This thesis is concerned with the concepts of exile, trauma, and nostalgia and how they all come together to create a sense of culture shock that the subjects of my thesis encountered. Azar Nafisi, Nahid Rachlin, Tara Bahrampour, and Azadeh Moaveni, are all Iranian-American authors, and despite their different life experiences and ages, they all encountered culture shock as it related to male-female relations, Iranian gender norms and issues of sex and sexuality and treatments and views of the female body as it relates to reproduction. / text

Using the theory of the dialogical self, this study aimed to understand the identities of a sample of transracially adopted South African adolescents. Particular attention was paid to the identity domains of race and adoption, as well as the impact of relationships on the formation of individual identity. In-depth interviews were conducted with four transracially adopted adolescents and their parents. The voice centred relational method (Brown and Gilligan, 1992) was used as the method of analysis. Results of this research support many assumptions of the theory of the dialogical self and suggest that there is a dynamic relationship between internal and external positions within the self. In addition, the results show that the participants have developed racial and adoptive identities characterized by conflicting positions within the self, which may be mediated by relationships with significant others. Issues specific to the South African context, including language and poverty, also appear to bear significant influence on the identities of the participants. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006

Avec la romanisation à grande échelle pendant le Haut-Empire, les Romains ont propagé leur culture dans tout le bassin méditerranéen. Les jeux de gladiateurs ont été en Asie Mineure un apport important à la société romaine instaurée en milieu grec. Les théâtres hellénistiques ont été modifiés pour accueillir ces nouveaux divertissements, typiquement romains. Il est question de tout ce qui entoure ces endroits et les gladiateurs grecs qui les ont massivement fréquentés pendant les trois premiers siècles de notre ère, également de ces combattants grecs à travers les spectacles, les festivals et le culte impérial. Quatre cités sont étudiées dans cette optique : Éphèse, Aphrodisias, Attaleia, Side. Nous pouvons ainsi analyser les développements de ce phénomène autant dans les grands que les petites villes. / With full scale Romanization during the early days of the Empire, the Romans propagated their culture all across the Mediterranean region. Gladiatorial games were in Asia Minor a significant feature of the Roman culture implanted amid the Greek population. The Hellenistic theaters were modified to accommodate this new Roman entertainment. This contribution is about all that surrounds these places and the Greek gladiators who fought in them during the first three centuries of our era ; it explores those Greek warriors in spectacle, festival and imperial cult. Four cities are studied : Ephesos, Aphrodisias, Attaleia and Side. The choice of these examples, it is hoped, will allow a better understanding of the development of this phenomenon in big urban centers as well as in smaller cities. / Entièrement réalisé grâce au programme LaTeX (http://www.latex-project.org/)

The essay represents the projector principle, on which, as the essay’s author believes, the narration of The Summer Lightning and Other Stories by Olive Senior is based. The projector principle illustrates the idea that little details and images in the text serve big purposes, for example, reflect the emotional state of the characters or how the characters construct their identity. The literary analysis of the present essay aims at exploring a complicated identity construction in the context of Jamaica with its half-lost indigenous and half-remained colonial legacies through the identity construction of adolescent Jamaican protagonists of the short stories.

This thesis relies on the idea that members of a culture should be able to secure the survival and flourishing of their own culture, or, in other words, that they should be self-determining. The collective will to take charge of its own destiny is the sign that a political community exists. The development of this subjectivity is made possible by a shared culture. I argue for conceptualizing self-determination in a way that recognizes both the autonomy of cultural groups and the necessity for people-to-people relations between groups. The people-to-people relations are necessary for allowing the coexistence of different peoples with the same right to self-determination. Although the contemporary discourse of liberal multiculturalism is sympathetic to cultural self-determination, it tends to undercut its own commitment by linking itself to the current systems of nation-states and specifically Western liberal ideas about recognition and empowerment. I will argue that the nationalist discourse that is specific to the literature on liberal multiculturalism intends to empower self-determining peoples, but ultimately reinforces a hierarchy of peoples in which minorities’ nationalism is instrumental to the achievement of the myth of an overarching civic nation that is embodied in the liberal state. (T1). The myth of the civic nation has its origins in the liberal principles of individualism and neutrality of the state. In the context of a multinational state, attempts to create an overarching civic nation result in efforts to domesticate and assimilate diversity. My thesis will also argue that the survival and flourishing of cultures requires both questioning the universality of the state model and developing a post-nationalist framework that would acknowledge the legitimacy of a great diversity of political communities, as such diversity is representative of the diverse cultures that sustain these political communities. (T2).

