Os portugueses na sua expansão marítima encontraram nas ilhas do Atlântico uma forma para a implantação de um sistema de colonização fundamentada na exploração comercial de bens primários, dentre eles destacou-se o açúcar. A cana-de-açúcar mostrou-se ser um comércio muito viável nessas ilhas, principalmente em São Tomé, gerando desta forma uma importante fonte de renda para os portugueses. Mão de obra baseada no trabalho escravo, condições favoráveis do clima, técnica de produção, o preço e a demanda deste produto no mercado internacional, assim como a boa fertilidade da terra em S. Tomé, foram os principais alicerces no sucesso do negócio. Rapidamente, em São Tomé, surgiu mais de sessenta engenhos produtores de açúcar, cuja produção era quase toda exportada para a Europa. Alem de açúcar, o país também produzia pimenta (com grande consumo interno) e a exportação de madeiras e posteriormente, cacau, café, óleo de palma, noz de coco e copra. Devido à sua localização, S. Tomé funcionava como entreposto comercial entre África, Europa e, mais tarde, o Brasil. / The Portuguese in their maritime expansion found in the Atlantic islands a form for the establishment of a colonization system based on the commercial exploitation of primary goods, among them sugar. Sugarcane proved to be a very viable trade in these islands, especially in São Tomé, thus generating an important source of income for the Portuguese. Labor based on slave labor, favorable climate conditions, production technique, the price and demand of this product in the international market, as well as the good fertility of the land in S. Tomé, were the main foundations in the success of the business. In São Tomé, more than sixty sugar-producing sugar mills were quickly produced and exported to Europe. Besides sugar, the country also produced pepper (with large domestic consumption) and the export of wood and later, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, coconut and copra. Due to its location, S. Tomé functioned as a commercial warehouse between Africa, Europe and, later, Brazil.

Os acessos venosos são indispensáveis para assistência do paciente em situação crítica. O cateter venoso central (CVC) é um acesso que viabiliza a terapêutica dessa clientela, mas o seu uso pode levar à infecções. Estas infecções ocasionam maior permanência hospitalar, elevam os custos totais das instituições e aumentam a morbidade e a mortalidade do paciente. O uso de curativos como cobertura do sítio de saída do CVC é eficaz na prevenção das infecções relacionadas a estes cateteres, em particular, o uso de curativos impregnados com antissépticos como o curativo gel de clorexidina. Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a efetividade do curativo gel de clorexidina com a do filme transparente de poliuretano na prevenção da colonização do cateter venoso central em pacientes adultos críticos. Trata-se de estudo experimental, do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, com tratamentos em paralelo, prospectivo e monocêntrico, realizado de acordo com as recomendações do Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). O estudo foi realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e na Unidade Coronariana de um hospital de ensino do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo 102 indivíduos hospitalizados nestes locais, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo intervenção, no qual o tipo de cobertura utilizada foi o curativo de gel de clorexidina e grupo controle, que utilizou como cobertura o filme transparente de poliuretano. O desfecho primário mensurado foi a colonização do cateter e os desfechos secundários foram a infecção clínica do sítio de saída, a infecção microbiológica do sítio de saída e a infecção da corrente sanguínea relacionada ao cateter. Para a coleta de dados foi elaborado um instrumento, e este validado quanto ao seu conteúdo e forma por 13 enfermeiros pertencentes aos locais do estudo. Estes profissionais foram treinados para a realização dos curativos e coleta das pontas dos cateteres centrais, swabs dos sítios de saída e hemoculturas. Análises descritivas foram usadas para todas as variáveis do estudo. O teste Exato de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar as proporções de cada desfecho nos grupos de intervenção e controle, e a regressão logística para explorar se a colonização no CVC poderia ser associada com o tempo de uso do cateter e com o Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) dos pacientes do estudo. De acordo com os resultados não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a colonização nos dois grupos (p valor = 1.00), para a infecção microbiológica do sítio de saída (p valor = 0.08), para a infecção clínica do sítio de saída (p valor = 0.77) e para as infecções da corrente sanguínea relacionadas ao cateter (p valor = 1,00). Conclui-se que o presente estudo pode contribuir para que as unidades de saúde tenham subsídios para realizar a escolha do tipo de curativo baseado em suas necessidades institucionais e no desenvolvimento de protocolos relacionados à medidas de inserção e manutenção do cateter, bem como medidas educativas permanentes / The venous access is essential to patient care in critical condition. The central venous catheter (CVC) is an access point that allows the treatment of patients, but its use can lead to infections. These infections increase the period of hospital permanence, the total costs of institutions and the patients\' morbidity and mortality. The use of dressings for coverage of the CVC exit-site is effective in preventing infections related to these catheters, in particular, the use of dressings impregnated with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine gel. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of chlorhexidine gel dressing with the transparent polyurethane film in preventing colonization of central venous catheter in critical adult patients. This randomized experimental study with parallel treatment, prospective and monocentric, which is conducted according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. The research was performed in an Intensive Care Unit and in a Coronary Care of a teaching hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. The study included 102 patients hospitalized in these units, randomly divided into two groups: the intervention group, which used chlorhexidine gel dressing and the control group, which used the transparent polyurethane film dressing. The primary outcome measured was the colonization of the catheter and the secondary outcomes were the clinical infection and microbial infection of the exit-site and the catheter-related bloodstream infection. Data were collected through an instrument developed and validated in terms of content and form by 13 nurses of the Units where the study was performed. These professionals were trained to use the dressings and to collect the tips of central catheters, swabs of the exit-site and blood cultures. Descriptive statistics were used for all study variables. The Fisher\'s exact test was used to compare the proportions of each outcome in the groups of intervention and control. The logistic regression analysis was used to explore if the colonization of the CVC could be associated with the catheter usage time and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) of the research\'s participants. According to the results there was no statistically significant difference between colonization in both groups (p value=1:00), for exit-site microbial infection (p value=0:08), for exit- site clinical infection (p value = 0.77) and for catheter-related bloodstream infection (p-value=1.00). The results of this study may contribute in providing subsidies to health units to make the choice in the use of the type of dressing based on their institutional needs and in the development of protocols related to integration measures and maintenance of the catheter, as well as permanent educational measures

