A presente dissertação teve como objetivo explorar as conexões do Programa Bolsa Família com a questão educacional, analisando em que medida o programa reduz as múltiplas dimensões da desigualdade educacional enfrentada por seus beneficiários. Partindo-se da ideia que o direito à educação pressupõe a garantia de algo comum, e portanto igual para todos, adotou-se a concepção de desigualdade educacional de Marcel Crahay (2000), que define três dimensões necessárias de igualdade educacional: acesso, tratamento e conhecimento. Realizou-se uma discussão teórica sobre o papel da educação dentro do desenho do Bolsa Família, que busca por meio do acesso aos serviços educacionais cortar o ciclo intergeracional de pobreza em que estão inseridos seus beneficiários. Depois, foi diagnosticada a situação enfrentada pelos beneficiários em cada dimensão da desigualdade educacional. Esse diagnóstico foi realizado a partir de bases de dados do Sistema Presença, Censo Escolar, Ideb, Pnad e outros indicadores educacionais disponibilizados pelo Inep. Por fim, analisou-se como o programa busca e tem efeitos na redução das múltiplas dimensões da desigualdade educacional. Este último passo foi realizado a partir de uma revisão de literatura das produções acadêmicas da área e de um estudo de caso na rede municipal de Osasco. Conclui-se que os principais efeitos do Bolsa Família são sobre a dimensão do acesso, ainda que ele tenha efeitos potenciais e incipientes sobre a dimensão do tratamento e do aprendizado, principalmente via integração setorial. / This dissertation\'s main goal was to explore the ties between Bolsa Familia social program and the educational issue, analizing to what extent the program reduces the multiple aspects of educational inequality the beneficiaries are subject to. It was adopted Marcel Crahay\'s educational inequality concept that defines three necessary dimensions to reach educational equality: access, treatment and knowledge. I have made a theoretical discussion of the role education plays in the Bolsa Familia design, which aims to interrupt the beneficiarie\'s intergenerational poverty cycle by broadening the access to educational services. After that, I unraveled the situation faced by the beneficiaries in each dimension of educational inequality. This diagnosis was made using the Sistema Presença, Censo Escolar, Ideb and Pnad databases, along with other educational indicators made public by Inep. At last, I analyzed the program\'s efforts and results in reducing educational inequalities, in its multiple aspects. That last part was made by reviewing the specific academic literature and with a case study in the municipality of Osasco. The conclusion is that the main effects of the Bolsa Familia program are related to the access dimension, although it has potential and incipient effects on the treatment and knowledge dimensions, specially when it comes to sectorial integration.

This dissertation examines the effectiveness of interventions related to family planning and the uptake of HIV-related preventive services among women in low-income settings. Women in low-income settings and living with HIV face many barriers to care, including limited access to services for family planning and HIV-related preventive care. At the same time, national, regional, and global efforts are looking for interventions to help control rapid population growth, create an HIV-free generation, and provide adequate preventive care for those living with HIV. This dissertation cuts across these issues and can help to inform debate and policies to address these issues. This dissertation comprises three discrete papers. Paper 1 (chapter 1) examines the effectiveness of a national scale-up of community-based distribution of family planning services on contraceptive use in Malawi’s rural areas during the period 2005-2016. The national-scale up of the intervention followed the success of a pilot of a similar intervention implemented in the period 1999-2004. As in the pilot, the scaled-up program distributed condoms and oral contraceptives and provided family planning education. Further, because education and income are important determinants of individual contraceptive use, the paper also examines whether the effectiveness of the national scale CBDs varies over these dimensions. The paper uses the Malawi Demographic and Health Surveys. The study finds that the intervention increased contraceptive use by 6.8 percentage points and the effects were greater among uneducated and low-income women. Paper 2 (chapter 2) conducts a cost-effectiveness analysis of a trial of cash incentives aimed at increasing the uptake of services for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. The trial was conducted in the Democratic of the Congo (DRC) as part of an effort to find ways of increasing uptake of PMTCT services in sub-Saharan Africa where uptake of these services remains low. The study is conducted from the societal perspective, relies on multiple sources within and outside of the DRC for cost data, and reports economic costs in 2016 International Dollars (I$). At a threshold of 3*GDP per capita for the DRC (I$2409), the study finds that the intervention is cost-effective. Paper 3 (chapter 3) examines the guideline concordance of the time to follow-up anal cancer screening in women living with HIV at high risk for anal cancer. In the US, the incidence of anal cancer in women living with HIV has increased significantly in the past 2-3 decades. However, early detection of anal cancer, through regular screening, can lead to effective secondary prevention of the disease. While guidelines for anal cancer screening exist, very little is known about the guideline concordance of the time to follow-up anal cancer screening in women at high risk of acquiring anal cancer. Hence this study. The study uses Medicaid Analytic eXtract files which compile claims of individuals enrolled in Medicaid—a public health insurance program largely for eligible low-income adults and the largest single payer for HIV/AIDS in the US. The study finds that time to follow-up screening is not guideline-concordant for most women living with HIV, particularly those with one of the two risk factors for anal cancer: a history of abnormal cervical test results or a history of genital warts.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Progresa, on school attendance in Mexican rural and urban areas. Within recent years, conditional cash transfer programs have become one of the most accepted remedies for poverty alleviation in many countries. Progresa was developed as an economic experi-ment, with randomized selection process, treatment groups and control croups. For this reason, the impact of Progresa is ideal for economic analysis. There are clear evidence of disparities between urban and rural school attendance rates in Mexico, hence the pro-gram’s effect on school attendance rates have been studied in the two regions. There are several reasons why one would expect different outcomes of the program on school at-tendance in rural and urban areas. Expected returns to education and the opportunity cost of investment in schooling in different regions are thought to affect the household’s optimization problem differently. The impact of Progresa on school attendance rates is estimated by a logit regression model analyzing household data within the household optimization framework. Mainly, Progresa has a positive impact on children’s school at-tendance. However, it may be concluded that Progresa has no significant effect for older children in rural areas. This result is assumed to be explained by the different conditions poor families face in different regions. If rural households’ optimization problem indeed looks different; this might suggest that the design of conditional cash transfer programs such as Progresa is crucially important depending on the region of implementation. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera det villkora välfärdsprogrammet Progresa och dess effekt på skolnärvaro i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden. Under senare år har villkora välfärdsprogram kommit att vara en av de mest accepterade formerna av bistånd för att minska fattigdom i de flesta länder. Progresa utvecklades utifrån ett ekonomiskt experiment, med en slumpmässig urvalsprocess samt en experiment- och kontrollgrupp. Med anledning av detta är Progresa ett utmärkt program att studera för ekonomisk analys. Skolnärvaron i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden varierar stort och av denna anledning har effekten av Progresa studerats i de båda regionerna. Det finns många anledningar till varför vi bör förvänta oss avvikande utfall. En förklaring kan vara att utbildningens förväntade avkastning och alternativkostnad påverkar hushållens optimeringsproblem olika. Effekten av Progresa på skolnärvaro är beräknad med en logit regressionsmodell där hushållsdata analyseras inom ramen för hushållets optimeringsproblem. Huvudsakligen har Progresa en positiv effekt på barns skolnärvaro. Dock, och vad som bör noteras, är det faktum att Progresa inte har en signifikant påverkan på äldre rurala barns skolnärvaro. Detta resultat antas förklaras av fattiga familjers olika förutsättningar i rurala och urbana områden. I det fall rurala familjers optimeringsproblem skiljer sig från urbana familjers optimeringsproblem, torde detta innebära att strukturen av ett villkorligt biståndsprogram, så som Progresa, är av största vikt och bör anpassas ändamålsenligt.