Ce mémoire est consacré à la construction des personnages féminins juifs dans trois romans modernes et contemporains de la littérature québécoise de langue française. Il se penche sur les romans L’avalée des avalés (1967) de Réjean Ducharme, La Québécoite (1983) de Régine Robin et Hadassa (2006) de Myriam Beaudoin. Les fonctions, les valeurs et les discours entourant la présence des figures féminines juives sont analysés par le biais des dialogues entre les lieux et l’espace de manière à cerner les marqueurs identitaires, culturels, sociaux, linguistiques et religieux. Nous avons cherché à inscrire ce mémoire dans le prolongement du chapitre portant sur la figure féminine juive de l’ouvrage pionnier Mythes et images du Juif au Québec (1977) de Victor Teboul. Teboul considère la figure féminine juive comme un personnage principalement secondaire et sexuel. Cette analyse, très ancrée dans les discours sociaux de la période de publication, mérite d’être revisitée avec un corpus plus élargi et plus contemporain. Pour ce faire, nous avons cerné les principaux vecteurs identitaires féminins juifs en analysant les discours entourant leur présence, les dialogues entre identité, culture, Histoire et société et les dynamiques entre espaces et lieux. Nous avons constaté que, en plus de sortir des stéréotypes, l’identité des figures féminines juives des trois romans est modelée en fonction de son rapport aux lieux et à l’espace. D’une judéité littéraire foncièrement iconoclaste, en passant par une judéité culturelle et mémorielle jusqu’à une judéité qui se veut le plus réaliste, les trois romans du corpus diffèrent largement par leur rapport à la judéité. / This thesis is devoted to the construction of Jewish female characters in three novels of modern and contemporary Quebec french literature. It examines the novels of Réjean Ducharme, L’avalée des avalés (1967), Régine Robin, La Québécoite (1983), Myriam Beaudoin, Hadassa (2006). Functions, values and discourses surrounding the presence of Jewish women figures are analyzed by means of dialogues between places and spaces in order to identify markers of identity, culture, society, linguistic and religion. We sought to update the chapter on the female figure of the Jewish pioneering book Mythes et Images du Juif au Québec (1977) from Victor Teboul. Teboul considers the female Jewish character as a secondary and mainly sexual character. This analysis, deeply entrenched in social discourses of the period of publication, deserves to be revisited with a corpus broader and more contemporary. To do this, we identified the main vectors of female Jewish identity by analyzing the discourses surrounding this presence, dialogue between identity, culture, history and society and the dynamics between spaces and places. We found that, in addition to stereotypes, the Jewish identity of the female figures of the three novels is shaped by its relation with places and spaces. The three novels differ widely in their relationship to Jewishness.

