Studien som vi har utfört är till för att belysa skillnader i definitionen av begreppet mobbning. Studien har utförts genom en enkätundersökning som gjorts på 179 elever där 10 av de 179 eleverna har blivit intervjuade. Intervjuerna blev en metodstudie då de hade som syfte att fördjupa förståelsen av hur eleverna uppfattade enkäten. Ganska omgående in i arbetsprocessen märkte vi att tidigare forskning inom detta specifika område har varit begränsad. Det har tidigare mestadels fokuserats på anledningar och nya motarbetande strategier istället för begreppets definition. Av den tidigare forskning som dock kan anses vara relevant för vår studie finns en antydan till skillnader i uppfattningen av definitionen beroende på ålder. Den tidigare forskningen (se avsnitt tidigare forskning) belyser också vikten av att definiera begreppet mobbning. I den tidigare forskningen(se avsnitt tidigare forskning) urskiljer vi till största del skillnader från de resultat denna studie visar. Vår studies resultat tyder på att faktorer som återupprepning, intentioner och språkliga kunskaper är de parametrar som är mest avgörande för de olika åldersgruppernas definition av mobbning.       Nyckelbegreppet som huvudsakligen har använts i skapandet av studien är mobbning. Både i den definition som den tidigare forskningen(Olewus, 1999)(Monks & Smith, 2006)(Naylor, Cowie, Cossin & Fabiennes, 2006)(se tidigare forskning) statliga verksamheter och organisationer (Friends, skolor och Skolverket) har tagit fram, är mobbning det begrepp som är mest naturligt för kontexten. Mobbning är även det begrepp som används flitigast i studien. När begreppet mobbning diskuterats har även begreppets definition använts, som då syftar framförallt till det elever tycker beskriver begreppet mobbning. I definitionerna av mobbning används begrepp som kränkningar, kränkande behandling och exkludering. Det är begrepp som är oundvikliga när ämnet diskuteras.

The understanding of terrorism has thus far been determined not by some independent line of inquiry but instead by a strong interplay between conflicting moral positions. Treated sometimes as a method or tactic and at other times as a distinct form of violence, the true nature of terrorism remains elusive, while a failure to understand it has squarely been blamed on the moral problem. The conceptual and theoretical debate in the field of terrorism studies as a result has not progressed in any meaningful way. Issues that were associated with terrorism when a formal inquiry into the problem was first launched still remain unresolved. Basic questions as to whether terrorism generates fear and if it is possible to identify its victim or perpetrator continue to plague the terrorism discourse. Meanwhile matters that are crucial, such as the widespread tendency to treat terrorism as a tactic, strategy or ideology and the essentially contested character of terrorism scholarship are either ignored or erroneously taken for granted. This thesis will show that our inability to define terrorism is not due to the moral problem as it is made out to be but because of our failure to understand the true nature of terrorism. To accomplish this task, it not only analyzes issues that are regularly contested but also discusses in detail the ones that are trivialized and overlooked. It ultimately concludes that terrorism primarily plays only an auxiliary or a facilitatory role and therefore the key to defining it and understanding its true nature lies in its utility and function.

Introduction: More frequent and intensive heat waves have been generally considered as a consequence of global climate change. In spite of the fact that there is a lack of generally accepted definition of heat waves in terms of intensity and duration, the adverse impacts of heat wave are undeniable. East Tennessee has experienced noticeably higher summer temperatures in the recent past, including possible deadly heat waves. This study aims at measuring the frequency and duration of heat waves in East Tennessee over the last ten years using various heat definitions extracted from epidemiological literature. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed using key words: Heat wave, mortality and morbidity. The search located 311 peer-reviewed articles that were screened and 108 were reviewed for heat wave definitions. The definitions used in the 108 articles were then summarized and seven most commonly used definitions were selected for this study. Daily temperature (mean, maximum and minimum) data from three weather stations namely Tri-City Airport, Kingsport and Elizabethton in East Tennessee were collected for the period from 2008 to 2017 to test the seven different definitions of heat waves. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)’s definition “daily maximum temperature for more than five consecutive days exceeding the average maximum temperature (for the 30-year normals period) by at least 9º Fahrenheit (5º Celsius)” was also tested and compared with the seven definitions extracted from epidemiological literature. Results: Using the WMO definition and temperature data from the Tri-City Airport Weather Station located in Bristol, TN, it was estimated that the total number of heat wave in the 10-year period was 58, which spanned a total of 1343 days, or 134.3 days per year on average. The results further indicate that the onset of heat wave days has been earlier within the past four years than the previous years with the earliest occurrence on February 24, 2017. Year 2016 is regarded as the hottest year in the period as virtually the whole of 2016 summer was a heat wave period. It is also worthy of note that the end-date of the heat wave episodes using the WMO definition is observed to have extended for the first time to the month of November as seen in 2016, which was not so for the other years. The heat wave episodes observed with the 97th percentile mean and 90th percentile minimum temperatures in Tri-City Airport Weather Station were lower than the WMO definition. Similar results were observed in Kingsport weather station. But in Elizabethton weather station, the 97th percentile mean and 90th percentile minimum temperatures produced higher episodes of heat waves but shorter days than the WMO definition. Conclusion: Heat wave is deadly and evidences suggest that its manifestation may become severe as more damages are being done to the atmosphere through pollution and deforestation. A reversal of this trend through early warning systems and preparedness is very important and urgent. Further research will look into the mortality health outcome associated with heat waves in this region.

