The aim of this thesis is to perform an analysis of MODUS ltd. which will be based on evaluation of its economic performance and finding out the causes of the current situation. In the first part, there is basic theoretical determination of the analysis and all of its appurtenances. The second part emphasizes on an extensive characteristics of the chosen company, so that it is possible to perceive the calculated determinants from the right perspective. The third part includes the performance of the analysis of a given company and a well-arranged recording and subsequent evaluation of the results obtained. The thesis is concluded with the evaluation of the economic situation of the company based on the results of the analysis and with the recommendation of particular measures which would increase the economic efficiency and effectiveness in the future. Furthermore, there is a summary of models and determinants used with an indication of their advantages and disadvantages.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Volk.pdf: 970743 bytes, checksum: f73e68af6022abaac3548d2636c84a4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-04 / The study of the decisions related to the structure of capital in the Brazilian market always motivates. Especially in Brazil where, the difficulties of raising long-term feature of financial market often leads companies to the debt shorter deadlines. Several studies and empirical evidence have shown that the decisions of the capital structure can affect the value of companies on the market, and evaluate the issue considering the imperfections in the market, such as taxes, cost of bankruptcy, cost of agency and asymmetry of information. Studied the forms and the cost of raising resources for the short and long term and the decision making that defines the capture of resources through case study of ceramic company in the industry of Santa Catarina. We note that the three theories that seek to explain the Temporal Structure of Interest Rates to which most closely approximates the Brazilian reality is the theory of segmentation of the market. That means policyholders and donors of funds are concentrated in certain segments of the yield curve and that the rates in different maturities are determined by conditions of supply and demand of the various market segments. The lack of savings of more mature in Brazil in sufficient volume to meet the investment needs of the economy leads to funding with resources official whose major donor is the National Bank of Economic and Social Development (BNDES), which practices interest rate lower than the private market. Since the cost of equity capital from third less than the cost of equity, the debt contributes to the reduction of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, especially in the use of debt to long-term, as the interest in this company for the long term are less than the short-term. In the case study found an unusual shape to decrease the cost of capital of the company, which is the tax debt which further reduces the cost of capital / O estudo das decisões relacionadas à estrutura de capital no mercado brasileiro sempre motiva. Principalmente no Brasil onde, as dificuldades de captação de recurso de longo prazo no mercado financeiro muitas vezes levam as empresas ao endividamento a prazos mais curtos. Vários estudos e evidências empíricas têm demonstrado que as decisões de estrutura de capital podem afetar o valor das companhias no mercado, e avaliam a questão considerando as imperfeições no mercado, como impostos, custo de falência, custos de agência e assimetria de informações.Estudamos as formas e o custo de captação de recursos de curto e longo prazo e o processo decisório que define a captação dos recursos através de estudo de caso de empresa do ramo cerâmico de Santa Catarina.Constatamos que das três teorias que buscam explicar a Estrutura Temporal das Taxas de Juros a que mais se aproxima da realidade brasileira é a teoria da segmentação de mercado. Isso significa que tomadores e doadores de fundos se concentram em determinados segmentos da curva de rendimento e que as taxas em diferentes maturidades são determinadas pelas condições de oferta e demanda dos vários segmentos de mercado. A falta de poupanças de maior maturidade no Brasil em volume suficiente para atender às necessidades de investimentos da economia leva ao financiamento com recursos oficiais cujo grande financiador é o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), que pratica taxa de juro inferior às do mercado privado. Sendo o custo de capital próprio de terceiros menor que o custo de capital próprio, o endividamento contribui com a redução do Custo Médio Ponderado de Capital, especialmente na utilização de endividamento de longo prazo, já que nesta empresa os juros de longo prazo são menores que as de curto prazo.No estudo de caso constatamos uma forma pouco usual de diminuição do custo de capital da empresa, que é o endividamento tributário que reduz mais ainda o custo de capital

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julio Henrique Machado.pdf: 905798 bytes, checksum: 7ac8ed8754f81d3df49b137642325f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-26 / The oil is an essential commodity to the modern economy and it will continue being at least during the first half of 21st century. The fact of the remaining reserves are in deep and ultradeep waters, makes the sector demands considerable investments in research, extration and production. Thus, the petroliferous ones need to have a satisfactory performance, remunerating the shareholders of this sector. In this context, the research is developed with the general objective to analyze the capacity of the companies of the petroliferous sector, in creating economic value and keeping them consistent in the long stated period. For the reach of the general objective, the specific objective is to describe the characteristics of this sector as well as the theoretical referencial being involved theories of the capital structure and value based management. The