Problembakgrund: Mellan år 1970-2009 utgjordes apoteksmarknaden i Sverige av ett statligt monopol, där Apoteket AB hanterade läkemedelsförsörjning för samtliga landsting i Sverige. År 2009 privatiserades däremot apoteksmarknaden, och landstingen fick nu välja om det skulle hantera läkemedelsförsörjningen i egen regi eller fortsätta upphandla tjänsten till en extern aktör. Åren efter avregleringen har landstingen valt att gå olika vägar, där några valt att fortsätta outsourca denna tjänst och andra har tagit hem tjänsten och hanterar den i egen regi. Med kostnadsbesparingar och vårdkvalitet i fokus för landstingen, är det därför intressant att undersöka varför de hanterar tjänsten olika. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att först kartlägga hur landstingen i Sverige hanterar läkemedelsförsörjningen och därefter undersöka och identifiera vilka kritiska faktorer som finns gällande valet av hanteringssätt. Vidare avser studien att analysera hur valet av hanteringsätt påverkas av dessa kritiska faktorer. Utifrån denna analys är det sedan möjligt att utarbeta en modell för sourcingbeslut gällande läkemedelsförsörjning i svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: I studien genomfördes en surveyundersökning, där avsikten var att utföra strukturerade telefonintervjuer på samtliga landsting i Sverige. Studien utgick ifrån en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med inslag av kvalitativa delar. Detta för att kartlägga landstingens hanteringssätt av läkemedelsförsörjning, samt undersöka drivkrafter och kritiska faktorer vid valet av hanteringssätt. Slutsats: En beslutsmodell i form av ett beslutsträd utformades för sourcingbeslut gällande läkemedelsförsörjningen för svenska landsting. Beslutsmodellen utgick ifrån tre huvudområden som var kritiska vid valet av hanteringssätt gällande läkemedelsförsörjning – fokus på kärnverksamhet, kostnadsbesparingar och vårdkvalitet. Dessa utgjorde grunden i beslutsmodellen, och var avgörande vid beslutsfattandet gällande hanteringssättet. / Background: During the years of 1970-2009 the pharmacy market In Sweden was run by the government, where Apoteket AB managed drug supply for all counties in Sweden. In 2009, however, the pharmacy market was privatized and the county councils, which are responsible for the Swedish health care, now had to choose whether it would manage the drug supply in-house, or continue to procure the service from an external player. The years after deregulation county councils decided to go different ways with this, where some chose to continue to outsourcing this service and other decided to manage it in-house. With cost savings and quality of care as the main focus of the county councils, it is interesting to examine why they handle this service differently. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to first identify how the county councils in Sweden handle their drug supply, and then examine and identify the critical factors by outsourcing this service or by managing it in-house. Furthermore, the study will analyze how the choice of managing this service in-house or outsource it is affected by these critical factors. Based on this analysis, it is then possible to develop a model for sourcing decisions regarding drug supply in the Swedish health care. Method: The study was conducted using a survey study, where structured telephone interviews were used as a data collection method on the county councils in Sweden. The study was based on a quantitative research strategy, with some qualitative elements. This was considered necessary to map out how the county councils managed their drug supplying, and to examine the driving forces and critical factors in choosing between outsourcing or in-house. Conclusion: A decision model in the form of a decision tree was designed for sourcing decisions regarding drug supply for the Swedish county councils. The decision model was based on three main areas that were established as critical in the selection of management methods regarding the drug supplying – focus on core activities, cost savings and quality of care. These areas formed the basis of the decision model, and were established instrumental in sourcing decisions regarding drug supplying in Swedish health care.