<p>The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of a conditional cash transfer program, Progresa, on school attendance in Mexican rural and urban areas. Within recent years, conditional cash transfer programs have become one of the most accepted remedies for poverty alleviation in many countries. Progresa was developed as an economic experi-ment, with randomized selection process, treatment groups and control croups. For this reason, the impact of Progresa is ideal for economic analysis. There are clear evidence of disparities between urban and rural school attendance rates in Mexico, hence the pro-gram’s effect on school attendance rates have been studied in the two regions. There are several reasons why one would expect different outcomes of the program on school at-tendance in rural and urban areas. Expected returns to education and the opportunity cost of investment in schooling in different regions are thought to affect the household’s optimization problem differently. The impact of Progresa on school attendance rates is estimated by a logit regression model analyzing household data within the household optimization framework. Mainly, Progresa has a positive impact on children’s school at-tendance. However, it may be concluded that Progresa has no significant effect for older children in rural areas. This result is assumed to be explained by the different conditions poor families face in different regions. If rural households’ optimization problem indeed looks different; this might suggest that the design of conditional cash transfer programs such as Progresa is crucially important depending on the region of implementation.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera det villkora välfärdsprogrammet Progresa och dess effekt på skolnärvaro i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden. Under senare år har villkora välfärdsprogram kommit att vara en av de mest accepterade formerna av bistånd för att minska fattigdom i de flesta länder. Progresa utvecklades utifrån ett ekonomiskt experiment, med en slumpmässig urvalsprocess samt en experiment- och kontrollgrupp. Med anledning av detta är Progresa ett utmärkt program att studera för ekonomisk analys. Skolnärvaron i mexikanska rurala och urbana områden varierar stort och av denna anledning har effekten av Progresa studerats i de båda regionerna. Det finns många anledningar till varför vi bör förvänta oss avvikande utfall. En förklaring kan vara att utbildningens förväntade avkastning och alternativkostnad påverkar hushållens optimeringsproblem olika. Effekten av Progresa på skolnärvaro är beräknad med en logit regressionsmodell där hushållsdata analyseras inom ramen för hushållets optimeringsproblem. Huvudsakligen har Progresa en positiv effekt på barns skolnärvaro. Dock, och vad som bör noteras, är det faktum att Progresa inte har en signifikant påverkan på äldre rurala barns skolnärvaro. Detta resultat antas förklaras av fattiga familjers olika förutsättningar i rurala och urbana områden. I det fall rurala familjers optimeringsproblem skiljer sig från urbana familjers optimeringsproblem, torde detta innebära att strukturen av ett villkorligt biståndsprogram, så som Progresa, är av största vikt och bör anpassas ändamålsenligt.</p>

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo explorar as conexões do Programa Bolsa Família com a questão educacional, analisando em que medida o programa reduz as múltiplas dimensões da desigualdade educacional enfrentada por seus beneficiários. Partindo-se da ideia que o direito à educação pressupõe a garantia de algo comum, e portanto igual para todos, adotou-se a concepção de desigualdade educacional de Marcel Crahay (2000), que define três dimensões necessárias de igualdade educacional: acesso, tratamento e conhecimento. Realizou-se uma discussão teórica sobre o papel da educação dentro do desenho do Bolsa Família, que busca por meio do acesso aos serviços educacionais cortar o ciclo intergeracional de pobreza em que estão inseridos seus beneficiários. Depois, foi diagnosticada a situação enfrentada pelos beneficiários em cada dimensão da desigualdade educacional. Esse diagnóstico foi realizado a partir de bases de dados do Sistema Presença, Censo Escolar, Ideb, Pnad e outros indicadores educacionais disponibilizados pelo Inep. Por fim, analisou-se como o programa busca e tem efeitos na redução das múltiplas dimensões da desigualdade educacional. Este último passo foi realizado a partir de uma revisão de literatura das produções acadêmicas da área e de um estudo de caso na rede municipal de Osasco. Conclui-se que os principais efeitos do Bolsa Família são sobre a dimensão do acesso, ainda que ele tenha efeitos potenciais e incipientes sobre a dimensão do tratamento e do aprendizado, principalmente via integração setorial. / This dissertation\'s main goal was to explore the ties between Bolsa Familia social program and the educational issue, analizing to what extent the program reduces the multiple aspects of educational inequality the beneficiaries are subject to. It was adopted Marcel Crahay\'s educational inequality concept that defines three necessary dimensions to reach educational equality: access, treatment and knowledge. I have made a theoretical discussion of the role education plays in the Bolsa Familia design, which aims to interrupt the beneficiarie\'s intergenerational poverty cycle by broadening the access to educational services. After that, I unraveled the situation faced by the beneficiaries in each dimension of educational inequality. This diagnosis was made using the Sistema Presença, Censo Escolar, Ideb and Pnad databases, along with other educational indicators made public by Inep. At last, I analyzed the program\'s efforts and results in reducing educational inequalities, in its multiple aspects. That last part was made by reviewing the specific academic literature and with a case study in the municipality of Osasco. The conclusion is that the main effects of the Bolsa Familia program are related to the access dimension, although it has potential and incipient effects on the treatment and knowledge dimensions, specially when it comes to sectorial integration.