This study analyses transnationalism across the borders of Brazil and Paraguay. In particular, my interest regards the everyday practices and representation of Brasiguaios, a term commonly used to refer to those living in the Brazilian and Paraguayan border region. Whilst the well-established field of transnationalism usually focuses on processes forged by immigrants settled in a country geographically distant from their country of origin, this research demonstrates how migrants living in geographical proximity to their country of origin, as well as non-migrants living within a border region of their country engage in intense forms of transnationalism. The research for this thesis adopted multi-sited ethnography by living with and observing individuals in two distinct locations. The first location was the landless camp Antônio Irmão, known as the Brasiguaios landless camp, in the town of Itaquiraí, also in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Most of its residents are Brazilian migrant returnees from Paraguay. The second location was the joint Brazilian towns of Ponta Porã, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Brazil, and the Paraguayan town of Pedro Juan Caballero. Although most individuals living in these towns are not migrants, they are engaged in transnationalism. The two main distinct features of this study are the development of proximal transnationalism, a concept that explains the short forms of transnationalism within border regions; and the understanding that there are multiple representations of Brasiguaios. Thus, it is not possible to speak of a single, unique Brasiguaio identity. This thesis makes an academic contribution by its use of multi-sited ethnography to bring together the disciplines of transnationalism and border studies to show how everyday life and identities, framed within two nation-states that have increasingly affected the lives of individuals, are manifested in a border region of two countries, at the same time, seemingly disregarding the existence of the state.

Third Culture Kids are the children of people working outside their passport countries, and who are employed by international organisations as development experts, diplomats, missionaries, journalists, international NGO and humanitarian aid workers, or UN representatives. The “third culture” they possess is the temporary, nomadic multicultural space they inhabited as children, within an expatriate community and, in some cases, international school. This culture is distinct from their parents’ homeland culture (the first culture) and from that of the country in which they spend their formative years but of which they are not native members (the second culture). The “third culture” inhabited by Third Culture Kids does not unite the first and second cultures, but rather comprises a space for their unstable integration (Knörr, 2005). This thesis explores the following question: In what ways does being a Third Culture Kid affect notions of belonging, identity and place? Through analysis of both fieldwork in an international school, and exploratory life story interviews with adult TCKs from myriad backgrounds, this work contributes to a better understanding of the experience of growing up abroad, and tracks the long term effects of this experience on the ways in which TCKs orient themselves towards belonging, identity and place. Throughout the course of this research, findings coalesce to orient TCKs as cosmopolitans, rooted in the expatriate communities of their childhoods, continuing in mobility and self-conscious “otherness” into adulthood, and moving through place as “elite vagrants”.

