Introdução: a fibrose cística é uma doença crônica, multissistêmica, autossômica recessiva, de caráter genético. A expectativa de vida de quem convive com essa doença tem aumentado com os avanços no tratamento e com o controle das infecções. Por isso, o número de pessoas que chegam à idade adulta vem crescendo, o que faz surgirem novas demandas de atenção. Objetivo: compreender a experiência de pessoas adultas que convivem com a fibrose cística. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo fundamentado na fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz, realizado com doze pessoas adultas, que possuíam fibrose cística, residentes na cidade de São Paulo. Para obtenção dos depoimentos, utilizou-se a entrevista fenomenológica, com as seguintes questões norteadoras: como é para você conviver com a fibrose cística? Considerando que você tem essa doença crônica, quais são seus planos para o futuro? A Fenomenologia Social de Alfred Schütz permitiu a organização e a análise dos resultados. A discussão do conjunto de categorias que emergiram da experiência vivida foi realizada com base na literatura temática, tendo como fio condutor o referencial teórico-metodológico adotado. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com seres humanos da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, sob o Parecer nº 1.400.118. Resultados: o grupo de adultos com fibrose cística é aquele que convive com a doença e seu impacto desde a infância/adolescência, fases estas que foram representativas para eles, pois foi o momento em que os sintomas iniciaram e eles se perceberam diferentes dos colegas. As pessoas que fazem parte desse grupo social lidam com o preconceito e com o constrangimento causados pelos sinais e sintomas como a fadiga respiratória, a tosse e ainda o tratamento da doença, o que dificulta a realização das atividades cotidianas. Apesar das dificuldades de conviver com a fibrose cística, eles se mostram resilientes, otimistas e adaptam a rotina de tratamento ao seu cotidiano. No que tange ao futuro, os participantes deste estudo referem o medo da morte. No entanto referem-se ao transplante pulmonar como possibilidade de melhorar a qualidade de vida, isto é, estar livres da rotina rígida do tratamento, ter autonomia, independência, além de poder constituir família, dar continuidade aos estudos, conseguir um emprego e realizar atividades que lhes dão prazer. Conclusões: a fenomenologia social de Alfred Schütz possibilitou compreender a experiência de adultos com fibrose cística no contexto social onde estão inseridos, evidenciando elementos importantes para a elaboração de estratégias de cuidado centradas nas necessidades reais deste grupo. Essas necessidades devem ser refletidas no âmbito assistencial, do ensino e da pesquisa em saúde. / Introduction: Cystic fibrosis is a chronic, multisystem, autosomal recessive, genetic disease. The life expectancy of those living with this disease has increased with advances in treatment and control of infections. Therefore, the number of people who reach adulthood has been increasing, which brings new demands for attention. Objective: to understand the experience of adults living with cystic fibrosis. Method: This is a qualitative study based on the social phenomenology of Alfred Schütz, carried out with twelve adults, who had cystic fibrosis living in the city of São Paulo. To obtain the depositions, the phenomenological interview was used, with the following guiding questions: How do you cope with cystic fibrosis? Considering that you have this chronic disease, what are your plans for the future? The Social Phenomenology of Alfred Schütz allowed the organization and analysis of the results. The discussion of the set of categories that emerged from the lived experience was carried out based on the thematic literature, having as a guiding thread the theoretical-methodological reference adopted. The project was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research with human beings of the School of Nursing of the University of São Paulo, under Opinion no. 1,400,118. Results: group of adults with cystic fibrosis is the one who lives with the disease and its impact since childhood / adolescence, these phases were representative for them, because it was that moment that the symptoms started and they perceived different from their colleagues. People who are part of this social group deal with the prejudice and the embarrassment caused by signs and symptoms such as respiratory fatigue, coughing and even treatment of the disease, which makes it difficult to perform daily activities. Despite the difficulties of living with cystic fibrosis, they are resilient, optimistic and adapt the routine of treatment to their daily lives. When thinking about the future, people with cystic fibrosis refer to the fear of death, but refer to lung transplantation as a possibility to improve the quality of life, that is, to be free of the rigid routine of treatment, to have autonomy, independence and be able to start a family, continue their studies, get a job and perform activities that give them pleasure. Conclusions: the social phenomenology of Alfred Schultz made it possible to understand the experience of adults with cystic fibrosis in the social context where they are inserted, showing important elements for the elaboration of care strategies focused on the real needs of this group. These needs must be reflected in the healthcare, teaching and health research.