台灣在過去的數十年內，罹患失智症人口逐漸增多，其中的多數皆有接受了各層面的照護，舉凡藥物治療、醫護治療、復健治療以及職能治療，然其中的成效與需求之研究仍相當缺乏。故本研究採以質性與量性研究方法，以便於探索目前失智症患者家屬照護時所面臨的實際抉擇歷程與主要需求，並同時探索個案醫院內的治療效果與病患入院時狀況之關係，本研究希望藉由中部地區失智症病患照護的需求及機構之供給的角度來探索研究所能增進其醫療服務品質之處。 在質性研究方法部分，本研究以民族誌決策樹研究法來洞悉與探索家屬在面臨照護失智症病患時是否要採行機構式照護的決策歷程以及決策條件。藉由深度訪談結果粹取出的判斷準則發現，影響家屬決策之最主要考量為失智症病患者的失智程度，其餘包含道德規範、照護負擔、病患是否需要騎他的專業醫療照護以及照護中心的軟硬體環境。本研究整合考量這些判斷準則的優先順序、輕重緩急以及因果關係後將之建立決策樹，並以另外五十名家屬驗證該模型之預測力，得到預測準確率為92%。 此外，本研究再以量性方法來探索治療對於不同失智症病患的成效。結果顯示入住時狀況較好的失智症住民會以更積極的態度來接受職能治療，也因此他們擁有較大的改善或控制病情的機會，然而當住民以消極的態度接受職能治療時，則其治療效果遠不及積極治療者，也因此病情退步的機會較大，主要原因在於多數情況較差的住民具有攻擊、抗拒治療的傾向，使得照護工作變得更為艱鉅，故本研究建議家屬應重視職能治療以及與病人互動之重要性，不論是在居家照護亦或是機構式照護 / Over the past decade, the number of long-term care (LTC) residents has increased, and many have accepted treatments such as medication, rehabilitation and occupational therapy. This study employs both qualitative and quantitative techniques in order to discuss senile dementia patient care in long-term care institutions, and we use a supply and demand viewpoint to explore what services are really necessary for the patient and their family. In qualitative method, the main purpose of this stage is to use the ethnographic decision tree model to understand and explore the decision criteria of the subject. Our study found that the degree of dementia of the patient always affects the decisions made by family members – in fact, this is the most important of all criteria elicited from the interviews with family members. There are also ethical constraints, care burden, norm of filial obligation, patient need professional medical care and institutional environment, etc. which mentioned by families. We linked together the decision criteria considered most important in accounting for the decision-making sequence of family members to be the ethnographic decision tree model which predictive power is 92%. In quantitative stage, our study discussed the effectiveness of occupational therapy when given to dementia patients of different contexts. The results of this stage showed that patients of a good condition in the first stage present a more positive attitude towards participation in the occupational therapy designed by the institution; therefore, they have a greater chance of their condition improving or remaining the same. However, patients of an average condition have a more passive attitude towards taking part in any therapy; therefore, they have a greater chance of their condition deteriorating, because of their violent tendencies and their resistance to care, the task of caring for these patients is more difficult than caring for patients in the other groups. Above all, we suggest that families adopt the therapies no matter in homecare or institutionalization, as early as possible in order to improve the likelihood of being able to control the patient’s condition. It is understandable that accepting more therapies and interaction in the early stage of dementia, having higher chance to go well, however, by waiting until then they also miss the best opportunity to attempt to improve the patient’s condition, it is really not the good way we suggest to be.

Face à l’évolution technologique rapide des produits, l’innovation incrémentale des nouveaux produits, et la mobilité du personnel le plus expérimenté, les entreprises cherchent à formaliser et à capitaliser leurs expériences et les savoir-faire des acteurs d’entreprise en vue d’une réutilisation ultérieure. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, l’approche du raisonnement à partir de cas conversationnel (RàPCC) est une réponse potentielle à la question de la capitalisation et de la réutilisation des connaissances. Notre recherche s’intéresse aux méthodes permettant de piloter le retour d’expérience (RETEX) appliqué à la résolution de problèmes techniques. Notre méthodologie pour créer un système d’aide au diagnostic des pannes est divisée en quatre phases : la description d’événements, l’élaboration de l’ensemble des solutions apportées aux pannes, la mise en place d’une aide au diagnostic grâce aux arbres de défaillances et la mise en place d’un système informatique. Afin d’extraire les connaissances tacites et les formaliser, nous avons créé des protocoles de décision dans le but d’aider l’expert à résoudre un problème industriel. Nous avons donc proposé une formulation et l’élaboration de cas conversationnels dans le domaine du diagnostic. Ces cas doivent être stockés dans une base de cas. Afin de valider notre proposition méthodologique, nous avons réalisé la phase expérimentale dans une entreprise industrielle de l’Est de la France. Nous proposons finalement une maquette informatique conçue pour l’entreprise. Cette maquette permet de