O presente trabalho busca compreender como o Informe do Padre jesuíta Francisco de Figueroa, a respeito dos índios das Missões de Maynas, na Amazônia, se adequa às determinações impostas às atividades evangelizadoras no conjunto sul-americano pelos três primeiros Concílios de Lima, ocorridos entre 1551 e 1583. O objeto de estudo serão as relações de aproximação e de identificação das práticas missionárias no contexto da cristianização dos povos amazônicos da região de Maynas com os decretos das sessões conciliares limenses por meio da análise da situação das missões feita por Figueroa em seu relato. As fontes para este trabalho são o informe do Padre Figueroa, redigido entre os anos de 1659 a 1661 e republicado na coleção Monumenta Amazónica em 1986 e os decretos conciliares de Lima completos publicados por Rubén Vargas Ugarte em 1951 e por Francesco Leonardo Lisi em 1990, disponíveis em castelhano e latim na Biblioteca Provincial dos Redentoristas. / This study aims to understand how the Report of the Jesuit Father Francisco de Figueroa, about the Indians of the missions of Maynas, in the Amazon, suits to the determinations imposed on evangelizing activities in the South American group the first three councils of Lima, occurred between 1551 and 1583. The object of study will be the relations of approaching and identification of the missionary practices in the context of Christianization of Amazonian tribes of Maynas region with the decrees of Lima´s council sessions by analyzing the situation of the missions made by Figueroa in his report. The sources for this work are the report of Father Figueroa, written between the years 1659-1661 and republished in Monumenta Amazónica collection in 1986 and the complete conciliar decrees of Lima Councils published by Rubén Vargas Ugarte in 1951, and by Francesco Leonardo Lisi in 1990, available in Spanish and Latin in the Provincial Library of the Redemptorists.

The rhizobia-legume symbiosis is the most agriculturally significant source of naturally fixed nitrogen, accounting for almost 25% of all biologically available nitrogen. Rhizobia-legume compatibility restrictions impose limits on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In many cases, the molecular basis for symbiotic compatibility is not fully understood. The signals required for establishing a symbiotic partnership between nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g. Sinorhizobium meliloti) and leguminous plants (e.g. Medicago truncatula) have been partially characterized at the molecular level. The first stage of successful root colonization is competitive occupation of the rhizosphere (which is poorly understood). Here, the bacteria introduce themselves as potential symbiotic partners through the secretion of glycolipid "Nod" factors. In response, the host facilitates a more exclusive mode of colonization by the formation of a root nodule – a new organ capable of hosting dense intracellular populations of symbiotic rhizobia for nitrogen fixation. This dissertation reports the exhaustive identification of S. meliloti genes that permit competitive colonization of the M. truncatula rhizosphere, and includes a mechanistic study of one particular bacterial signaling pathway that is crucial for both rhizosphere colonization and nodulation. I have made use of Tn-seq technology, which relies on deep sequencing of large transposon mutant libraries to monitor S. meliloti genotypes that increase or decrease in relative abundance after competition in the rhizosphere. This work included the collaborative development of a new computational pipeline for performing Tn-seq analysis. Our analysis implicates a large ensemble of bacterial genes and pathways promoting rhizosphere colonization, provides hints about how the host plant shapes this environment, and opens the door for mechanistic studies about how changes in the rhizosphere are sensed and interpreted by the microbial community. Notable among these sensory pathways is a three-protein signaling system, consisting of FeuQ, FeuP, and FeuN, which are important for both rhizosphere colonization and nodule invasion by S. meliloti. The membrane-bound sensor kinase FeuQ can either positively or negatively influence downstream transcription of target genes by modulating the phosphorylation state of the transcriptional activator FeuP. FeuN, a small periplasmic protein, inhibits the positive mode of FeuPQ signaling by its direct interaction with the extracellular region of FeuQ. FeuN is essential for S. meliloti viability, underscoring the vital importance of controlling the activity of downstream genes. In summary, I have employed several powerful genetic, genomic, computational, and biochemical approaches to uncover a network of genes and pathways that coordinate root colonization and nodulation functions.