A Fibrose Cística (FC) é uma condição crônica genética que pode acometer diversos órgãos. O desenvolvimento e validação de instrumentos de Qualidade de Vida relacionada à Saúde (QVRS) específicos para FC permitiram que as respostas psicossociais aos problemas de saúde desta população pudessem efetivamente ser consideradas como medidas em saúde em pesquisas clínicas. Este estudo metodológico, quantitativo, teve como objetivo realizar a validação para o Brasil da versão adaptada do instrumento DISABKIDS® - Módulo Fibrose Cística (DISABKIDS®- MFC) para crianças e adolescentes e seus pais ou cuidadores. Foram verificadas a existência de efeitos floor e ceiling, confiabilidade do instrumento por meio do coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach e pelo teste-reteste, validade de construto do instrumento, por meio da análise multitraço-multimétodo (MTMM) e concordância entre as versões self e proxy por meio do Índice de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). A estrutura fatorial da versão adaptada do DISABKIDS®-MFC foi verificada por meio da utilização da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC), segundo índices de ajuste da Raiz Quadrada Residual Padronizada (RMSEA) e Índice de Ajuste Comparativo (CFI). Para este estudo, considerou-se uma amostra com 226 participantes em quatro estados do Brasil, sendo 102 deles do estudo piloto, coletados no ano de 2009 e 124 coletados de junho de 2011 a janeiro de 2013 para a etapa de campo. As dimensões do instrumento apresentaram altos graus de consistência interna, com valores para a estatística Alpha de Cronbach variando entre 0,71 e 0,87 para crianças e adolescentes e seus pais ou cuidadores. Em relação à validade de construto, segundo análise MTMM, observou-se validade convergente para ambas dimensões, com valores para o coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson entre itens e sua dimensão maiores do que 0,40, na maioria das vezes, e para validade divergente foram encontrados valores de ajuste de 100% para as duas versões self e proxy. A concordância entre as respostas self e proxy foi moderada para a dimensão tratamento (ICC = 0,55) e substancial para a dimensão impacto (ICC = 0,60). O instrumento DISABKIDS®-MFC manteve sua estrutura fatorial, com valores de CFI =0,944 e RMSEA= 0,059, para a versão self e valores de CFI =0,872 e RMSEA= 0,139 para a versão proxy. Dessa forma, os resultados apontam para a validade e confiabilidade da versão self do instrumento DISABKIDS®-MFC e poderá ser incluído na rotina clínica de ambulatórios brasileiros. / Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic chronic condition that can affect several organs. The development and validation of instruments of Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) specifics to FC allowed that psychosocial responses to health problems of this population could effectively be regarded as health measures in clinical research. This methodological quantitative study, aimed to perform the validation of the instrument of HRQoL DISABKIDS®-Cystic Fibrosis Module (DISABKIDS®-CFM) for children and adolescents and their parents or caregivers. It was verified the possible presence of floor and ceiling effects, reliability accordingly to Cronbach\' Alpha coefficient and test-retest, construct validity of the instrument, according to Multitrait Multimethod analysis (MTMM) and agreement between self and proxy versions through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The factor structure of the DISABKIDS®-CFM was verified using of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) according to Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI). For this study, it was considered a sample with 226 participants in four states of Brazil. 102 participants were from pilot test realized in 2009 and 124 from field sample collected between June 2011 and January 2013. The instrument has acceptable internal consistency, with values between 0.87 and 0.71 for children and adolescents and their parents or caregivers in both dimensions. In relation to the construct validity according to MTMM analysis, the convergent validity was often above than 0.40, and to discriminant validity the scale fit values were 100% for both versions. The agreement between self and proxy answer was moderate for treatment dimension and substantial for impact dimension. The DISABKIDS®-CFM kept its factor structure equal to the model originally proposed, with CFI= 0.944 and RMSEA=0.059, to self version, and for proxy version the values were CFI =0.872 and RMSEA= 0.139. The results point to validity and reliability of the DISABKIDS®-CFM, self version, may be included at routine clinical pratice.