réaliser un diagnostic des pannes en créant des cas dans une base de cas pour une réutilisation ultérieure / Faced with the fast technological development of products, incremental innovation of new products, and the mobility of their most experienced staff, companies are seeking to formalize and capitalize on the experiences and know-how of their personnel in order to reuse them later. To deal with these problems, the conversational case based reasoning (CCBR) approach is a potential answer to the question of capitalization and reuse of knowledge. Our research focuses on methods to manage experience feedback (EF). We are placed in the field of experience feedback applied to technical problem solving. Our methodology for creating aided failure diagnosis systems is divided into four phases: the events description, the development of all solutions to failures, the arrangement of a diagnostic aid through fault trees and setting up a computer system. We based our work on the fault tree approach in order to extract tacit knowledge and its formalization. Our objective was to create decision protocols in order to assist the expert in solving an industrial problem. Therefore, we have proposed a formulation and development of conversational cases in diagnosis. These cases must be memorised in a database of cases. To validate our proposal methodology, we have carried out the experimental phase in an industrial company in eastern France. This experiment allowed us to validate our work and highlight its advantages and limitations. Finally, we propose a computer model designed for the company. This model enables failure diagnosis by creating the case in a case base for later utilization

Cette thèse tire les enseignements de la zone Euro qui représente la phase la plus avancée de l’intégration économique au sein de l’Union Européenne. Cependant, force est de constater que la zone euro affiche des lacunes en termes de mécanismes d’ajustement alternatifs. Ainsi malgré les avancées considérables, cette intégration économique et institutionnelle semble insuffisante pour absorber les chocs asymétriques sur les États. Nous avons utilisé diverses approches (baromètres de convergence, classification par arbre de décision et modèle de Merton) pour évaluer l’efficacité des politiques économiques au sein de l’UEMOA. Nous avons étudié, à partir de données empiriques allant de 1994 à 2015, l’hétérogénéité des principaux agrégats macroéconomiques entre les pays de la zone et leurs évolutions dans le temps. Contrairement aux attentes, des différences existent encore entre les pays. Selon l’objectif de politique macroéconomique mesuré (croissance économique, inflation, chômage), nos résultats révèlent que les changements dans les performances des groupes constitués sont expliqués soit par des migrations entre les groupes, soit par les changements à l’intérieur des groupes. Finalement, nos investigations montrent que l’élargissement à la CEDEAO amplifie ces divergences. Nos résultats montrent enfin une bonne performance de la règle de Taylor comparativement à l’inflation cible depuis 2003. Cette règle serait une "conduite de base" adaptable à la politique de la future banque centrale après avoir levé la difficulté à déterminer les valeurs de référence de l’équation dans ces espaces économiques hétérogènes. / This paper draws lessons from the Eurozone which represents the most advanced stage of economic integration in the European Union. However the alternative adjustment mechanisms in place there prove to be insufficient to absorb asymmetric shocks endured by member states. We used various methods such as convergence barometers, decision tree classification, and Merton model in order to assess the effectiveness of the economic policies in place within the WAEMU . We studied, through empirical data from 1994 to 2015, the heterogeneity of the main macroeconomic aggregates between the countries of the area and it’s evolution over time. Contrary to expectations, discrepancies still exist between countries. In accordance with the goal of macroeconomic policy measured, our results reveal that either the effects of migration between groups, or the changes in performance within groups give an account of the changes in performance inside groups. Our investigations eventually brings to light that the expansion to the ECOWAS amplifies the divergences.Lastly, our results show that the Taylor rule has been well put to use in comparison to targeted inflation since 2003. This rule can be regarded as a "basic rule" adaptable to the policy of the future central bank after having lifted the difficulty in determining the reference values in these heterogeneous economic areas.