sample is composed by 10 integrated company of oil listed in the New York Stock Exchange - NYSE. For the correlation study, the activities of exploration and production (E&P) called independent and the economic value added (EVA) called dependent. It has observed that there is not a trend of correlation in the companies, therefore was influenced by the price of market of the barrel and also by the premium demanded for the risk, that varied in the years in analysis. One notices that the reserves are in decline, due to difficulty in its replacement, what it represents uncertainty about the generation of economic value in this sector considering the long stated period / O petróleo é uma commodity essencial à economia moderna e o continuará sendo ao menos durante a primeira metade do século XXI. O fato de as reservas restantes estarem em águas profundas e ultraprofundas, faz com que o setor demande investimentos consideráveis em atividades de exploração e produção. Assim, as petrolíferas precisam ter um desempenho satisfatório, remunerando os acionistas deste setor. Neste contexto, o trabalho desenvolve-se com o objetivo geral de analisar a capacidade das empresas do setor petrolífero, em criar valor econômico e mantê-los consistentes no longo prazo. Para o alcance do objetivo geral, o objetivo específico é descrever as características deste setor bem como o referencial teórico envolvendo teorias da estrutura de capital e gestão baseada no valor. A amostra é composta por 10 companhias integradas de petróleo listadas na New York Stock Exchange - NYSE. Para o estudo de correlação, consideram-se as atividades de exploração e produção (E&P) como variável independente e o valor econômico agregado (EVA) como variável dependente. Observa-se que não há uma tendência de correlação nas empresas, pois o EVA foi fortemente influenciado pelo preço de mercado do barril e também pelo prêmio exigido pelo risco, que variou nos anos em análise. Nota-se que as reservas estão em declínio, devido à dificuldade em sua reposição, o que representa incerteza quanto à geração de valor econômico neste setor considerando o longo prazo

As proposições seminais de Modigliani e Miller iniciaram um campo novo de estudos na moderna teoria de finanças. Com o passar do tempo, suas premissas básicas foram sendo relaxadas, de tal sorte que atualmente são raras as situações em que podem ser aplicadas plenamente, obtendo resultados satisfatórios e consistentes. Por outro lado, pelo fato desse conjunto simples de proposições ter se tornado mundialmente conhecido e de fácil aplicação, acabou sendo adotado como receita geral para a avaliação de empresas. Este trabalho revisita, criticamente, as idéias de Modigliani e Miller, verificando que a aplicação simples e imediata das proposições pode enviesar os valores da firma e do capital próprio. Em situações em que não existe viés de metodologia, os valores resultantes são herméticos, não possibilitando a análise e administração dos elementos individuais que compõem o valor da firma e do capital próprio. O presente trabalho sugere uma metodologia alternativa de avaliação da firma e do capital próprio que independe da validade das premissas de Modigliani e Miller, de tal forma que seja possível a identificação analítica dos componentes de seu valor. A metodologia de avaliação proposta considera que o valor dos ativos independe da estrutura de capital, mas que existe certo componente de valor da firma (diferente do valor dos ativos) que depende da interação entre o financiamento pelo capital próprio e os investimentos operacionais, e que esse valor pode ser identificado e contabilizado isoladamente. A metodologia de avaliação proposta também considera o ganho da dívida como componente do valor da firma e do capital próprio, pelo fato de ser, do ponto de vista do acionista, o quanto de valor o capital de terceiros agrega à firma e ao capital próprio. O arcabouço teórico da metodologia apresentada neste trabalho é encontrado no desenvolvimento do Valor Presente Ajustado, pois, conceitualmente, abrange todos os ´efeitos colaterais´ que podem advir da interação entre estrutura de capital e de investimentos. / The seminal proposals by Modigliani and Miller constituted the start of a new study area in modern finance theory. Over time, their basic premises were slackened to the extent that, nowadays, there are few situations in which they can fully be applied and obtain satisfactory and consistent results. On the other hand, due to the fact that this simple set of proposals became known around the world and is easy to apply, it ended up being adopted as a general recipe for company valuation. We present a critical review of Modigliani and Miller’s ideas, verifying that the simple and immediate application of these proposals can bias firm and equity values. In situations where no methodological bias is present, the resulting values are hermetic and do not permit the analysis and management of the individual components of firm and equity values. This study suggests an alternative methodology for firm and own capital valuation which does not depend on the validity of Modigliani and Miller’s premises, allowing for the analytical identification of firm and equity value components. The proposed valuation methodology considers that asset value does no depend on capital structure, but that there exists a certain component of firm value (different from asset value) which depends on the interaction between debt and equity financing and operational investments, and that this value can be identified and accounted for in itself. The valuation methodology proposed here also considers the gain on debt as a component of firm and equity value, due to the fact that, from the stockholder’s perspective, it represents the amount of value debt adds to the firm and to the own capital. The theoretical framework of the methodology presented here resides in the development of Adjusted Present Value, as it conceptually covers all ´collateral effects´ that may stem from the interaction between capital structure and investments.