A Fibrose Cística (FC) é uma condição crônica genética que pode acometer diversos órgãos. A complexidade dos aspectos presentes na vida de pessoas com FC desafia pesquisadores e profissionais de saúde a cuidar e avaliar sua saúde de maneira ampla. Pesquisas sobre Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (QVRS) se propõem a investigar e avaliar o impacto de enfermidades e seu tratamento na vida das pessoas. O projeto DISABKIDS, desenvolvido simultaneamente em sete países europeus, disponibiliza instrumentos, para mensuração da QVRS de crianças e adolescentes com condições crônicas, dentre estes, um instrumento específico para a FC. Esse estudo metodológico, quantitativo, teve como objetivo realizar a etapa piloto referente a adaptação e validação cultural para o Brasil do DISABKIDS - Cystic Fibrosis Module®. Após a tradução e retrotradução os dados foram coletados junto a crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos e seus pais ou cuidadores. A coleta de dados foi realizada de janeiro a outubro de 2009, compondo uma amostra composta de 128 participantes em 4 estados do Brasil. Os resultados encontrados foram muito satisfatórios, demonstrando que o instrumento foi bem aceito e compreendido pelos participantes e, dentro os dez itens, apenas um foi adaptado culturalmente. Em relação às propriedades psicométricas iniciais o instrumento apresentou consistência interna aceitável, com valores sempre acima de 0,70 e não maiores que 0,85 para crianças e adolescentes e seus pais ou cuidadores em ambas dimensões, validade convergente muito satisfatória, para as duas dimensões, impacto e tratamento, em ambas as versões self e proxy, com valores de ajuste sempre acima de 75% e concordância substancial entre as respostas self e proxy tanto para a dimensão impacto como para a dimensão tratamento, com valor igual a 0,65.Os resultados encontrados apontam que o DISABKIDS-CFM® poderá se constituir um instrumento válido e confiável, podendo ser inserido na rotina de seguimento de pessoas com FC. / Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic chronic condition that can affect several organs. The complexity of the issues involved on the lives of people with CF challenges researchers and health professionals to care and evaluate their health broadly. Researches about Health related Quality of Life (HRQoL) are proposed to investigate and evaluate the impact of illness and its treatment on people\'s lives. The DISABKIDS project, developed simultaneously in seven European countries, provides instruments to measure the HRQoL of children and adolescents with chronic conditions, among them, a specific instrument to CF. This quantitative methodological study, aimed to make the pilot phase of cultural adaptation and validation for Brazil DISABKIDS-Cystic Fibrosis Module®. After translation and back translations the data were collected from children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 and their parents or caregivers. Data collection was conducted from January to October 2009, and the sample was 128 participants in 4 Brazil\'s states. The results were very satisfactory, showing that the instrument was well accepted and understood by participants and within the ten items, only one was culturally adapted. The initial psychometric properties of the instrument showed acceptable internal consistency, with values always above 0.70 and no greater than 0.85 for children and adolescents and their parents or caregivers in both dimensions, very satisfactory convergent validity for the two dimensions , impact and treatment, in both versions, self and proxy, with scale fit values always above 75% and substantial agreement between self and proxy answer to both dimensions impact and treatment, with a value of 0.65. The results show that the DISABKIDS-CFM ® could constitute a valid and reliable instrument and can be inserted in the routine follow-up of people with CF.

Apart from CFRD, low cognitive skill index (CSI) was also found in CF patients and was attributed the lacking of vitamin E. Since it is known that insulin plays a role in the learning and memory, decreased plasma insulin level in CF patients is an alternative mechanism for impaired cognitive function. Although numerous studies have found that insulin can improve learning and memory, the mechanism of it is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of insulin on the expression of hippocampal early-phase long-term potentiation (E-LTP) in the immature rats. Hippocampal brain slices were acutely prepared from 10-12 days and 2 months old rats and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (tEPSCs) were recorded from CA1 region by a multi-electrode in vitro recording system. In the control group, the hippocampal slices of neonatal rats showed no increase in the magnitude of fEPSC after conventional high frequency stimulation (HFS). After pretreatment of the slices with 0.08ng/ml insulin for over one hour, there was no significant change in the magnitude of E-LTP. However, when the insulin concentration increased to 0.8ng/ml, a significant increase in the magnitude of E-LTP was observed. On the contrary, any doses of insulin failed to affect the magnitude of E-LTP of mature rats. These results suggested that insulin could dose-dependently facilitate the production of E-LTP in the hippocampus of infant rats. Application of AG-1024, an inhibitor of insulin receptor, largely abolished the insulin-dependent E-LTP in immature rats rather than adult rats, indicating the involvement of insulin signaling pathway in the insulin effect. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of glucose from 11mM to 22 or 33 mM did not facilitate the E-LTP and application of indinavir, a blocker of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter-4, did not inhibit the effect of insulin. Therefore, it is unlikely that the facilitory action of insulin on E-LTP is via an indirect effect on glucose homeostasis or utilization. Pretreatment with the MAPK pathway inhibitor PD98059 blocked insulin-mediated E-LTP facilitation. Furthermore, the tetanic stimulation induced a significant increase in the level of phosphorylated p42MAPK in the insulin-treated hippocampus than that in the control group. In conclusion, our results suggested that insulin could facilitate the production of hippocampal E-LTP in infant rats, which may play an important role in modulating the expression of LTP in the developing brain and perhaps is an underlying mechanism for the improving effect of insulin on learning and memory. Since insulin plays an important role in the developing brain, perhaps the deficiency of insulin effect resulted from CF patients induces the impairment of cognitive function. / Cystic fibrosis (CF), which is caused by the deficiency of cystic fibrosis transmembrne conductance regulator (CFTR), is the most common autosomal recessive systemic disease with an incidence of 1: 2500 in Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), as one of the complications of CF patients, is regarded as one of the leading co-morbidity in CF patients. The mechanism ofCFRD is attributed to the reduced number of islets due to pancreatic fibrosis caused by the loss of CFTR in pancreatic duct. However, the above mechanism failed to explain the dynamics of insulin secretion induced by glucose tolerance test (GTT) in some CF patients and therefore, we were forced to re-consider the mechanism for the pathogenesis of CFRD. Interestingly, the following facts imply that perhaps there is another mechanism for the onset of CFRD: decreased insulin secretion and decreased plasma HCO3 - concentration was observed in the metabolic acidosis disease, plasma HCO3- level increased accompanied by the elevation of plasma insulin after food intake and CFTR accounted for HCO3 - transport in many epithelial cells. These facts promoted us to hypothesize that the loss of HCO3--induced insulin secretion resulting from the deficiency of CFTR is an alternative mechanism for the onset of CFRD. Our results showed that HCO3- could induce insulin secretion of isolated islets from rats. Ca2+ imaging revealed that HCO3- dose-dependently induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+] i) in RIN-5F cells, an insulin-secreting cell line. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ or addition of nifedipine, the blocker of L-type Ca 2+ channel, decreased the effect of HCO3- significantly, indicating the activation of L-type Ca2+ channel during HCO3- stimulation. The inhibitory effect of BaCl2 implied the involvement of K+ channel. The results that HCO3--induced increase in [Ca 2+]i was reduced by PKA inhibitor and sAC blocker demonstrated that the pathway of sAC-cAMP-PKA-ATP-sentitive K+ channel (K ATP channel) was responsible for the effect of HCO3 -. The reduction of extracellular Cl- or the inhibitor of anion exchanger (AE) inhibited the [Ca2+]i increase induced by HCO3- significantly but the omission of external Na+ failed. The facts that CFTR blocker decreased the effect of HCO3- markedly and the expression of CFTR in RIN-5F cells revealed by western blotting suggested the CFTR-mediated HCO3- transport. These results suggested that HCO 3- could induce insulin secretion in a CFTR-dependent manner, which provided a new insight into the understanding of pathogenesis of CFRD and paved the way for the therapy of CFRD. / Zhao, Wenchao. / "November 2010." / Advisers: Chang Chan; Wing Ho Yung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-138). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Concernant près de 7000 personnes en France, la mucoviscidose est une maladie génétique évolutive dont les atteintes sont multiples. Ces dernières décennies, l’amélioration de la prise en charge des malades a permis de faire évoluer leur durée de vie, et donc d’augmenter la part d’adultes dans la population touchée. Cela a naturellement amené à de nouvelles problématiques concernant la vie des malades, notamment en termes de procréation. A partir des données du Registre Français de la Mucoviscidose récoltées entre 1992 et 2011, ce travail avait d’une part pour objectif d’étudier la fécondité de cette population et de mieux cerner les caractéristiques des femmes atteintes de la maladie, et d’autre part d’identifier les interactions se jouant entre la mucoviscidose et la survenue d’une grossesse. Les résultats ont montré un certain décalage entre la fécondité de la population française générale et celle de la population malade, expliqué en partie par la jeunesse des patientes et leurs comportements conjugaux et scolaires. Une étude de leurs caractéristiques a permis de mettre en évidence l’évolution du nombre de femmes suivies chaque année et leur avancée en âge, mais également l’amélioration de leur état de santé et de l’offre de soin qui leur est proposée. Des analyses multi-variées ont permis par la suite de distinguer les caractéristiques les plus prédictives de la survenue d’une première grossesse : si certaines variables médicales apparaissent significatives, la plupart sont d’ordre sociodémographique. Enfin, ces analyses ont pu mettre en avant le fait que l’effet à court terme de la grossesse sur l’état de santé des patientes n’apparait pas de façon évidente, et lorsqu’il apparaît, reste modeste ; mais également que les modalités du déroulé de la grossesse peuvent avoir un impact sur la santé de la mère.Mots clés : Mucoviscidose, grossesse, fécondité, maladie génétique / Cystic fibrosis is a progressive genetic disease with multiple levels of harm that affects nearly 7000 people in France. Over the last decades, health care improvements has led to an increase in patients’ life expectancy and hence the proportion of adults in the affected population. This has naturally led to new issues relative to the life of patients, notably procreation. Data from the French Cystic Fibrosis Register recorded between 1992 and 2011 were used in this work, firstly to study the fertility of that population and to pinpoint the characteristics of female patients, secondly to identify any interaction between cystic fibrosis and the occurrence of pregnancy. Results showed a discrepancy between the fertility of general French population and that of the patients, which is partly explained when considering the young age of the patients and their conjugal and school behaviour. By studying their characteristics, an increase in both the age and the number of women being followed, as well as an improvement in their health and the treatments provided to them are observed. In the following multivariate analyses single out the most predictive characteristics of the occurrence of first pregnancy: while some medical variables appear to be significant, most of those are socio-demographic. Finally, those analyses showed that the short-term effect of pregnancy on the patients’ state of health does not appear to be evident and remains low when it occurs ; however specific modalities or events throughout the course of the pregnancy could have an impact on the mother’s health.