Freqüentemente os profissionais da construção naval tomam decisões para selecionar os elementos que devem ser especificados na composição de determinado projeto. Além da experiência e do conhecimento necessários para optar por um caminho adequado, a escolha deve atender eficientemente ao problema proposto e às preferências do projetista. A seleção de componentes do projeto de estruturas flutuantes para exploração de campos de petróleo no mar envolve aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. O trabalho apresenta e aplica alguns métodos de auxílio à tomada de decisão possibilitando ao projetista aprimorar sua sensibilidade. O objetivo da pesquisa é apresentar de forma sumária as duas bases para a decisão sobre o projeto, que são os métodos de apoio e os requisitos que as instalações FPSO devem atender, fornecendo como resultado um procedimento que permitirá aos usuários a melhor escolha dos componentes e aumentar a sensibilidade dos projetistas na seleção entre as possíveis opções (fazer totalmente novo ou aproveitar o existente). O trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos princípios da análise da decisão, informações sobre métodos de apoio à decisão, os dados de entrada do problema proposto, o método de projetos navais, os requisitos básicos para construção de estruturas flutuantes de exploração de petróleo no mar e os requisitos básicos para uma instalação FPSO. Para a solução do problema se aplicaram os métodos de árvore de decisão, para a parte correspondente às decisões sob risco e o método de análise hierárquica AHP para as decisões tomadas sob certeza. / Frequently, naval construction engineers take decisions to select the elements which must specified for the composition of a determined project. Besides the necessary experience and the knowledge to choose a proper way, the option must fulfil efficiently the problem requirements and the preferences of the designer. The choice of components in the design off-shore structures for production in sea oilfields, involves objective and subjective aspects. This work introduces and uses a few methods of decision aids, helping the designer to improve his sensibility. The objective of this research is to present in a simple way two foundations to decide about the project, which are the aid decision methods and the requirements which the FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading System) must fulfil, supplying a procedure that enables the designer to take the best choice of components and to increase his sensibility referring to the selection among the possible options, wich are to make a completely new FPSO or to use an existing one. This work offers a revision of the principles of the decision analysis theory, the data input of the problem, the classic naval design method, the basic requirements to build floating structures to off-shore oil extraction, and the basic requirements for a FPSO installation. To solve the problem the decision tree method, for decision under risk, and the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), for decision under certainty, were applied.

Der Zusammenhang zwischen Dienstleistung und dem zu ihrer Erbringung notwendigen Verkehr stellte in den vergangenen Jahren ein nur wenig diskutiertes und analysiertes Themenfeld dar. Als Teilelement des Wirtschaftsverkehrs, also jener Verkehre, die sich aus den produzierenden, handelnden und dienstleistenden Aktivitäten in einem Raum ergeben und in Ausübung des Berufs und zur Erbringung erwerbswirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten durchgeführt werden, stellen Verkehre im Kontext der Dienstleistungserstellung eine bedeutende Größe hinsichtlich Verkehrsaufkommen und -leistung dar. Dieser Personenwirtschaftsverkehr, welcher die unterschiedlichen Aspekte des durch Dienstleistungen verursachten Verkehrs zusammengefasst und erklärt, bildet den thematischen Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit. Abgeleitet aus den generellen Eigenschaften und Merkmalen von Dienstleistungen wird in der Arbeit theoretisch dargelegt, welche grundlegenden verkehrlichen Schlussfolgerungen aus der notwendigen Interaktion zwischen dem Erbringer einer Dienstleistung und dem Kunden resultieren. Aufbauend auf dem umfangreichen Datensatz des Forschungsprojekts „Dienstleistungsverkehr in industriellen Wertschöpfungsprozessen“ werden inner- und zwischenbetrieblich erbrachte Dienstleistungen, die jeweils zum Einsatz kommende Form der Interaktion und der resultierende Personenwirtschaftsverkehr analysiert. Damit ist es mit den Ergebnissen der Arbeit möglich, Betrieben unterschiedlicher Branchen und Größenklassen nicht nur ein Portfolio an Dienstleistungen zuzuweisen, sondern darüber hinaus diese Dienstleistungen auch hinsichtlich der verkehrlichen Kennwerte zu differenzieren. Die Analysen stellen u. a. sektoral differenzierte Modal Split Werte für betriebliche Wege bereit. Auf dieser Grundlage können insbesondere für Städte und Metropolregionen neue Ansatzpunkt für Maßnahmen und Strategien zur verträglichen Gestaltung des Personenwirtschaftsverkehrs abgeleitet werden. Hier anzusetzen und die bestehenden Potenziale zukünftig zu realisieren, kann einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Erhaltung der Qualität insbesondere städtischer Verkehrssysteme darstellen. / The interconnection between services and the required transport processes to provide these services has been a poorly addressed and analysed topic. As an element of commercial transport, therefore the traffic generated by professional or business activities, service related transport represents a significant amount of traffic and traffic volume. Service traffic, which refers to the German “Personenwirtschaftsverkehr”, serves as a main category that combines possible characteristics of service related transport. This service traffic is the thematic focus of the presented study. Derived from general qualities and characteristics of services, the study theoretically describes which conclusions for transport processes can be drawn from the interaction between the provider of a service and the customer during the production process and which are necessary. Based on extensive empirical datasets gathered within the research project “Service Traffic” the study covers questions about services internally produced and acquired from external sources just like the specific patterns of interaction during the service production process. With the study’s findings it will become possible to assign a specific service portfolio to companies, independent of economic section or company size. Furthermore a distinction in terms of characteristic transport related values for these services is possible. The results of the analyses provide, inter alia, the modal split for business activities differentiated by economic sectors. Upon this, cities and metropolitan regions may identify new approaches for measures and coherent strategies for an economical and ecologically sound organization of service traffic. To realize these existing optimization potentials in future will hopefully make a decisive contribution to maintain the high quality of urban transport infrastructure.

