations of the self and to convey a radical critique of society.