The barrage of negative media reports coupled with reactionary federal legislation have led many Canadians to believe that most First Nation governments are corrupt. Although systematic evidence of widespread corruption has yet to materialize, governance problems in some First Nations communities do exist. With the majority of First Nations operating under the band governance system imposed by the Indian Act, political troubles are often attributed to this law. Despite the fact the Indian Act creates conditions for governance problems to occur, other First Nations have resisted its enticement and operate sound administrations. Nations like these influenced this study. To understand and explain how First Nations achieve and maintain effective governance, conversations took place with First Nations leaders, administrators, Elders and community members in Alberta and BC. The study was conducted using an Indigenous-Qualitative approach where the qualitative aspect involved a grounded theory methodology. Findings show that effective First Nations governance involves an inter-related journey consisting of four phases: motivators of change, visions of effective governance, actions to support effective governance and the maintenance of governance improvements. Every phase in the journey is profoundly shaped by the legacy of colonization. Political problems caused by the legacy motivate change, the journey is guided by visions to recover from the legacy and actions are taken to improve legacy-related governance problems. The power of colonization is particularly evident at the maintenance stage of the journey where legacy-related influences stifle political change and help keep the status quo in place. This observation led to the following hypothesis: First Nations that wish to achieve and maintain effective governance must navigate the legacy of colonization. Colonization creates obstacles that must be carefully navigated if effective First Nations governance is to be achieved. It is amazing that many First Nations leaders have been able to stickhandle their way through these obstacles and achieve some measure of effective governance. These leaders are to be commended for their skills, strength and determination. However, in the absence of decolonization, strong economies, self-government and the restoration of certain traditions, the efforts of these leaders will be lost. / Graduate / terryfox@uvic.ca

This thesis seeks to conceptualise and mobilise migration resistances as forces of animation through which contemporary forms of EUropean border governance can be productively explored. By following different migration struggles ethnographically, it inquires into their emergence and asks what practices of government and control they reveal. Situated within the academic fields of ‘critical border and migration studies’ and Michel Foucault’s conceptualisations of power, resistance and the art of government, resistance is understood as method. As a set of analytics and catalysts that sets sociopolitical processes and phenomena into frictional motion, resistance is developed as a mode of critical investigation. It is argued that, while always specific and situated, migration struggles form transversal resistances that bring to light particular aspects of the ‘EUropean border dispositif’ which seeks to monitor, regulate and deter certain human mobilities. In a multi-sited ethnography, conducted in diverse borderscapes, heterogeneous struggles are explored. The first study follows the Non-Citizen movement that emerged in Germany and interprets their confrontational and provocative struggle as dissent. The second ethnographic study explores the Boats4People campaign that took place in Italy and Tunisia to protest migrant deaths in the Mediterranean Sea and focuses on their embodied practices of solidarity. The third study follows different individuals and groups in transit into three Greek borderscapes and conceives their attempts of border-subversion and escape as excessive practices. Dissent, solidarity and excess are mobilised and interpreted as three specific but interrelated facets of resistance that collide with and contest manifold diffused border practices and materialisations throughout and beyond EUropean space. Furthermore, it is argued that migration struggles question the community in whose name unbelonging and exclusions are performed. The thesis suggests that these resistances not only expose certain dominant discursive frames through which EUrope becomes continuously reproduced and recognised as united, peaceful and humanitarian, but also draw attention to questions of colonialism and race as well as to the various registers of violence that must always underpin EUrope’s division-creating practices. Through migration struggles, EUrope’s dominant frames and self-conceptions are decentered so that other imaginaries of politics, solidarity and community come to the fore.