The aim of this dissertation is to design finance management model and then to test it in real company operated in field of facility management (property and asset management in the field of real estate’s). Designed model works with instruments of financial analysis and investment management. Key hypothesis of the model tells that return on equity should by higher or equal in comparison to weighted average cost of capital. This hypothesis is used not only for effective financial management of the company but also for its smaller units (business centres). Part of the dissertation is definition how to implement and use the model (31 steps for the implementation). Designed model (and hypothesis as well) is verified on the case study.

本研究的目的在於探討企業的財務結構決策是否攸關市場價值。根據加權平均資金成本與企業評價模式相關文獻基礎，產生下列三個假設：(1)資本結構與平均資金成本存有關聯性；(2)最適資本結構必須存在，以使平均資金成本達到最低；(3)平均資金成本與企業價值也存有關聯性。故本研究之實證議題探討：(1)平均資金成本與資本結構的關聯性以及最佳資本結構是否存在(2)加權平均資金成本、權益資金成本與企業價值的關聯性(3)資本結構與平均資金成本之關聯性對企業價值的影響。 本研究使用民國80年至88年台灣證交所股票上市公司作為樣本資料，主要的實證結果如下。財務結構與平均資金成本具有顯著的負向關係，故實證結果並不支持M-M 的槓桿無關論。在十八個產業中，大約半數的產業存在最適資本結構。此外，相對於平均資金成本而言，權益資金成本與股價報酬呈現顯著的負向關係，且具有較高的解釋力；這個結果強調了權益資金成本在解釋股價報酬上的重要性。 本研究亦發現，企業經理人無法透過財務結構的調整來極大化企業的價值，經理人應該考量其他方式來極大化公司的價值。 / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether financial structure decisions of a firm are relevant to its market value. Three assumptions underlie the literature on weighted average cost of capital and firm valuation models. First, the linkage exists between the capital structure and the average cost of capital. Second, in order to minimize the average cost of capital, the presence of optimal capital structure is required. And third, the relationship exists between the average cost of capital and firm values. The empirical issues explored in this thesis therefore include: (1) The relationship between the average cost of capital and the capital structure and the presence of optimal capital structure; (2) The association between weighted average cost of capital, cost of equity capital and firm values; and (3) The influence of capital structure-average cost of capital relationship on firm values. Using the listed companies on Taiwan Stock Exchange over the period of 1991 to 1999 as the sample, major empirical findings are as follows. The empirical evidence indicates that financial structure is significantly negatively associated with the average cost of capital, which in turn may imply the M-M leverage irrelevance proposition is not supported by the sample firms examined. About half of the 18 industries examined in this study suggest the presence of optimal capital structure. Furthermore, compared to the average cost of capital, the cost of equity capital is found to be significantly and negatively associated with stock returns and has better explanatory power. This emphasizes the importance of the cost of equity capital in interpreting the behavior of stock returns. In addition, this thesis also finds that managers’ influence of maximizing firms’values through adjusting their firms’financial structures is limited. Managers may have to find avenues other than financial structure decisions to maximize the values of their firms.