Transferências Condicionadas de Renda (TCR), como o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) no Brasil, são cada vez mais adotadas no mundo para romper com o ciclo de transmissão da pobreza, por meio de transferências monetárias a famílias pobres, condicionadas a investimentos em capital humano. Como cerca de 76% da população pobre do mundo vive em áreas rurais, e a incidência de pobreza é maior em localidades remotas florestadas, os TCR são frequentemente implementados junto a populações semiautárquicas de países em desenvolvimento. Assim, essas transferências têm aumentado a disponibilidade de recursos monetários junto a essas populações, como certos povos indígenas. Nesses contextos, evidências prévias mostram que a monetarização das economias locais pode ter efeitos positivos, negativos ou nulos na dedicação de tempo às atividades de subsistência e no consumo de recursos naturais. Porém, existem duas lacunas nesse conhecimento. Primeiro, estudos prévios avaliaram os efeitos conjuntos de diversas fontes de renda, muito embora estas variem nos investimentos de tempo necessários, de nulos (e.g., TCR e aposentadorias) a altos (e.g., salários e comércio de artesanato). Segundo, a maior parte da literatura assume, ainda que implicitamente, que as decisões na base das escolhas humanas são racionais e motivadas, sobretudo, por maximizar a renda ou, eventualmente, minimizar os riscos. Porém, evidências empíricas e avanços teóricos indicam que as decisões nem sempre são racionais, tanto por limitações cognitivas que levam a outros processos decisórios (e.g., heurísticas), como porque são motivadas por outros fatores (e.g., prazer, emoção, normas sociais). Portanto, esta dissertação teve por objetivo investigar se o aumento da renda monetária de transferências do PBF estava associado a diferenças no investimento de tempo em atividades de subsistência (agricultura, caça, pesca e coleta) e no consumo de produtos derivados ou não dessas atividades pelo povo indígena Kisêdjê da Amazônia brasileira. Além disso, investigou se o hedonismo e a contabilidade mental seriam motivadores dessas decisões. Três hipóteses foram testadas. Primeira, diferentes fontes de renda monetária devem produzir efeitos diversos sobre o tempo dedicado pelos Kisêdjê a atividades de subsistência. Segunda, os efeitos do PBF devem variar de acordo com o quanto as pessoas apreciam cada atividade de subsistência, i.e., o hedonismo é importante para prever investimentos de tempo nessas atividades. Terceira, os Kisêdjê realizam contabilidade mental, i.e., separam o dinheiro em diferentes contas mentais e, portanto, fontes alternativas de renda monetária devem produzir padrões de consumo distintos e fontes de renda de baixo esforço, como o PBF, devem privilegiar o consumo de alimentos ou de bens supérfluos. Para tal, o estudo adotou um delineamento observacional em painel, compreendendo todos (242) os indivíduos adultos (>=16 anos) de 2 comunidades. Os dados foram coletados em dois períodos em 2016 e 2017, por meio de survey por entrevistas estruturadas e experimento em contabilidade mental, e observação direta de alocação de tempo (random-interval instantaneous sampling), sendo analisados por técnicas de estatística descritiva e modelos mistos de regressão. Os resultados mostraram, primeiro, que as transferências do PBF não tiveram efeitos no tempo dedicado às atividades de subsistência, embora outras rendas monetárias (e.g., trabalho regular, aposentadoria) tenham ora aumentado, ora reduzido a probabilidade de investimento de tempo. Segundo, o hedonismo foi mais importante que as fontes de renda monetária para explicar o esforço alocado na atividade de caça para os homens. Por fim, não foram observadas evidências de contabilidade mental, ou seja: (i) o padrão de consumo não diferiu segundo a fonte de renda, mas somente entre homens e mulheres; (ii) com fontes de renda de baixo (e.g. PBF) ou alto esforço, os Kisêdjê estiveram menos propensos a consumir bens supérfluos. Os resultados parecem sugerir que os efeitos do PBF nas atividades de subsistência e no consumo dos Kisêdjê são baixos, muito embora a cobertura ampla tenha dificultado a avaliação. Quanto aos motivadores, os resultados apontam para a importância de investigar outros determinantes além da renda. / Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs), such as the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) in Brazil, have increasingly been adopted worldwide to break the cycle of poverty transmission, by transferring cash to poor families, conditional on investments in human capital. As about 76% of the worlds poor live in rural areas, and poverty incidence is higher in remote forested localities, CCTs are frequently implemented in semi-autarkic communities of developing countries. Thus, these transfers have increased the availability of cash income resources to semi-autarkic populations, such as certain indigenous peoples. In this context, prior evidence shows the