When ovipositing, prey organisms avoid habitat patches containing predator cues because predators consume, and negatively affect the fitness of their prey. Richness of predator species often enhances the strength of consumptive predator effects, but little is known about how multiple predators combined affect prey non-consumptively. We quantified dipteran colonization in aquatic mesocosms in response to varied predator richness. Multiple predator species combined reduced oviposition by Culex mosquitoes, chironomid midges, and the general colonizing dipteran community more than predicted by the effects of the independent predator species. Previous research which quantifies effects of multiple predators on prey as prey abundance, but does not measure consumption by predators, may be underestimating or overestimating the strength of effect by assuming equal colonization. Our findings enhance understanding of the ways predators influence abundances and distributions of their prey, and yields insight into the ways predators may non-consumptively affect prey by changing prey behavior.

From the 1830s to 1917, despair in India drove a small minority into indentureship overseas. These were probably men and women of considerable initiative and extraordinary courage. Their achievements in British Guiana suggest this. Men, women, and children toiled relentlessly on the sugar plantations, while exploiting every conceivable niche to supplement meagre wages. They built a stable family life. They adapted rice and cattle to the plantation environment, thus adumbrating the character of future Indian villages; but they also resisted the injustices of the system. Indians founded villages throughout coastal Guiana, from the late nineteenth-century. In spite of endemic malaria, a hazardous environment requiring elaborate drainage and irrigation, poor sanitation, an undercurrent of Black envy, and the remorseless hostility of the plantocracy and the State to Indian enterpise in rice and cattle, they progressed. Indians adapted their rich material and religious culture, recreating aspects of their ancestral villages. At the hub of their tradition was the family: although most migrated alone, a modified joint-family structure evolved. Their thrift, industry, judicious delegation of family labour, and an exemplary commitment to their families, sustained them in activities which others considered unremunerative. The practice of Hinduism and Islam was costly; it encouraged saving. Cultural security strengthened their self-confidence and sustained effort; it bred a sense of purpose. By the 1920s, rice, cattle, commerce, etc., had spawned an Indian middle class. These set standards for the community: they established an entrepreneurial tradition; their professional achievements undermined Indian indifference to education; some promoted intellectual curiosity; and facilitated Indian participation in organised cricket, the most eloquent manifestation of arrival. The middle class expanded conceptions of attainable goals. But Indian adaptation was shaped profoundly by a resurgence of pride in the achievements of ancient India and the rise of Gandhi. A separate Indian community, differing significantly in their basic assumptions from those of the Blacks, developed in British Guiana. The implications for race relations were already ominous in the 1920s.

This thesis examines the forms of identity which are adopted by individuals who were born in Birmingham with at least one parent who had been born in Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland and the processes of identity formation which give life to these identities. This thesis places the identity and experiences of the research population within the context of the Anglo-Irish historical relationship, political situation in Northern Ireland and the events surrounding the 'Birmingham Pub Bombings'. It also positions the group in relation to recent academic debates regarding race, ethnicity and 'dominant group identity'. It is intended that this thesis will represent a contribution to these debates and to the understanding of Irish experience in Britain. The fieldwork phase of the project was conducted in Birmingham and consisted of two distinct, yet overlapping stages. Firstly, a survey of the research population using questionnaires which were distributed to potential respondents by a series of 'gatekeepers'. This provided data and served as a filter to stage two. Secondly, fifteen semi-structured, in-depth qualitative interviews with members of the cohort.

The Greek colonization of the West Mediterranean and specifically Iberian Peninsula is within the scope of Greek colonization rather kind of peripheral subject. However, it is the principal subject of our work. The Greeks not by a long sight were the only merchants, settlers, visitors and discoverers of the West world at that times. They were taken over by the Phoenicians and is evident, that they were the protagonists of the Iberian Peninsula at that times. Based on the modern scientists the Phoenicians should not be seen as the only ones and charge to the account of the Greeks just the merchants's role. The new epigraphic aknowledgements and archeological research in "Contestania" are in witness of the essential presence of the Greeks in this area. The reflection of the historical sources is completed by the archeological remains. We would like to join all the new aknowledgements based on comparison of various sources that are at our disposal. Keywords Iberian Peninsula - colonization - Greeks - Contestania