A travers l’étude de l’activité des postes frontaliers situés le long de la frontière chinoise, cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif de retracer la manière dont l’administration française a tenté de maintenir l’ordre sur les confins septentrionaux du Vietnam de 1895 à 1940 conjointement avec leurs homologues chinois afin de maîtriser les illégalismes frontaliers commis sur le territoire tonkinois par des groupes venus de Chine, tout en élargissant le regard sur des pratiques migratoires à destination du Céleste empire condamnées et considérées comme du trafic d’êtres humains par les autorités françaises. En combinant à la fois approche statistique et analyse qualitative, cette recherche lève un pan de la vie quotidienne de la frontière à travers la criminalité transfrontalière. La faiblesse du maillage territorial, l’inexpérience relative des commandants de postes, l’insalubrité du climat et la complexité de la topographie de la région frontalière constituent autant de difficultés pour l’autorité coloniale afin de contrôler la frontière, malgré l’entretien d’un service de renseignements considéré par ailleurs comme peu fiable, et en dépit de l’action des partisans, véritable colonne dorsale du maintien de l’ordre frontalier. Cette porosité patente de la frontière se traduit par de nombreuses incursions : du simple vol de bétail aux raids commis contre des villages frontaliers en passant par les embuscades commises sur des chemins ou encore l’introduction frauduleuse de produits sur le territoire tonkinois, l’éventail des crimes transfrontaliers est vaste et soumet la frontière à une pression variable en fonction des évènements se déroulant du côté chinois. Si la répression menée par les troupes régulières est souvent couronnée de succès en cas d’incursions massives et s’apparente plus à des opérations militaires que des actions policières de maintien de l’ordre, en revanche la criminalité du quotidien échappe en grande partie à la vigilance des forces de l’ordre, témoignant par là même des difficultés pour l’autorité centrale d’affirmer son autorité sur une frontière dont la stabilité reste encore largement en devenir. / Through the study of the activity of border crossings, this research aims to analyze how the French colonial administration maintained order along the China-Vietnamese borderlands from 1895 to 1940 with their Chinese counterparts by checking various cross-border crimes committed on Tonkin by mobs from China: theft of cattle, raids against border villages, ambushes on roads, smuggling. But difficulties are important despite the action of the “partisans” who are the backbone to maintain order on the borderlands: weakness of the border crossings network, unhealthy climate, complexity of the topography. While the repression carried out by the regular troops is often successful in the event of mass incursions and is more akin to military operations than to policing law enforcement, cross border criminality of everyday life is checked with difficulties and underlines that stability on the borderlands are in the making.

This dissertation charts a spatial, architectural, and landscape history of German settlement colonialism (Siedlungskolonialismus) in the Prussian Polish Provinces and German South West Africa, between 1884 and 1918. It situates this study from the framework of Germany’s late nineteenth century project of internal colonization (innere Kolonisation), which forms an almost exact temporal parallel with Germany’s external colonial interventions and can be seen as an indispensable part of its broader apparatus, which points to new connections within its entangled fields of operation. Following several generations of German architects, planners, social scientists, and settlement practitioners (Ansiedlungspraktiker) working at the borders of empire, this dissertation asks how the colonial question of land shaped modern planning discourse at the turn of the century. Broadly speaking, I look at how state control over the freedom of movement, colonial land reclamation, and the resistance these interventions encountered contoured modernism’s politics of land. This study illustrates how the languages of German architectural and planning modernism were marked by asymmetric and discordant processes of colonial spatialization—a multivalent transfiguration of the landscape in which the local, indigenous, and pre-colonial populations played a central, if often unacknowledged, role. This project seeks in turn to read that resistance, as interlocutor, back into the history of German colonial intervention in the two regions under discussion in this study. Finally, I argue that placing these episodes together within the same discursive framework, tracing the spatiality and aesthetics of German imperial expansion from the analytic of settlement, opens up a new set of questions regarding the role of enclosure and its epistemologies in architectural modernism. This brings the often-sidelined issue of agrarian modernity and the disciplining of the landscape (in the Foucauldian sense), to bear on modern architectural histories.