在經濟自由化、國際化的浪潮下，現代企業為加強其市場競爭力，勢必走向資金密集、技術密集為主的型態，因此企業的大型化、多元化以及專業化將成為未來的發展趨勢。另一方面，由於一般企業對於外部資金的倚賴甚深，因此融資決策為企業最重要的功能政策之一。故集團企業在融資上是否較非集團企業占優勢，即為本研究的主要目的。 　　本研究以上市公司為研究對象，以公開財務資料與問卷為資料來源，利用卡方分析、ｔ檢定、無母數統計與主成份分析等統計方法來比較集團企業在融資上是否較非集團企業占優勢，研究結果如下： 　　不論是集團企業或非集團企業，融資決策都占有重要的地位。一般企業多有專人或專責部門負責公司的融資活動，且多會編製融資計劃，也都認為融資決策應與總體策略和功能政策配合。 　　集團企業的的負債成本與加權平均資金成本明顯低於非集團企業；權益成本亦低於非集團企業，但僅獲統計上部分支持。 　　集團企業以抵押貸款與股票兩者為融資來源時，其取得資金的時間低於非集團企業，而在信用貸款、票券、公司債上並無顯著差異。但就一般而言，集團企業的融資彈性較非集團企業為佳。 　　若以資金成本與融資彈性來衡量融資上的競爭優勢，發現集團企業較非集團企業在融資上有優勢存在。

本研究探討台灣企業實施環境風險管理與資金成本及財務績效之關係。以ISO14001環境管理系統認證做為實施環境風險管理的指標，研究實施環境風險管理的企業在資金成本與財務績效上是否具有較佳之表現。本研究以截至2011年4月通過ISO14001認證之上市櫃公司為實驗組，以及未曾通過認證之公司為對照組。並分為三部份進行迴歸分析，其主要研究結果如下： (一) 實施環境風險管理對債劵資金成本有負向影響。但對股東權益資金成本是正向顯著的影響。因股東權益占公司資金比重較大，故加權平均資金成本亦為正向顯著影響。 (二) 在財務績效的部份，大都支持企業實施環境風險管理時，與財務槓桿呈負向關係。並且實驗組均支持通過年數越長對稅盾有負向影響。此外，實驗組全體產業與實驗組非高污染性產業，通過認證時間越長，則對系統性風險有負向顯著影響。但實驗組高污染性產業之環境風險管理與系統性風險則無顯著相關。 (三) 由實驗組與對照組之研究比較，發現支持實施環境風險管理之公司具有較低之大股東持股比。 (四) 根據實驗組之研究，發現公司通過環境風險管理之認證，與外資法人投資比率有正向關係。但實驗組與對照組之比較，通過認證與否則對外資呈負向顯著的關係。實驗組高低汙染性產業比較中，高污染性產業僅通過認證年數與外資投資比率呈顯著相關，但非高污染性產業則不論是否通過認證與通過年數，均與外資投資比率呈正向顯著相關。 關鍵字：ISO14001環境管理系統、環境風險管理、資金成本、財務績效。 / This study investigates the relationship between implementing environmental risk management and cost of capital and financial performance for the public companies in Taiwan. Using the ISO14001 environmental management system certification as the indicator of environmental management, this thesis explores whether the companies implementing the environmental risk management system will possess lower the cost of capital and better financial performance. Among the sample firms, the companies with ISO14001 certification in year 2011 are regarded as the experimental group, and the companies have not been certified as the controlled group. Then this study conducts regression analyses for environmental risk management. The major findings are as follows: 1. Implementation of environmental risk management and the capital cost of bonds have a significantly negative relationship. However, the capital cost of equity shows a significantly positive relationship. Since shareholders' equity is a greater proportion on the company's funds in the sample firms, so the weighted average cost of capital also presents a significantly positive relationship. 2. Regarding the relationship between firm’s financial performance and its environmental risk management, this study finds that financial leverage exhibits a negative relationship. The experimental group supports that the companies with ISO14001 certification for longer years have a negative relationship with their tax shields. Besides, in the entire experimental group and experimental group of non-highly-polluting industries, the systemic risk shows a negative relationship with the longer years of certification. However, environmental risk management and the systemic risk do not present significant correlation in the experimental group of highly-polluting industries. 3. The comparison between the experimental group compared and the controlled group support the hypothesis that implementation of environmental risk management can have a lower ratio of large shareholdings. 4. The study of experimental group supports that foreign investors’ shareholdings have a positive relationship with the firms passing the certification. However, the comparison between the experimental group and the controlled group shows certification and foreign investor negatively related. In highly-polluting industries, the number of certified years is the only factor influencing foreign investors’ shareholdings. In non-highly-polluting industries, passing the certification and number of certified years both are positively associated with foreign investors’ shareholdings. Keywords：ISO14001 environmental management system, environmental risk management, cost of capital, financial performance.