monetization of local economies has been associated with positive, negative, or null effects on the time allocated to subsistence activities and consumption of natural resources. However, there are two knowledge gaps. First, previous studies evaluated the combined effects of several income sources, although these sources vary on the necessary time investments, from null (e.g., CCTs) to high (e.g., wages and handicrafts trade). Second, most previous studies assume, although implicitly, that decisions which base peoples choices are rational and motivated, above all, on income maximization or, occasionally, risk minimization. However, empirical evidence and theoretical advances indicate that decisions are often not always, either because of cognitive limitations that lead to other decision-making processes (e.g., heuristics), or because they are motivated by other factors (e.g., pleasure, emotion, social norms). Therefore, this dissertation aimed to investigate whether increased levels of cash income from the BFP transfers were associated with differences in time investments in subsistence activities (agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering) and in the consumption of Kisêdjê indigenous people from the Brazilian Amazon. Additionally, we investigated if hedonism and mental accounting were the motivators behind these decisions. Three hypotheses were tested. First, alternative income sources should produce different effects on the time allocated by the Kisêdjê to subsistence activities. Second, the effects of BFP should vary, depending on how much people appreciated each subsistence activity, i.e. hedonism is important to predict time investments. Third, Kisêdjê do mental accounting and, therefore, different cash income sources should distinct consumption patterns and low-effort activities such as BFP should increase the likelihood of consuming superfluous food or goods. To do that, we adopted an observational panel design, including all (242) adult individuals (>= 16 years) in 2 communities. Data were gathered in two periods in 2016 and 2017, through a survey based on face-to-face interviews and experiment in mental accounting, direct observations of time allocation by random-interval instantaneous sampling, and were analysed by descriptive statistical techniques and mixed-effects regressions. The results indicated that, first, BFP cash transfers had no effect on the time spent on subsistence activities, although other income sources (e.g., wages, pensions) in certain cases increased, while in others decreased the likelihood of time investments. Second, hedonism was important than cash income sources in explaining the effort allocated to hunting for men. Finally, we did not observe evidences of mental accounting, i.e.: (i) consumption patterns did not differ across income sources, but only between men and women; (ii) with low-effort (e.g., BFP) or high-effort income sources, the Kisêdjê were less likely to consume superfluous goods. Our results suggest that the effects of BFP transfers on subsistence activities and consumption are low, although the high rate of coverage has impaired our analyses. As regards motivations, the results point to the importance of investigating determinants other than income.

Les années 1990 ont vu naître de nouvelles politiques sociales, les « transferts monétaires conditionnels » : allocations attribuées aux familles pauvres à condition qu’elles incitent leurs enfants à poursuivre leur scolarité ou qu’elles les conduisent dans les centres de santé, avec pour objectif de réduire la pauvreté et d’assurer un meilleur avenir aux « pauvres » de demain. Avec leur développement, ces politiques ont créé un nouveau champ de protection sociale, dont les principes et les manières de faire s’éloignent du fonctionnement traditionnel de l’assistance. Ces politiques ont fait leur apparition au Brésil et au Mexique dans les années 1990. L’analyse de leur genèse met en évidence une structuration progressive, marquée par des contextes institutionnels et des trajectoires distincts qui se soldent néanmoins par des résultats semblables. Comment expliquer ce parallélisme ? L’objectif de cette étude a consisté à dégager une ou plusieurs variables permettant d’expliquer l’émergence et l’expansion des programmes de transferts monétaires conditionnels dans ces pays et à mettre en évidence la manière dont l’évolution de ces politiques a pu susciter des oppositions plus ou moins fortes de la part de certains acteurs, ainsi que les contraintes institutionnelles auxquelles ces politiques se sont confrontées. On peut observer la structuration de groupes défendant des causes diverses autour de ces politiques, et qui ont déterminé largement leur élaboration et mise en oeuvre, rentrant tantôt en concurrence tantôt en alliance. C’est, notamment, la coalition dominante « pro-capital humain » qui entend définir et encadrer l’ensemble des politiques menées. L’apport de cette recherche est donc de nuancer