Introduction: Puberty is a crucial period for rapid changes in bone mineral, size, geometry, and microarchitecture. The mechanostat theory postulates that increased mechanical loading will affect bone phenotype and strength during development and in later life. Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have an increased risk of developing osteoporosis and fragility fractures in young adulthood, which may be caused by poor growth. The aim was to investigate whether sex and disease status modified the relationship between: 1) puberty and bone, and 2) muscle and bone. This would contribute to the understanding of how sex (males vs. females) and disease group (CF vs.controls) alters the relationship between bone and muscle in children and adolescents as they transition through puberty and who, on a population level, differ in the prevalence of osteoporosis and risk of fracture in later life. Methods and Analyses: This observational study used novel imaging and muscle assessment techniques to measure bone and muscle parameters in White Caucasian children and adolescents, aged 8 to 16 years, living in the UK, with children with CF (n=65) and controls (n=151). Anthropometry and pubertal status were assessed. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), high-resolution pQCT, and jumping mechanography were used to measure bone and muscle outcomes. ANCOVA with Scheffé post hoc and multiple linear regression tests were performed. Data were adjusted according to the research aims and included covariates; sex, disease group, pubertal stage, age, quadratic age, height, weight, maximum force (Fmax), and maximum power (Pmax). Data are presented as beta-coefficient (%) and p-value, with the significance level set to p < 0.05. Results: In height adjusted analyses, among healthy participants, females had smaller bones and lower bone density compared to males. With pubertal maturation, females had lower apparent gains in the distal and proximal total area (Tt.Ar and CSA), distal cortical porosity (Ct.Po) and proximal bone strength (SSI) but higher apparent gains in distal and proximal cortical bone density(Ct.BMD, Ct.TMD, vBMD). Females had consistently lower distal total area (total CSA) and density (total vBMD), distal trabecular density(BV/TV) and number(Tb.N), and proximal cortical area(CSA) compared to males, across all stages of puberty. With increasing muscle force (Fmax), females had higher apparent gains in total body less head bone mineral (TBLH BMC) and bone area(BA), distal total and trabecular density (total and trab vBMD) compared to males. In contrast, with increasing muscle power (Pmax), females had higher apparent gains in distal total and cortical densities (D100, Ct.BMD and Ct.TMD), and distal trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and proximal cortical density (cortical vBMD) but lower apparent gains in distal cortical porosity (Ct.Po) and trabecular number (Tb.N) compared to males. In height adjusted analyses, participants with CF had smaller bones and lower bone density compared to controls. With increasing pubertal maturation, participants with CF had lower apparent gains in total body less head bone mineral and bone area, and in distal trabecular density, cortical porosity, and trabecular thickness compared to controls. Participants with CF had consistently lower distal total and cortical area, distal total and trabecular densities and proximal bone strength compared to controls, across all stages of puberty. With increasing muscle force, participants with CF had lower apparent gains in total body less head bone mineral and bone area, distal total density, trabecular density, and trabecular number. In contrast, with increasing muscle power (Pmax), participants with CF had higher apparent gains in distal trabecular density (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) compared to controls. Conclusion: These findings suggests that sex and disease status do modify the relationships between puberty and bone, and between muscle function and bone. Skeletal adaptation to muscle differs between sexes and in populations with chronic disease, which may explain sex and disease group differences in risks of osteoporosis and fracture. Bone adaptation to muscle in children with CF is altered, which may lead to narrow, under-mineralised bones, with lower bone strength in later life. Understanding better impairments in muscle functions may provide targets for intervention to improve skeletal health in later life.