Les Acadiens du Nouveau-Brunswick ont un parcours identitaire collectif riche en rebondissements qui les a menés vers une identité singulière solide. Ils se trouvent désormais confrontés au contexte d’une nouvelle réalité qui est la mondialisation. Depuis les dernières décennies, les changements occasionnés par la mondialisation se répercutent dans la conception même que l’on se fait du parler acadien et des pratiques culturelles acadiennes. Le chiac par exemple, auparavant stigmatisé et dévalorisé, devient maintenant porteur de valeurs identitaires modernes rattachées au mélange des cultures et à l’ouverture à l’autre. Toutefois, les contours de l’identité acadienne demeurent flous et sujets aux débats épistémologiques. La situation particulière d’un groupe qui n’a plus de territoire officiellement reconnu a une forte incidence sur les critères d’appartenance que les acteurs peuvent mobiliser pour se définir. Comment expliquer les processus d’identifications et les stratégies identitaires qui définissent l’appartenance au groupe chez les Acadiens? Partagent-ils les mêmes processus identitaires présents dans la littérature sur le sujet? Une connaissance plus approfondie des processus généraux peut-elle aider à mieux saisir et expliquer la complexité d’un groupe sensiblement diasporique dont l’identité et ses contours sont incertains? L’anthropologie en milieu acadien est presque inexistante. D’autre part, l’identité culturelle est un sujet ayant été longuement étudié et débattu, mais qui demande toujours plus de précision. Cette recherche a permis de mieux cerner de quelle façon la représentation de l’acadianité évolue en milieu minoritaire. / Acadians in New Brunswick have a solid sense of collective identity that it the result of a long and eventful process. They are now faced with the a new reality that is the context shaped by globalization. In recent decades, the changes caused by globalization are reflected in the way that Acadie and Acadian cultural practices are framed discursively. Chiac, for example, was previously stigmatized and devalued, but now becomes the bearer of modern identity values attached to the mixing of cultures and openness to others. Yet the contours of Acadian identity remain unclear and are subject to epistemological debates. The particular situation of this group that has no officially recognized territory has a significant impact on what membership criteria actors can mobilize to define their group. How can we explain the process of identification and identity strategies that define group membership among the Acadians? Do they share the same identity processes that are mentioned in the literature on the subject? Could a deeper understanding of general processes help to better understand and explain the complexity of a group whose indentity is marked by the diasporic experience and whose contours are uncertain? Anthropology is almost nonexistent in the Acadian community. At the same time, cultural identity is a topic that has been extensively studied and debated, but that needs more precise definition. This research is aimed at contributing to a better understanding of how of the representation of minority Acadian identity has evolved.

This thesis concentrates on the 1860s migration and settlement experience of the first German settlers of Gramzow on Queensland’s Logan River. It also describes the internal migration of some among them to the North Arm of the Maroochy River in the early 1880s. The latter journey was undertaken in the company of other Germans from the Logan River district and formed part of a pattern of cluster and chain migration to the North Coast. The first chapter in this thesis discusses the early German settlers’ decision to migrate from their homelands, and their economic and societal reasons for migration. The role played by Johann Christian Heussler in the Germans’ choice of Queensland as a destination, and his contributions to the economic development of Queensland through his position as Emigration Agent to the German States, are reviewed. This thesis also attempts to bring balance to the reputation of Godeffroy and Son, the Hamburg shipping line engaged by Heussler, which brought most of the German settlers to Queensland in the 1860s. The company’s visible commercial strengths such as their size and experience in the Pacific, and their private, internal weaknesses such as failure to adopt new technologies, are examined. Conditions on the Godeffroy vessels are compared with the conditions on ships sailing from Hamburg to America. This approach avoids the usual comparison of German with British sailing ships coming into Moreton Bay. Britain’s exemplary standards for passenger health were beyond the reach of emigrant fleets who operated under Hamburg’s older regulations. The research concludes that, in the early 1860s, conditions on the Godeffroy ships for Queensland were superior to Hamburg ships for New York. Furthermore, this thesis describes the 1868 German settlement of Gramzow on the Logan River and compares it to Bethania. The significance of Queensland’s 1868 lands legislation to the German settlers is explored. It is suggested that the 1868 Crown Lands Alienation Act is connected to the U.S. Homestead Act, 1862, and a comparison is drawn between the Australian, American and Canadian lands settlement legislation. This comparison enables the further suggestion that homestead selectors of the Logan were part of an international group of homesteaders whose occupational identity was tied to opening the land to agricultural smallholding at little cost through many similar or identical legislative rules that predominantly impacted their economic standing positively. How land orders enabled Logan settlers to increase their land holdings is discussed, as are the negative aspects of the lands legislation such as the upper 160 acre limit on land holding. The migration of early German settlers of the Logan district north to Maroochy occurred under Queensland’s 1876 lands legislation. This thesis examines the settlement of Germans on the Canando Run along the North Arm of the Maroochy River in the early 1880s, and describes their settlement conditions. Their motives for moving are examined, how the discovery of gold at Gympie affected them is explored, and the establishment of three German businesses at Maroochy is described. A chart comparing the settlers’ land holdings on the Logan with those at Maroochy illustrates that by moving north, some settlers were able to increase their land holdings threefold. The disappearance of Deutschtum (‘German culture’) after the turn of the century is examined in the final chapter. This thesis asks whether it is appropriate to continue to use the term ‘assimilation’ when speaking of Queensland’s German settler community before and during the First World War. The term appears to draw a veil over the political and economic subjugation of the community during this period. The thesis proposes that it was easier to survive the difficulties of war in rural rather than in urban communities. Although the historiography of the German settlers of Queensland supports an academic conversation on topics such as German emigration, land acquisition and settlement, this thesis focuses on issues outside the boundaries of the current academic thrust. These issues include the settlement of Gramzow in 1868, the homestead provisions in the 1868 Crown Lands Alienation Act and their origins in lands legislation in America, the services provided through Johann Christian Heussler by the German emigrant shipping line ‘Godeffroy and Son,’ the settlement of the North Arm of the Maroochy River by Logan Germans in the early 1880s, and a rejection of the term ‘assimilation’ to describe the eradication of German culture in Queensland after 1914. The leitmotif of this thesis is cultural identity and it explores change in German settlers through various aspects of their identity such as their psychological identity, diasporic experiences, language, and legal and political identity after taking citizenship.