l’idée d’une réforme consensuelle des politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté au Mexique et au Brésil, sans pour autant nier l’ampleur des transformations intervenues. Il en résulte que le changement institutionnel au Brésil s’est opéré par l'ajout de nouveaux dispositifs aux institutions existantes ; et au Mexique, en première instance, le processus de changement et de consolidation de la politique de transfert monétaire s’est produit sous la forme d'un déplacement et, par la suite, afin de maintenir le statu quo, les acteurs défenseurs des institutions ont modifié de façon marginale le programme pour maintenir leurs intérêts. Les instruments monétaires qui visent à lutter contre la pauvreté sont, en effet, l’objet d’un consensus ambigu, plusieurs acteurs issus de différentes coalitions finissant par le revendiquer. Enfin, la variable intérêt, nécessaire à différents moments, s’est constituée comme une variable essentielle pour comprendre la permanence de ces politiques par l’intermédiaire des phénomènes de verrouillage. / The 1990s saw the birth of so-called 'conditional cash transfers', assistance programs for poor families on the condition that they encourage their children to seek education and attend health centers. In order to reduce poverty and ensure a better future for tomorrow's « poor », these policies represent a new type of social protection with different principles and modes of operation for traditional programs. The analysis of their origins reveals a progressive structuring marked by institutional contexts and different paths that have generated similar results. The objective of this study is to identify one or more variables that might explain their emergence and expansion in Brazil and Mexico in the 1990s and 2000s and to highlight how the evolution of these policies could generate more or less strong opposition from some actors as well as the institutional constraints these policies face. We can observe group structures centred on "causes" - notably the cause of human capital - that have largely determined the development and implementation of these policies. This paper seeks to show the nuances of the idea of consensual reforms in Mexico and Brazil, without denying the extent to which these transformations have occurred. This means that institutional change in Brazil is operated by adding new features to existing institutions; while in Mexico, in the first instance, the process of change and consolidation of conditional cash transfer programs has occurred as an institutional shift and then the defenders of the status quo actors marginally modified the program to keep their interests. As monetary instruments to combat poverty, these programs are the subject of an ambiguous consensus and actors from different coalitions end up supporting them. Finally, "interests", necessary at different times, were constituted as a key variable to understand the permanence and strengthening of these policies through locking phenomena. / A década de 1990 assistiu ao nascimento das chamadas « transferências condicionadas de renda » : programas assistenciais para famílias pobres à condição de que elas incentivem seus filhos a prosseguirem os estudos e que frequentem centros de saúde. Com o objetivo de reduzir a pobreza e assegurar um futuro melhor para os « pobres » de amanhã, essas políticas representam um novo tipo de proteção social com princípios e modos de operaçäo diferentes dos programas tradicionais. A análise de suas origens revela uma estruturação progressiva marcada por contextos institucionais e trajetórias distintas que geraram resultados semelhantes. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar uma ou mais variáveis que possam explicar a emergência e expansão no Brasil e no México nas décadas de 1990 e 2000, examinando a maneira como suas evoluções suscitaram oposições mais ou menos fortes de atores e os constrangimentos institucionais enfrentados. Nós podemos observar uma estruturação de grupos reunidos em torno a « causas » - notadamente a causa do capital humano - que influem na elaboração e na implementação dessas políticas. Esse trabalho busca matizar a ideia de reformas consensuais no México e no Brasil, sem negar a dimensão das transformações ocorridas. A mudança institucional no Brasil é operada por meio da adição de novos recursos às instituições existentes; e no México, em primeira instância, o processo de mudança e consolidação da política de transferência de renda ocorreu como um deslocamento institucional e, posteriormente, os atores defensores do status quo modificam marginalmente o programa para manter os seus interesses. Assim, esses programas são objeto de um consenso ambíguo, uma vez que atores de diferentes coalizões passam a reivindicar eventualmente esses instrumentos. Finalmente, os « interesses » constituíram-se como uma variável chave para entender a permanência e o reforço das condicionalidades dessas políticas por meio de fenômenos de lock- in.