歐盟保險業者於2005年開始，將強制採用IFRS之相關規定。而過去IFRS對於保險業之影響主要以理論探討為主，因此本研究以歐盟壽險業為主要研究對象，探討IFRS適用對壽險業之影響。研究結果發現歐洲壽險業者於適用IFRS後，整體而言的確對於其盈餘波動程度產生正向影響；在資金成本方面則為負向之影響。有關投資配置之影響部分，IFRS之實施對於壽險業者之投資決策並未產生顯著之影響。另一方面，壽險業者之審計公費有降低之趨勢，但其資訊揭露成本有顯著增加之趨勢存在。 / Beginning in 2005, compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has been required in the European Union insurance industry. In the past, the influences of IFRS on the insurance business primarily take the theory discussion. The study takes the European Union life insurance industry as the main objects of study, trying to discuss what the influences of life insurance industry to adopt IFRSs. The study finds that after European Union life insurance industry adopting IFRS, the earning volatility increase and cost of capital would decrease. But in the investment allocations, the influences of IFRS are not significant. In the other hand, audit cost would decrease and information disclosure cost would increase.

Submitted by Thiago Barros (tsousabarros@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T18:18:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Barros (2017) - Ensaios em Board Interlocking FGV.pdf: 2697775 bytes, checksum: 179d17770e8ab784fd42265ac0ed1779 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Tereza Fernandes Conselmo (maria.conselmo@fgv.br) on 2018-01-11T20:05:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Barros (2017) - Ensaios em Board Interlocking FGV.pdf: 2697775 bytes, checksum: 179d17770e8ab784fd42265ac0ed1779 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T16:19:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Barros (2017) - Ensaios em Board Interlocking FGV.pdf: 2697775 bytes, checksum: 179d17770e8ab784fd42265ac0ed1779 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Nos últimos anos, o tema da governança ganhou relevância no contexto corporativo, muito em função da proliferação de empresas multinacionais, do desenvolvimento dos mercados de capitais e do crescente número de investidores. Neste cenário, os Conselhos de Administração das firmas, figuras centrais para o cumprimento das funções de monitoramento, exercício das boas práticas de governança e proteção dos acionistas, vêm sendo estudados tanto no meio empresarial, quanto na esfera acadêmica. Tendo em consideração que a forma, o perfil e a independência do Conselho de Administração podem afetar as decisões tomadas pelas companhias, especialmente quanto as questões financeiras de investimento, além de impactar no desempenho das firmas e possibilitar a elas maior ou menor acesso a informações e recursos, esta tese almejou investigar o board interlocking – que é quando um conselheiro ocupa assento em mais de uma empresa –, característica usualmente notada nos mercados globais. Todavia, na literatura financeira contemporânea tem havido evidências empíricas antagônicas quanto aos reais benefícios e prejuízos advindos do uso dessa estratégia de deter Conselhos de Administração interligados, seja através de conselheiros compartilhados ou via interlocking político. Em face desses resultados discrepantes observados e para cumprir com os objetivos de pesquisa delineados, três ensaios foram desenvolvidos e integram este trabalho. O primeiro, utilizando uma amostra com 153 empresas brasileiras para a série 2000-2015, associa a temática do board interlocking com as operações de fusões e aquisições, uma vez que este pode ser um meio utilizado para reduzir assimetria informacional e custos de coleta, afetando a participação em M&As. Em adição e por meio de uma amostra de 174 firmas brasileiras, o segundo ensaio – observando que dentro de uma rede de empresas podem ocorrer formações de mundos pequenos (Small Worlds), grupos estes em que a informação circularia ainda de forma mais célere entre seus membros – investigou a existência desses Small Worlds na rede de firmas brasileiras, considerando o período 2000-2015, e sua influência nos processos de fusões e aquisições. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio, tendo por base uma amostra de companhias brasileiras e contemplando na análise os quatro últimos pleitos eleitorais ocorridos no Brasil (2002, 2006, 2010 e 2014), focalizou a relação entre interlocking político, medido através de doações de campanhas eleitorais e conselheiros com background político, e as previsões dos analistas, utilizando como proxy o custo de capital implícito. Os resultados do primeiro ensaio sugerem que firmas com maior degree, isto é, companhias que mantêm maior número de laços com outras, por meio de conselhos interligados, têm maior probabilidade de realizar fusões e aquisições. O segundo ensaio possibilita inferir que há formação de Small World nas redes anuais de empresas, dado