This thesis concentrates on the 1860s migration and settlement experience of the first German settlers of Gramzow on Queensland’s Logan River. It also describes the internal migration of some among them to the North Arm of the Maroochy River in the early 1880s. The latter journey was undertaken in the company of other Germans from the Logan River district and formed part of a pattern of cluster and chain migration to the North Coast. The first chapter in this thesis discusses the early German settlers’ decision to migrate from their homelands, and their economic and societal reasons for migration. The role played by Johann Christian Heussler in the Germans’ choice of Queensland as a destination, and his contributions to the economic development of Queensland through his position as Emigration Agent to the German States, are reviewed. This thesis also attempts to bring balance to the reputation of Godeffroy and Son, the Hamburg shipping line engaged by Heussler, which brought most of the German settlers to Queensland in the 1860s. The company’s visible commercial strengths such as their size and experience in the Pacific, and their private, internal weaknesses such as failure to adopt new technologies, are examined. Conditions on the Godeffroy vessels are compared with the conditions on ships sailing from Hamburg to America. This approach avoids the usual comparison of German with British sailing ships coming into Moreton Bay. Britain’s exemplary standards for passenger health were beyond the reach of emigrant fleets who operated under Hamburg’s older regulations. The research concludes that, in the early 1860s, conditions on the Godeffroy ships for Queensland were superior to Hamburg ships for New York. Furthermore, this thesis describes the 1868 German settlement of Gramzow on the Logan River and compares it to Bethania. The significance of Queensland’s 1868 lands legislation to the German settlers is explored. It is suggested that the 1868 Crown Lands Alienation Act is connected to the U.S. Homestead Act, 1862, and a comparison is drawn between the Australian, American and Canadian lands settlement legislation. This comparison enables the further suggestion that homestead selectors of the Logan were part of an international group of homesteaders whose occupational identity was tied to opening the land to agricultural smallholding at little cost through many similar or identical legislative rules that predominantly impacted their economic standing positively. How land orders enabled Logan settlers to increase their land holdings is discussed, as are the negative aspects of the lands legislation such as the upper 160 acre limit on land holding. The migration of early German settlers of the Logan district north to Maroochy occurred under Queensland’s 1876 lands legislation. This thesis examines the settlement of Germans on the Canando Run along the North Arm of the Maroochy River in the early 1880s, and describes their settlement conditions. Their motives for moving are examined, how the discovery of gold at Gympie affected them is explored, and the establishment of three German businesses at Maroochy is described. A chart comparing the settlers’ land holdings on the Logan with those at Maroochy illustrates that by moving north, some settlers were able to increase their land holdings threefold. The disappearance of Deutschtum (‘German culture’) after the turn of the century is examined in the final chapter. This thesis asks whether it is appropriate to continue to use the term ‘assimilation’ when speaking of Queensland’s German settler community before and during the First World War. The term appears to draw a veil over the political and economic subjugation of the community during this period. The thesis proposes that it was easier to survive the difficulties of war in rural rather than in urban communities. Although the historiography of the German settlers of Queensland supports an academic conversation on topics such as German emigration, land acquisition and settlement, this thesis focuses on issues outside the boundaries of the current academic thrust. These issues include the settlement of Gramzow in 1868, the homestead provisions in the 1868 Crown Lands Alienation Act and their origins in lands legislation in America, the services provided through Johann Christian Heussler by the German emigrant shipping line ‘Godeffroy and Son,’ the settlement of the North Arm of the Maroochy River by Logan Germans in the early 1880s, and a rejection of the term ‘assimilation’ to describe the eradication of German culture in Queensland after 1914. The leitmotif of this thesis is cultural identity and it explores change in German settlers through various aspects of their identity such as their psychological identity, diasporic experiences, language, and legal and political identity after taking citizenship.