臺灣近年來常常以發展觀光產業，來促進地方經濟發展，最明顯的政策便屬為臺灣政府於2008年開放陸客來臺以後，帶起許多陸客旅行團來臺旅遊的熱潮。同時在媒體渲染陸客強勁的消費力之下，使旅遊周邊產業都能受惠。但根據交通部觀光局統計資料顯示，陸客來臺人數成長率已大幅下降，但這股陸客來臺風潮卻已悄悄改變了臺灣旅遊業的體質。臺灣的觀光產業應朝向高品質服務業發展，才能同時保有觀光的品質與產值，否則在觀光人次太多的情況下，將影響國人旅遊的品質。 因此本研究利用2014年國人旅遊調查資料，利用決策樹方法根據縣市做分類，分別從旅遊者的背景、旅遊規劃、旅遊內容角度出發，檢視國人於臺灣縣市旅遊的特性與滿意程度，深入探討國人旅遊之型態與品質，藉此提供國內旅遊發展上一些建議，帶動在地旅遊，甚可藉由國民外交的「口碑」向外推廣、創造旅遊需求。

An exploration of the creation and use of farmers' commonly used "rules of thumb" is required to conceptualize farmers' decision making processes. While farmers face complex situations, particularly when subsistence is an issue, they do appear to use simple rules in their decision making. To date inadequate attention has been given to understanding their reasoning processes in creating the rules, so this study traces the origins of farmers' beliefs, and extracts the decisive and dynamic elements in their decision making systems to provide this understanding. The analysis was structured by using a model based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Modifications included recognizing a bargaining process (BP) and other decision stimuli to represent socio-cultural influences and sources of perception, respectively. Two analyses based on the Personal Construct Theory (PCT) and the Ethnographic Decision Tree Modelling (EDTM) were also applied to help elaborate the farmers' cognitive process and actual decision criteria. The method involved interviews in two villages in Lamongan Regency in East Java Province of Indonesia, where the farmers adopted an improved paddy-prawn system ("pandu"). The results highlighted that farmers use rational strategies, and that socio-cultural factors influence decision making. This was represented by interactions between the farmers' perceptions, their bargaining effort, and various background factors. The TPB model revealed that the farmers' perceptions about the potential of "pandu", and the interaction with their "significant others", influenced their intention to adopt "pandu". The farmers appeared to prefer a steady income and familiar practices at the same time as obtaining new information, mainly from their peers. When "pandu" failed to show sufficiently profitable results, most farmers decided to ignore or discontinue "pandu". This became the biggest disincentive to a wide and sustainable adoption. However, the PCT analysis showed that part of this problem also stemmed from the farmers' lack of resources and knowledge. The farmers' restrictive conditions also led them to seek socio-cultural and practical support for their actions. This was highlighted by a bargaining process (BP) that integrated what the farmers had learned, and believed, into their adoption behaviour. The BP also captured the farmers' communication strategies when dealing with "pandu" as its adoption affected resource allocation within the family and required cooperation with neighbours. The PCT and EDTM analyses also confirmed how the BP accommodated different sets of decision criteria to form different adoption behaviours. Such a process indicated the importance of considering the adoption decision and the relevant changes resulting from the farmers' cognition. This provided a more dynamic and realistic description of the farmers' decision-making process than has previously been attempted. Overall, the results suggested that semi-commercial farmers need to know, and confirm, that a new technology is significantly superior to the existing system, and can provide a secure income. The introduction of a new technology should use a participatory approach allowing negotiation, conflict mitigation and the creation of consensus among the relevant parties. This can be supported through better access to knowledge, information and financing. A specific and well-targeted policy intervention may also be needed to accommodate the diversity in the farmers' ways of learning and making decisions. Ways to improve the current analytical approaches are also suggested.