Introdução: A audiometria de altas frequências pode contribuir para a detecção precoce de alterações auditivas causadas por medicações ototóxicas. No tratamento dos pacientes com fibrose cística, existem muitos fármacos ototóxicos que são amplamente utilizados. A detecção precoce de alterações auditivas deve permitir que estas sejam identificadas antes que o dano atinja as frequências da fala. A lesão causada pela ototoxicidade é irreversível, trazendo importantes consequências sociais e psicológicas. Nas crianças, a perda auditiva, mesmo restrita às altas frequências, pode afetar o desenvolvimento da linguagem. Objetivo: Investigar a eficácia e a efetividade do monitoramento da audição por meio da audiometria de altas frequências em pacientes pediátricos com fibrose cística. Método: Foram consultadas as bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science e LILACS, de janeiro a novembro de 2015. Foram selecionados os estudos em que foi realizada audiometria de altas frequências em pacientes com fibrose cística em tratamento com medicamentos ototóxicos, e publicados em português, inglês e espanhol. Para a avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos artigos optou-se pela utilização do Sistema GRADE. Resultados No processo de busca realizado de Janeiro de 2015 à Novembro de 2015 foram encontradas 512 publicações, sendo 250 na PubMed, 118 na MedLine, 142 na Web Of Science e dois na LILACS. Desses, foram selecionados nove artigos. Conclusões: Identificou-se a ocorrência de perda auditiva em altas frequências, em pacientes com fibrose cística sem queixas auditivas. Admite-se que audiometria em altas frequências possa ser um método de diagnóstico precoce a ser recomendado para investigação auditiva de pacientes em risco de ototoxicidade. / Introduction: High frequency audiometry may contribute to the early detection of hearing loss caused by ototoxic medications. In the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis, there are many ototoxic drugs that are widely used. Early detection of hearing loss should allow them to be identified before the damage reaches frequencies of speech. The damage caused by ototoxicity is irreversible, bringing important social and psychological consequences. In children, hearing loss, even restricted to high frequencies, can affect language development. Objective: Investigate the efficacy and effectiveness of hearing monitoring by high frequency audiometry in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods: Electronic databases were searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and LILACS, from January to November 2015 were consulted. We selected only the studies that was carried out high-frequency audiometry in patients with cystic fibrosis and treatment with ototoxic drugs, published in Portuguese, English and Spanish. For the evaluation of the methodological quality of the items we chose to use the GRADE system. Results: In the search process carried out from January to November 2015 were found 512 publications, and 250 of PubMed, MedLine 118, 142 Web of Science and 2 from LILACS. Of these, nine articles were selected. Conclusion: It was identified the occurrence of hearing loss in high frequencies, in cystic fibrosis patients without hearing complaints. It is assumed that high frequency audiometry may be an early diagnostic method to be recommended for hearing investigation of patients at risk for ototoxicity.

INTRODUÇÃO: a doença nasossinusal em população pediátrica com fibrose cística (FC) é um tema ainda pouco explorado, sendo incerto o papel da tomografia de seios da face (TCSF) para avaliação e seguimento desses pacientes. OBJETIVOS: avaliar se existe correlação entre sintomas nasossinusais e genótipo, colonização crônica porPseudomonasaeruginosa, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro Segundo (VEF1), índice de massa corporal (IMC), Escore de Shwachman-Kulczycki, Escore tomográfico de Bhalla e achados tomográficos nasossinusais em crianças e em adolescentes com FC. DELINEAMENTO: estudo transversal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS:Foram avaliados 61 pacientes com idades entre dois e 16 anos que mantinham acompanhamento no Centro Pediátrico de Fibrose Císticado Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e tivessem feito TCSF. O estudo foi retrospectivo, mediante análise de prontuários, sendo obtidos dados do período de 2003 a 2013. Asimagens tomográficas de seios paranasais foram pontuadas mediante o escore de LundMackay e descritas. Naqueles pacientes com duas TCSFs, foram feitas avaliações nos dois momentos. Os valores de VEF1e de IMC foram convertidos para escore z. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com colonização crônica por Pseudomonasaeruginosae aqueles com colapso pulmonar apresentaram maior escore de LundMackay (p= 0,04 e 0,01 respectivamente). Não houve diferença entre o escore de LundMackay entre sintomáticos e assintomáticos do ponto de vista nasossinusal (p= 0,45). Entre os pacientes que apresentavam TCSF em dois momentos, aqueles sem bronquiectasias na TCT (tomografia computadorizada de tórax), tiveram redução no escore de Lund- Mackay, ao contrário daqueles que as apresentavam (p=0,03). Além disso, a variação do escore de Bhalla correlacionou-se positivamente e o escore de Shwachman-Kulczycki, negativamente, com a variação do escore deLundMackay (r = 0,74, p =0,01 e r= -0,85 p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Demonstramos haver associação entre achados da TCSF, colonização crônica por Pseudomonasaeruginosa e escore clínico e achados tomográficos de tórax. São necessários estudos que avaliem o seguimento de maior número de pacientes e o benefício da abordagem terapêuticanasossinusal naqueles que apresentem deterioração pulmonar, apesar de controlados os demais fatores associados ao seu agravamento. / INTRODUCTION: Sinonasaldisease in pediatric population with cystic fibrosis (CF) is not a much explored theme, being uncertain the role of sinonasal computed tomography (NCT) in evaluation and follow up of such patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the correlation betweensinonasal symptoms and genotype, Pseudomonas aeruginosachronic colonization, Forced Expiratory Volume at 1.0 second (FEV1), body mass index (BMI), Shwachman-Kulczycki score, Bhalla thoracic tomography score and sinonasal findings in children and adolescents with CF. DESIGN: cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty one patients between two and 16 years old, who were followed up at the Cystic Fibrosis Pediatric Center at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and had undergone NCT were included in the study. Data were obtained retrospectively through chart review, from studies obtained from 2003 to 2013. Tomographic paranasal sinus images were described and graded according with Lund-Mackay score. Patients who had two NCT exams had their data evaluated at both moments. FEV1 and BMI values were converted to z scores. RESULTS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronically colonized patients and those with lung collapse on thoracic tomography (TCT) had higher Lund Mackay score (p= 0,04 and 0,01 respectively).There was no difference between Lund Mackay score in sinonasal symptomatic and asymptomaticpatients (p= 0,45). Among patients who had a NCT at two moments those without bronchiectasis in TCT had a reduction in Lund- Mackay score, as compared to those who presented them (p=0,03). Besides, Bhalla score changescorrelated positively and Shwachman-Kulczycki, negatively with Lund- Mackay score variation(r = 0,74, p =0,01 and r= -0,85 p<0,01). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated there is an association between NCT, Pseudomonas aeruginosa chronic colonizationand TCT findings and clinical Shwachman score.Studies evaluating follow-up of a greater number of patients and benefits ofsinonasaltherapeuticalapproachesin those who show pulmonary deterioration, despite of other possible worseningfactors,are necessary.

A Fibrose Cística, também conhecida como Mucoviscidose, é uma doença crônica de origem autossômica recessiva e até o momento incurável. O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender a experiência da Fibrose Cística no contexto familiar de crianças portadoras. Os participantes do estudo são crianças com Fibrose Cística em acompanhamento em um hospital-escola do interior do estado de São Paulo e suas famílias. Utilizou-se o método etnográfico, com coleta de dados realizada a partir da observação participante e entrevistas abertas, realizadas em visitas programadas no domicílio e locais significativos para a vida familiar. Como resultados obtivemos que a experiência da doença, como processo subjetivo, interpessoal e contínuo pode ser aproximada à história de vida das crianças, bem como daqueles que compartilham situações de vida e cuidado a esses pacientes. A busca por significados da doença, por suporte social e pela redução do estigma permearam esta experiência nas três dimensões temporais da vida dos participantes. O estudo revela dimensões significativas do viver com FC as quais influenciam a adesão à terapêutica e os processos de socialização. Concluindo, observou-se que a experiência da doença pode se apresentar como abordagem relevante na busca por um cuidado integral. / Cystic Fibrosis, also known as Mucoviscidosis, is a chronic disease of autosomal recessive origin and so far incurable. The present study aimed to understand the experience of Cystic Fibrosis in the familiar context of children carriers. The subjects of the study are children with Cystic Fibrosis under follow-up at a university hospital from an interior city in São Paulo state and their families. It was used the ethnographic method, the data collection was done through participant observation and open interviews, during scheduled visits at the family domicile and significant places for the family life. The results show that the disease experience, as a subjective, interpersonal and continuous process, can be approximated to the childs life history, as well as those who share the patients situations of life and care. The search for the disease meanings, social support and reduction of the stigma permeated this experience in the three temporal dimensions of the participants life. The study reveals significant dimensions of living with CF which influence the treatment adherence and the socialization processes. It was observed that the disease experience can be a relevant approach in the search for a comprehensive care.