This thesis concentrates on the 1860s migration and settlement experience of the first German settlers of Gramzow on Queensland’s Logan River. It also describes the internal migration of some among them to the North Arm of the Maroochy River in the early 1880s. The latter journey was undertaken in the company of other Germans from the Logan River district and formed part of a pattern of cluster and chain migration to the North Coast. The first chapter in this thesis discusses the early German settlers’ decision to migrate from their homelands, and their economic and societal reasons for migration. The role played by Johann Christian Heussler in the Germans’ choice of Queensland as a destination, and his contributions to the economic development of Queensland through his position as Emigration Agent to the German States, are reviewed. This thesis also attempts to bring balance to the reputation of Godeffroy and Son, the Hamburg shipping line engaged by Heussler, which brought most of the German settlers to Queensland in the 1860s. The company’s visible commercial strengths such as their size and experience in the Pacific, and their private, internal weaknesses such as failure to adopt new technologies, are examined. Conditions on the Godeffroy vessels are compared with the conditions on ships sailing from Hamburg to America. This approach avoids the usual comparison of German with British sailing ships coming into Moreton Bay. Britain’s exemplary standards for passenger health were beyond the reach of emigrant fleets who operated under Hamburg’s older regulations. The research concludes that, in the early 1860s, conditions on the Godeffroy ships for Queensland were superior to Hamburg ships for New York. Furthermore, this thesis describes the 1868 German settlement of Gramzow on the Logan River and compares it to Bethania. The significance of Queensland’s 1868 lands legislation to the German settlers is explored. It is suggested that the 1868 Crown Lands Alienation Act is connected to the U.S. Homestead Act, 1862, and a comparison is drawn between the Australian, American and Canadian lands settlement legislation. This comparison enables the further suggestion that homestead selectors of the Logan were part of an international group of homesteaders whose occupational identity was tied to opening the land to agricultural smallholding at little cost through many similar or identical legislative rules that predominantly impacted their economic standing positively. How land orders enabled Logan settlers to increase their land holdings is discussed, as are the negative aspects of the lands legislation such as the upper 160 acre limit on land holding. The migration of early German settlers of the Logan district north to Maroochy occurred under Queensland’s 1876 lands legislation. This thesis examines the settlement of Germans on the Canando Run along the North Arm of the Maroochy River in the early 1880s, and describes their settlement conditions. Their motives for moving are examined, how the discovery of gold at Gympie affected them is explored, and the establishment of three German businesses at Maroochy is described. A chart comparing the settlers’ land holdings on the Logan with those at Maroochy illustrates that by moving north, some settlers were able to increase their land holdings threefold. The disappearance of Deutschtum (‘German culture’) after the turn of the century is examined in the final chapter. This thesis asks whether it is appropriate to continue to use the term ‘assimilation’ when speaking of Queensland’s German settler community before and during the First World War. The term appears to draw a veil over the political and economic subjugation of the community during this period. The thesis proposes that it was easier to survive the difficulties of war in rural rather than in urban communities. Although the historiography of the German settlers of Queensland supports an academic conversation on topics such as German emigration, land acquisition and settlement, this thesis focuses on issues outside the boundaries of the current academic thrust. These issues include the settlement of Gramzow in 1868, the homestead provisions in the 1868 Crown Lands Alienation Act and their origins in lands legislation in America, the services provided through Johann Christian Heussler by the German emigrant shipping line ‘Godeffroy and Son,’ the settlement of the North Arm of the Maroochy River by Logan Germans in the early 1880s, and a rejection of the term ‘assimilation’ to describe the eradication of German culture in Queensland after 1914. The leitmotif of this thesis is cultural identity and it explores change in German settlers through various aspects of their identity such as their psychological identity, diasporic experiences, language, and legal and political identity after taking citizenship.