O objetivo desta pesquisa é traçar um panorama das transformações ocorridas no Peru na segunda metade do século XVI. Em primeiro lugar, o trabalho busca analisar as reorientações sofridas pelo clero local a partir da década de 1560, quando se observou uma virada ortodoxa no domínio missionário. Uma posição mais dura em relação às idolatrias indígenas passou a ser complementada pela insistência no conhecimento da doutrina e na explicitação da fé por meio dos sacramentos. Essas modificações seriam cristalizadas por ocasião do III Concílio Provincial de Lima (1582-1583), bem como nas obras do jesuíta José de Acosta. A preocupação conciliar com o governo das almas, contudo, não pode ser compreendido a contento sem uma análise do contexto administrativo e jurídico peruano. Nesse campo, aliás, processavam-se transformações análogas a partir de 1569, quando da chegada à região do vice-rei Francisco de Toledo. Por um lado, esse governante foi o artífice de um processo de centralização política em torno das instituições imperiais. Por outro lado, sua legislação permite compreender alguns aspectos do funcionamento de um dispositivo jurídico fundado numa concepção qualitativa de sociedade e no caráter ritualístico do direito. Ao lado dessa legislação, obras de autores centrais do período como Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Polo de Ondegardo, Juan de Matienzo e Pedro de Quiroga permitem compreender a organicidade existente entre as discussões missionárias em torno da conversão dos indígenas e o processo civilizador que pretendia se instituir no plano político. Ao mesmo tempo, esse momento da exposição revela o quanto se interligavam essas questões ao estado da economia peruana, particularmente no que toca às variações da produção mineira. Por fim, para complementar esse panorama, realiza-se uma pequena incursão no campo linguístico, com o fim de analisar as transformações contemporâneas ocorridas nos quadros de um processo de gramatização do quíchua e do aimará. Por meio da mobilização de alguns vocabulários então produzidos, a análise desse fenômeno permite relevar o quão conectado estava esse processo com relação ao campo missionário e à administração civil. Traçado esse panorama, o trabalho passa à reflexão acerca de algumas categorias de análise religião, índio, direito, mestiço etc. amplamente utilizadas pela historiografia contemporânea. Esse exercício tem por objetivo avaliar algumas implicações do uso de determinados conceitos sem a devida referência ao seu caráter histórico. Restituir a formação conceitual ao seu contexto específico permite, por fim, enfatizar a historicidade dos próprios processos de generalização de determinados códigos culturais que, a princípio, pertenceram à civilização cristã europeia. / The objective of this research is to provide an overview of the transformations that took place in Peru during the second half of XVI century. First, the work aims to analyze the reorientations of local clergy from the decade of 1560, when an orthodox turn could be observed in the missionary domination. A harder position concerning indigenous idolatries was complemented by the insistence on the doctrine knowledge and the explanation in faith based on the sacraments. These changes would be solidified during the Third Council of Lima (1582- 1583), as well as in the works of the Jesuit Jose de Acosta. The Council concern with governing the souls, however, cannot be understood properly without an analysis of the legal and administrative context of Peru. Also in this field similar changes were taking place, since the arrival of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1569. On the one hand, this governor was the creator of a political centralization process around the imperial institutions. On the other hand, his ruling allows us to understand some features of a legal mechanism founded on a qualitative conception of society and ritualistic nature of law. Along with that legislation, works of main authors from that period like Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Polo de Ondegardo, Juan de Matienzo and Pedro de Quiroga allow the understanding of the organic characteristic presented within the missionary discussions concerning indigenous conversion and the civilizing process intended to be instituted on the political plan. At the same time, this moment of exposure reveals the amount of interconnection between those questions and the condition of Peruvian economy, especially in which refers to the variations of mining production. Finally, to complete the picture, there is a little incursion in the linguistic field to analyze the contemporary changes that occurred in the grammatization process of quíchua and aimará languages. For mobilizing some lexical then produced, the analysis of this phenomenon reveals as much it was connected to the missionary field and civil administration. After this overview, the work goes toward the reflection upon some categories of analysis religion, Indian, law, mestizo etc. widely used by contemporary historiography. This exercise aims to evaluate some implication of using certain concepts without the proper reference to its historical feature. Restoring the concept formation to its specific context allows, at last, to emphasize the historicity of the own generalization processes of specific cultural codes that, originally, belonged to European Christian civilization.