This dissertation explores the role of relationships with front-line officers on the subjective wellbeing of the recipients of the conditional cash transfer programme in Mexico, Oportunidades-Prospera. To do so, it builds bridges between the literatures on wellbeing, development and public policy. In recent decades, wellbeing has acquired greater significance in public policy with the interest of changing the conceptualization of progress from one driven by economic growth to one which takes quality of life as its ultimate aim. Much attention has been placed on measuring wellbeing for national policy deliberation. This dissertation, instead, is interested in understanding how taking a wellbeing approach may contribute to street-level development: to the design, practice and implementation of social policies and programmes. The value of wellbeing is that it draws attention to dimensions of experience that policy has tended to under-estimate or ignore. In this respect, one of the most consistent findings of wellbeing scholarship is the centrality of social relationships in shaping action and driving how people evaluate their lives. While the main emphasis has been on close relationships, this dissertation asks how the relationships created during the implementation of social programmes may influence wellbeing – and hence the overall impact of policies themselves. This research focuses on relationships at the health clinics which clients of Oportunidades-Prospera are required to attend as a condition for receiving a cash transfer. It follows a mixed-methods approach that reveals that relationships with health officers have a significant role on recipients’ sense of what they can do and be in different domains. It also finds that the quality of these relationships has two dimensions, positive and negative, and that these have differential effects on wellbeing. The study concludes that paying attention to the wellbeing implications of officer-recipient relationships deepens understanding of the overall effect of social programmes on their clients, highlighting unintended effects that are usually unaccounted for. In addition, the significance of relationships in implementation indicates a vital dimension of the policy process that requires direct attention if social policy and programmes are to achieve their full potential to improve people’s wellbeing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Madalena Serpa Pimentel Dias Amado.pdf: 1143512 bytes, checksum: aba60105ecdf6cc81addf1f0a72a1c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-06 / This dissertation seeks to analyze the effects of conditional cash transfers (specifically the case of Bolsa Familia Program), to the social condition of the former beneficiaries, in the pursuit of autonomy and emancipation. The research piece is pursued essentially in a qualitative manner, having analyzed the cash transfer cancellation motives as well as through interviewing the former beneficiaries whom are not receiving the benefit of Bolsa Familia Program (PBF) anymore in São Paulo in this way illustrating how the effect of the programme influences (or not) the degree of autonomy or emancipation of the family. There are numerous variables being analyzed, such as: the period of time the families have been receiving the cash transfer, reasons for quitting the program, main changes understood by the families to what concerns access to goods and services that meet their basic demands. These basic needs include education, healthcare, justice, transportation, water, electricity, and nourishment. Furthermore, the study focuses on additional factors such as relevant variations in the autonomy and emancipation of the families before and after the programme. Within this category, were considered as main analysis factors the access to services and complementary programmes, access to knowledge and information, access to the labour market noting variations in the form and the quality of labour, and in the ability to generate income. Additionally, still within this category of analysis were considered factors such as social participation, the capacity to affect change and to relate family personal achievements to wider conquers within the public sphere. In the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study, there are a variety of concepts associated to Social Protection its historical perspective, and the evolution of the social policies associated to social rights and citizenship, following a line of research that enables the comprehension of the current Brazilian social policies and the main debates it raises. The Social Assistance Policy is the main point of analyzes within the Social Protection issue. In the Brazilian Social Assistance Policy, it is further examined the consolidation of the Bolsa Família Program from its origin, to its management, as well as key impacts pointed out by several studies and the major controversies surrounding the Program. Through the empirical research, data, provided by the Secretary for Social Assistance and Development (Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social), through its Benefits Management Directorate (Coordenadoria de Gestão de Benefícios), as well as through interviews with family members that have previously benefited from the PBF, has been analyzed. The analysis and interpretation of the compiled data allowed for a thorough understanding, which enables the provision of answers to various questions raised throughout the study, and also to examine previous assumptions. As illustrated by the results and data collected through the interviews, the importance of the Bolsa Familia Program to the families is shown as a supplementary income source, as supporting food consumption as well as