o alto coeficiente de agrupamento e a baixa distância média entre as firmas. Contudo, os resultados sinalizam que o mundo pequeno não afeta significativamente a concretização de M&As, levando em consideração as fusões e aquisições no âmbito nacional e internacional. Por último, o terceiro ensaio evidencia que as doações para campanhas eleitorais, no cenário brasileiro, podem gerar efeitos negativos e os analistas de mercado avaliarem esse tipo de interlocking político como algo de maior risco, o que ocasiona, por conseguinte, maior custo de capital implícito para as empresas. Em contrapartida, deter no board conselheiros com background político não demonstrou relação significante, com exceção do período de Crise Fiscal (medido pela dummy PIB negativo e que compreendeu o hiato temporal 2014- 2015), quando os analistas precificaram o background político como algo negativo, elevando, portanto, o custo de capital implícito. / Governance has become a relevant topic within the corporate context in recent years, largely because of the proliferation of multinational companies, the development of capital markets and the growing number of investors. In this scenario, company Boards of Directors, which are central figures when it comes to complying with monitoring functions, exercising good governance practices and protecting shareholders, have been the object of study in both the business environment and the academic sphere. The shape, profile and independence of the Board of Directors can affect the decisions that companies take, especially with regard to financial investment issues. Such aspects can also have an impact on company performance and enable firms to have greater or lesser access to information and resources. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate board interlocking, a situation in which a director has a seat on the boards of more than one company, a characteristic normally seen in global markets. Some of the empirical evidence in contemporary financial literature, however, is antagonistic as far as concerns the real benefits and losses arising from the use of this strategy of having interconnected Boards of Directors, either by way of shared directors, or political interlocking. In view of these discrepant results and to comply with the research objectives that were outlined, three tests were developed and form part of this work. The first one, using a sample of 153 Brazilian companies for the 2000-2015 series, associates board interlocking with mergers and acquisitions, since this can be a way of reducing information asymmetry and collection costs, thus affecting participation in M&As. Small World formations may occur within a network of companies; these are groups in which information circulates even faster among members. The second test, therefore, involved a sample of 174 Brazilian firms and investigated the existence of these Small Worlds in the network of Brazilian firms, considering the period 2000-2015, and the influence of these Small Worlds on merger and acquisition processes. Finally, the third test, based on a sample of Brazilian companies and considering the last four presidential elections in Brazil (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014), focused on the relationship between political interlocking, as measured by election campaign donations and directors with a political background, and the forecasts of analysts, using as a proxy the implicit cost of capital. The results of the first test suggest that firms with a higher degree, in other words, companies that have a greater number of ties with others by way of interconnected boards are more likely to become involved in mergers and acquisitions. The second test makes it possible to infer that Small Worlds are formed in annual company networks, given the high clustering coefficient and small average distance between firms. Taking into consideration both Brazilian and international mergers and acquisitions, the results, however, indicate that a Small World does not have a significant effect on the carrying out of M&As. Finally, the third test shows that donations to electoral campaigns in the Brazilian context can generate negative effects. Market analysts consider that there is greater risk with this type of political interlocking, which consequently leads to a higher implied cost of capital for the companies. On the other hand, having board members with a political background did not prove to have a significant relationship, except during the fiscal crisis period (as measured by the negative GDP dummy and which included the 2014-2015 hiatus) when analysts "priced" political background as being a negative factor, thus raising the implicit cost of capital.