Let G be a finite graph with vertex set V and edge set E. A graph complex on G is an abstract simplicial complex consisting of subsets of E. In particular, we may interpret such a complex as a family of subgraphs of G. The subject of this thesis is the topology of graph complexes, the emphasis being placed on homology, homotopy type, connectivity degree, Cohen-Macaulayness, and Euler characteristic. We are particularly interested in the case that G is the complete graph on V. Monotone graph properties are complexes on such a graph satisfying the additional condition that they are invariant under permutations of V. Some well-studied monotone graph properties that we discuss in this thesis are complexes of matchings, forests, bipartite graphs, disconnected graphs, and not 2-connected graphs. We present new results about several other monotone graph properties, including complexes of not 3-connected graphs and graphs not coverable by p vertices. Imagining the vertices as the corners of a regular polygon, we obtain another important class consisting of those graph complexes that are invariant under the natural action of the dihedral group on this polygon. The most famous example is the associahedron, whose faces are graphs without crossings inside the polygon. Restricting to matchings, forests, or bipartite graphs, we obtain other interesting complexes of noncrossing graphs. We also examine a certain "dihedral" variant of connectivity. The third class to be examined is the class of digraph complexes. Some well-studied examples are complexes of acyclic digraphs and not strongly connected digraphs. We present new results about a few other digraph complexes, including complexes of graded digraphs and non-spanning digraphs. Many of our proofs are based on Robin Forman's discrete version of Morse theory. As a byproduct, this thesis provides a loosely defined toolbox for attacking problems in topological combinatorics via discrete Morse theory. In terms of simplicity and power, arguably the most efficient tool is Forman's divide and conquer approach via decision trees, which we successfully apply to a large number of graph and digraph complexes. / QC 20100622

所謂資料採礦是指『從大量資料或大型資料庫中由電腦自動選取一些重要的、潛在有用的資料類型或知識』。目前資料採礦所包含的各種技術已被廣泛的應用在許多領域上，本研究即要利用資料採礦的技術從大量的客戶交易資料中採掘出客戶與商品之間的關聯性知識，並將之應用未來客戶銷售活動。 資料採礦於流通業多為B2C之應用，本研究則嘗試將資料採礦分析應用於B2B之交易分析，並以個案公司與其客戶之實際銷售資料為本研究之資料來源，本研究利用Clementine電腦軟體為資料採礦工具，並依分析目的之不同，運用該軟體提供之各項採礦模組分別對個案公司之交易資料進行分析，如： *.使用關聯網〈web〉的方式，針對個案資料，尋找商品銷售間的強弱關係，挑出銷售關聯性較高的商品組合，並且利用C5.0決策樹演算法，尋找該交易行為的對象之特性為何。 *.使用Apriori演算法，針對BZ(商圈)、DL(經銷商)、SP(門市)等不同客戶類型在不同的資料期間，找出資料中所有商品之關聯規則。 *.利用Apriori演算法，利用前半年資料，找出IFAKMB(主機板)、IFDDLC(LCD監視器)、IFCOCP(中央處理器)等類別商品的購買規則，並分別以後半年的資料進行驗證，探究此規則之可行性。 接著針對各項資料採礦結果，就個案公司之實際狀況進行解讀，同時更重要的是探討該分析結果應用於銷售實務上之可行性，如：產品銷售規則，行銷策略、促銷戰術之擬定等。最後並以本研究之結果及經驗，對個案公司提出資訊管理系統資料補強之建議及資料採礦於未來可再延伸探討之應用方向。