Avec l’avènement du règne personnel du Roi soleil et sa volonté de contrôle sur l’ensemble de son royaume en 1661, de nombreux changements sont apparus dans la relation entre la Martinique et la métropole, avec un renforcement des dépendances et inégalités. La première des volontés du roi porta sur l’affirmation de sa majesté. Il enleva le statut seigneurial particulier de la Martinique afin d’intégrer l’île dans le Royaume. L’autre aspect de sa politique, avec l’ambitieux Colbert fut de réformer la dépendance économique, des productions agricoles afin de répondre aux besoins et ambitions “mercantiles” de la France en prônant à nouveau l’exclusif.Les transferts de populations connurent un accroissement considérable. Le plus connu est celui issu des Traites, il est important de distinguer d’autres plus particuliers comme les engagés blancs ou encore les pensionnaires des hôpitaux et les exils. La société coloniale était divisée alors en trois grandes catégories : les blancs, les libres et les serviles, mais les strates étaient bien plus complexes.Le ministère de l’Église fut chargé de maintenir les populations dans l’obéissance à la royauté en leur rappelant leur statut de sujets. Il fut chargé de convertir les esclaves, amérindiens, réformés mais aussi les Juifs présents dans la colonie, afin de les consacrer à une forme de maxime : un roi, une religion.Mais les volontés d’assujettissement des populations créèrent de nombreuses réactions qui furent l’interlope, les révoltes blanches et serviles, le marronnage ou encore la persistance des « réfractaires » religieux. / With the advent of the personal reign of the Sun King and his desire to control his entire kingdom in 1661, many changes have occurred in the relationship between Martinique and metropolitan France, with stronger dependency and inequality. The first of the will of the king fell on the affirmation of his majesty. He removed the particular lordly status of Martinique to integrate the island into the Kingdom. The other aspect of his policy, with the ambitious Colbert was to reform the economic dependence of agricultural production to meet the needs and aspirations "mercantile" in France advocating again exclusive.Population transfers experienced a significant increase . The best known is based on the Treaties, it is important to distinguish it from other more specific as white or residents of hospitals and exiles incurred. Colonial society was divided then into three broad categories: white , free and servile , but the layers are much more complex. The ministry of the Church was responsible for maintaining populations in obedience to royalty reminding them of their status as subjects. The Church was responsible for converting the slaves, Native Americans , but also reformed Jews in the colony , in order to focus on a form of maxim : one king, one religion.But the will of subjugation of populations created many reactions that were the underworld , white and servile revolts, runaways or the persistence of "refractory" religious.

The emergence of Indochina in the French imagination was articulated in both representational and institutional modes. Representation involves the transmission of colonial ideals through more obtuse means; that is, through literary texts, travelogues, exhibitions, film and advertising. However, these textual sites feed from and invest in a material situation, which was the institutional arm of colonialism. Indochina was institutionally articulated in cartographic maps and surveys, in the new social spaces of cities and towns, in architectural and technological forms, through social technologies of discipline and welfare and in cultural and religious organisations. The aim of this thesis is to analyse, across a number of textual sites, the representation and institutionalisation of Otherness through the politics of space in the French colony of Indochina, Indochine in this sense becomes a spatial discourse. The French constructed a mental and physical space for Indochina by blanketing and suffocating the original cultural landscape, which in fact had to be ignored for this process to occur. What actually became manifest as a result of this projection stemmed from the French imagination. Just as the French manipulated space, language also underwent the same process of reduction. The Vietnamese script was latinised to make it more 'useable' and ‘accessible’. Through christening the union of Indochina; initiating a comprehensive writing reform; and renaming the streets in the colonial cities, the French used language us another tool for 'making transparent'. Furthermore, the colonial powers established a communication and transport network throughout the colony in an attempt to materialise their fictive (artificial) vision of a unified French Indochinese space. The accessibility and design of these different modes of transport reflected the gendered, racial and class divisions inherent in the colonial establishment. At the heart of representing and institutionalising Indochina was the desire to control and contain. This characterised French imperial ordering of space in the city and the rural areas. In rural areas land was divided into small parcels and alienated to individuals or worked into precise grids for the rubber plantation. In urban centres the native quarter was clearly demarcated from the European quarter which functioned as its modern, progressive Other. The rationale behind this segregation was premised on European, nineteenth century discourses of race, class, gender and hygiene. Influenced by Darwinian and neo-Lamarkian theories of race, this biological discourse identified the 'working class', 'women' and 'the native' as not only biologically but also culturally inferior. They were perceived as a potential, degenerative threat to the biological, cultural and industrial development of the nation. In the colonial context, space was thus ordered and domesticated to control the native population. Coextensively, the literature which springs from such a structure will be tainted by the same ideas, and thus the spaces it formulates within the readers mind feed on and reinforce this foundation. Examples of gender and indigenous narratives which contest this imaginative, transparent topography are analysed throughout this thesis. They provide instances of struggle and resistance which undermine the ideal/stereotypical level of architectural and planned space and delineate an alternative insight into colonial spatial and social relations. The fictional accounts of European women and indigenous writers both challenge and reaffirm the fixity of some of these idealised colonial boundaries. In various literary, historical, political, architectural and cinematic discourses Indochina has been und continues to be depicted as a modern city and exotic Utopia. Informed by the mood of nostalgia, exotic images of Indochina have resurfaced in contemporary French culture. France's continued desire to create, control and maintain an Indochinese space in the French public imagination reinforces the multi-layered, interconnected and persistent nature of colonial discourse.