A infecção crônica das vias aéreas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) é a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC), devido à contínua degradação do tecido pulmonar, que leva ao declínio da função pulmonar, gerada pela infecção e pelo processo inflamatório. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar características genéticas de PA que levam à sua adaptação às vias aéreas destes pacientes com infecção pulmonar crônica, atendidos no Centro de Referência em FC do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP e relacionar com resultados de tipagem molecular, resistência a antibióticos, cronicidade e dados clínicos dos pacientes em acompanhamento clínico no período de julho/2011 a abril/2014. As características genéticas dos isolados investigados englobam pesquisa de 18 genes de virulência e genes do sistema quorum sensing (genes lasR e rhlR), associação entre mutações e conversão para fenótipo mucoide (operon algTmucABD) e caracterização de linhagens hipermutantes (genes mutS e mutL). A identificação de P. aeruginosa foi realizada por PCR e MALDI-TOF, que mostraram alta concordância. Foram considerados os dados clínicos dos pacientes: índice de massa corpórea, escore de Shwachman, medidas de capacidade vital forçada e volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo. A porcentagem de pacientes com infecção pulmonar crônica por PA observada foi similar aos dados disponíveis na literatura, entretanto, a alta incidência em pacientes jovens foi preocupante. O perfil de macrorrestrição do DNA genômico por PFGE se mostrou útil para definição de colonização crônica/intermitente em associação com critérios clínicos e, juntamente com a detecção de mutações nos genes mucA e mucD confirmaram transmissão interpacientes. Foi observada alta ocorrência dos genes de fatores de virulência pesquisados para grande maioria dos isolados de pacientes crônicos. A resistência aos antibióticos pesquisados dos isolados de P. aeruginosa foi baixa e está de acordo com a literatura nacional e internacional e com a antibioticoterapia adotada no hospital. Não foi observada resistência aos carbapenêmicos e às fluoroquinolonas devido à presença de genes de resistência plasmideais. As mutações no gene mucA foram o principal mecanismo de conversão para o fenótipo mucoide e o fenótipo revertente não-mucoide ocorreu principalmente por mutações no gene algT. Foram detectadas novas mutações nos genes mutS e mutL que também suportam a ideia que hipermutação em PA está associada com mutações do sistema mismatch de reparo do DNA. O sistema quorum sensing dos isolados estudados está parcialmente prejudicado devido às várias mutações no gene lasR, mas todos conservam o gene rhlR intacto, que sustenta alguma atividade quorum sensing envolvida na produção de fatores de virulência importantes. Pacientes com infecção pulmonar crônica por PA com isolamento de outros bacilos gram-negativos não-fermentadores apresentaram maior alteração da função pulmonar quando comparados com pacientes com infecção pulmonar crônica por PA com ou sem isolamento de Staphylococcus aureus. As alterações presentes no operon algTmucABD, quorum sensing e hipermutabilidade contribuem para a cronicidade dos pacientes com FC em relação à infecção por P. aeruginosa. / The chronic airway infection by P. aeruginosa (PA) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, due to continuous degradation of the pulmonary tissue. This leads to decline in lung function, which is generated by the related infection and inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze genetic characteristics associated with the adaptation of PA to the airways of patients with chronic pulmonary infection attended at the CF Reference Center from the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP; and to correlate these findings with the results of molecular typing, antibiotic resistance, chronicity and clinical data of patients in clinical follow-up from July/2011 to April/2014. The genetic characteristics of isolates investigated includes the research of 18 virulence genes and the quorum sensing system genes (lasR and rhlR genes), association between mutations and conversion to the mucoid phenotype (algTmucABD operon), and characterization of hypermutable strains (mutS and mutL genes). Identification of PA was performed by PCR and MALDI-TOF, which showed a high correlation. The patients\' clinical data considered were: body mass index, Shwachman score, forced vital capacity measures and forced expiratory volume in one second. The percentage of patients with chronic PA infection observed was similar to the data available in the literature; however, a worrying high incidence in young patients was noticed. The macrorestriction profile of genomic DNA by PFGE proved to be useful to define chronic/intermittent colonization in association with clinical criteria and it confirmed interpatient transmission, in combination with the detection of mutations in the mucA and mucD genes. High occurrence of virulence genes was detected for the vast majority of isolates from chronic CF patients. Antibiotic resistance for PA isolates was low and is in accordance with national and international literature and antibiotic therapy adopted in the hospital. There was no resistance to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones by the presence of plasmid mediated resistance genes. Mutations in the mucA gene were the main mechanism to conversion to mucoidy, and the non-mucoid revertants occurred mainly by mutations in the algT gene. New mutations in mutS and mutL genes were detected, which support the idea that hypermutation in PA is associated with mutations in the DNA mismatch repair system. The quorum sensing system of the isolates is partially damaged due to several mutations in the lasR gene, but all isolates maintain an intact rhlR gene, which holds some quorum sensing activity with production of important virulence factors. Patients with chronic PA infection with isolation of other non-fermenting gram-negative rods had greater change in lung function compared with patients with chronic PA infection with or without isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. The changes presented in the algTmucABD operon, quorum sensing and hypermutability contribute to the chronicity of CF patients in relation to infection by P. aeruginosa.