a survival resource. Although, under no circumstances, were these associated to structural changes in living standards before and after receiving this benefit, nor was it possible to identify an increase in autonomy or in the emancipation of these families as a result of the PBF / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o efeito dos programas de transferência de renda condicionada (neste caso o Programa Bolsa Família) na condição social das famílias beneficiárias desligadas, sob a perspectiva da conquista da autonomia e emancipação. A pesquisa é de caráter essencialmente qualitativo, tendo-se analisado os motivos de cancelamento de benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família, na cidade de São Paulo, no ano de 2013, assim como se efetuou uma análise qualitativa dos dados recolhidos através de entrevistas a famílias já desligadas do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), na cidade de São Paulo permitindo observar o efeito que este programa repercute (ou não) em sua autonomia e emancipação. São analisados o tempo de permanência no programa, os fatores de desligamento, principais alterações percebidas pelas famílias na sua condição de vida, antes e depois da participação no Programa, utilizando como fator de análise principal a capacidade de acessar serviços e bens que respondam às demandas e necessidades básicas da família, entre as quais educação, saúde, justiça, transporte, água, eletricidade, bens alimentares e outros, principais alterações na autonomia e emancipação das famílias antes e depois do programa, utilizando como principais fatores de análise o acesso a serviços e programas complementares, acesso à informação e conhecimento, acesso ao trabalho e mudanças no tipo e qualidade do trabalho ou na geração de renda, participação social, capacidade de afetar mudança e vinculação entre conquistas individuais das famílias e conquistas/avanços no espaço coletivo. No referencial teórico e conceitual da presente pesquisa, trabalha-se com diversos conceitos associados à questão da Proteção Social perspectiva histórica e evolução das políticas sociais associada aos direitos sociais e cidadania, percorrendo uma linha de análise que permite a compreensão das políticas sociais brasileiras na atualidade e os principais debates a ela associados. A Política de Assistência Social é o principal ponto de análise no âmbito da Proteção Social. No âmbito da Política de Assistência Social brasileira, é ainda analisada a consolidação do Programa Bolsa Família desde a sua origem, a sua gestão, principais impactos apontados por estudos diversos, assim como as principais polêmicas em torno do Programa. Na pesquisa empírica, foram coletados e analisados dados compilados e fornecidos diretamente pela Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social de São Paulo (SMADS), através da Coordenadoria de Gestão de Benefícios (CGB), e foram realizadas entrevistas com membros de famílias que foram beneficiárias do PBF. A análise e interpretação dos depoimentos coligidos permitiu confrontar a situação das famílias com as propostas do PBF de modo a responder às questões e às hipóteses que motivaram e orientaram a pesquisa. Como se verifica na pesquisa, pelos dados recolhidos nas entrevistas, afirma-se a importância do Bolsa Família na complementação de renda, no consumo de alimentos e na sobrevivência, mas em nenhum caso foram associadas mudanças estruturais nas condições de vida antes e depois do recebimento do benefício, nem se conseguiu identificar a conquista da autonomia ou emancipação destas famílias por influência ou impacto do PBF

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T17:59:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T18:00:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-22T18:38:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-22T18:39:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Marcel.pdf: 531665 bytes, checksum: 488bf4363b6eade2ed90a04a0da75aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / In this paper we study the e ects of conditional cash transfers in school enrolment and tackling child labour. We develop a dynamic heterogeneous agent general equilibrium model, where households face a set of tradeo s while allocating their children's time in leisure activities, schooling and working. We calibrate the model using data from the Brazilian survey PNAD in order to quantify the e ects of a conditional transfer. We then evaluate the results of a policy experiment that implements a conditional cash transfer scheme similar to the Brazilian Bolsa Familia. Our results suggest that the program, in the long term, is able to substantially increase school registration and reduce child labour and poverty. In addition, we nd out that a progressive conditional cash transfer results in even more bene ts. / Neste trabalho, estudamos os impactos de transfer^encias condicionais de renda sobre o trabalho e a educa c~ao infantis. Para tanto, desenvolvemos modelo din^amico de equil brio geral com agentes heterog^eneos, onde as fam lias enfrentam tradeo s com rela c~ao a aloca c~ao de tempo das crian cas em atividades de lazer, em escolaridade e em trabalhar. O modelo e calibrado usando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra em Domic lios, de modo que podemos quanti car os efeitos de uma pol tica de transfer^encia de renda. Finalmente, avaliamos o impacto de um pol tica semelhante ao atual Bolsa Fam lia. Nossos resultados sugerem que o programa, no longo prazo, e capaz de induzir um aumento substancial na escolaridade, al em de ser efetivo na redu c~ao do trabalho infantil e da pobreza. Al em disso, mostramos que um programa progressivo de transfer^encia condicional de renda resulta em benef cios ainda maiores.