Thesis advisor: Cynthia L. Lyerly / Examines the rise and fall of slavery in Connecticut from the American Revolution to the state's 1848 law abolishing slavery. Also explores the racism present among the state's abolitionists and general populace that differentiated it from surrounding New England states. Explains the distinct nature of Connecticut abolitionism when compared to the national organization. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: History Honors Program. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Thesis advisor: M. Shawn Copeland / Thesis advisor: O. Ernesto Valiente / The title of this essay is deliberately provocative. It aims at drawing attention on the reality of Christian churches full everyday – not only on sundays – with people who everyday die from hunger. In the Congo-Zaire. Behind the image of crowded churches, I see the complex reality of Christianity, and behind the image of empty stomachs, I have in view the complex reality of poverty, oppression, violence and death. It is paradoxical that those two realities grow together. This essay explores the sources of that paradox, going back to the first encounter of the people of the old Kongo Kingdom, and later on Congo-Zaire, with Christianity. It analyzes the relationships between Christianity and the poor throughout the history of the Congo-Zaire. It examines the message of salvation brought by Christianity and how it is related to the people’s conditions of life. The conclusion is tough, but unavoidable. First, Christianity during colonial times – which I call missionary Christianity – in the Congo-Zaire did not side with the poor. It served the interests of the powerful, to safeguard its own interests. It despised the way of life of the autochthonous and destroyed their identity. Second, Christianity today in the Congo-Zaire – which I call postindependence Christianity – struggles with the heritage of the colonial past, but it basically continues to function following the same model. We still live in the colonial settings. Therefore, this for me is the key to resolving the paradox. Following the insights of postcolonial theories, turn the page of colonial Christianity, move towards what I call a “postcolonial Christianity.” That postcolonial Christianity should be informed by the African way of life (hence re-appropriating the values of the autochthonous) and rooted in the preferential option for the poor, which is the main principle at the heart of liberation theology. There lies a great challenge: how to actualize that postcolonial Christianity in the Congo-Zaire? / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o papel dos governos tirânicos siracusanos na reestruturação urbanística desta cidade, fundada pelos gregos em meados do século VII a.C. Para tanto, vamos explorar em fontes escritas autores que relatam aspectos importantes da Sicília, são eles : Diodoro Sículo, principal referência para Siracusa, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro e Pausânias. Trabalhamos com o levantamento dos dados arqueológicos nas áreas importantes da pólis (ásty e khóra), bem como nas suas sub-colônias, com a finalidade de compreender o seu espaço urbano, seu dinamismo de expansão desde a fundação até o século V a.C e sua monumentalidade. O confronto entre o documento escrito e o documento material, metodologia do trabalho, será a base para que compreendamos melhor as relações políticas, sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Os remanejamentos compulsórios de populações promovidos pelos tiranos são analisados no contexto das mudanças observadas no espaço da pólis siracusana. / This research has the objective to analyse the influence of the tyrannical governments of Syracuse in the urbanistic restructuration of this city, founded by Greeks in the middle of VII century B.C. For so, we are going to explore the written sources for writers who tells important aspects of Sicily. They are: Diodoro Sículo, first reference for Siracuse, Heródoto, Tucídides, Estrabão, Cícero, Políbio, Píndaro and Pausânias. We\'ve been working with the archeological data at the very important areas in the \"polis\" (ásty and khora), and the sub-colonies, with the objective of understanding the urban space, its dynamism of expansion since the foundation until the V century B.C. and its monumentality. The confrontation between the written and the material source, methodology of work, will be the base for better understanding the political, social, economic and spacial relations. The compulsory populational reallocations made by the tyrants are analysed in the context of the changes observed at the syracusean \"polis\".