The concept of positive deviance (PD) has not been studied in the context of nursing. Grounded in narrative inquiry and combined with vocabularies of motive and symbolic interactionism, the purpose of this study was to explore whether PD behaviors existed in nursing, and if so, to develop an operational definition of PD for nursing. The research question addressed what PD behaviors, if any, were present in nurses’ workplace stories. Using posted flyers, eight participants either self-selected or were selected by snowball method to participate. Interviews were conducted in locations decided on by each participant. Interview data were obtained, transcribed, then categorized into the following behaviors: ability to flex with adversity (resilience), accountability for self and others, authenticity, autonomy, clarifying information in a professional way, connectedness, courage, intentional, interdependence, moral empowerment, not driven by a level of authority, political astuteness, responsibility, self-empowerment, speaking up even when it is uncomfortable, strong relationships, vision, and vulnerability. The findings from this study could impact positive social change in the following ways: (a) Nursing has its own definition to use: An intentional and moral behavior that departs or differs from the established norm, containing elements of innovation, creativity, adaptability, moral empowerment, self-empowerment, responsibility, or a combination of these attributes including a level of risk; (b) At the individual level, a way to define and back nurses’ actions in a safe way or be used as a professional nurse expectation; and (c) At the organizational level, the identified PD behaviors and definition can be an expectation for employees of how to express themselves in a professional, honest, and direct manner.

With the development of modern GPUs, the computational power they provide have become more accessible and versatile. This has fueled the development of interactive visualization techniques and among them volumetric visualization. The objective of this project is to implement a volumetric path tracer as a reference renderer for volumetric visualization with OpenCL as the target platform. The implementation is created as a processor in an existing visualization framework called Inviwo. The components of the implementation are validated with the help of an analytic single scattering test scenario. The implemented path tracer is then used to render a series of scenes containing both sparse and dense participating media, where the different terms and parameters are studied. The results show comparisons of extinction coefficients, anisotropic scattering using the Henyey-Greenstein phase function, single vs. multiple scattering and a mixed BSDF that is comprised of both a BRDF and an isotropic phase function. One of the conclusions drawn from the results is that multiple scattering not only result in indirect lighting which light up the shadowed regions of the image, but also results in more vivid colors thanks to the sub-surface scattering that naturally occurs.

Master of Science

Due to the massive amount of postconsumer clothing waste, there is a great opportunity to utilize the discarded garments through playful methods push the imagination towards new innovative solutions. This work aims to redefine and give the discarded garments new values through exploring garment definition through characteristic lines of dress as a filter to view a garment. It deals with questions such as, what defines a specific garment and how many lines needs to be added to understand what it is. It was resulted in creation of an archive consisting of 32 pieces which shows the potential in changing the perception of unwanted/discarded garments, by literally reframing them. This work propose a new method for reusing garments without taking the garments apart but instead look at all the potential that is given within it.

This work examines the word yea in the Book of Mormon, the Earliest Text and enumerates the usages found therein. Already recognized definitions in addition to new definitions are given with examples. Also included are textual variations from the Earliest Text and the current Book of Mormon used generally as scripture in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

Lack of theoretical coherence in the field of gifted education has given rise to multiple attempts at a grand unification, including most recently the work of Subotnik, Olszewski-Kubilius, and Worrell (2011). The authors argue that the incoherence is an inevitable consequence of the fundamental incompatibility of theoretical and definitional features desired by psychologists and educators. Our field could best progress by splitting into the two related but distinct disciplines of high-ability psychology and advanced academics. Furthermore, the prospective adoption of Subotnik et al.'s eminence framework as an organizational principle for either advanced academics or high-ability psychology is criticized.

Although forgiveness is a broad psychological construct of increasing interest, the majority of research has focused on forgiveness of another person for a specific transgression. Independent of other dimensions of forgiveness, self-forgiveness has been significantly associated with health and well-being. Many dimensions of forgiveness share common definitional components; however, due to conceptual differences based on the self as both the offender and the offended, a distinct definition of self-forgiveness is necessary. Indeed, definition and resultant measurement-related limitations have likely slowed the progression of research on self-forgiveness, including understanding the role of self-forgiveness in the promotion of health and well-being and the role of self-forgiveness in facilitating treatment itself. A comprehensive literature review was conducted revealing 177 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles focused on the psychology of self-forgiveness. Of those 177 articles, 85 (48.02%) contained explicit definition-based information regarding self-forgiveness as a particular construct, from which 5 key distinctive definitional components were identified: reconciliation, acceptance, accountability, human-connectedness, and changecommitment. A comprehensive and accessible definition of self-forgiveness is proposed based on a consensus of the scientific peer-reviewed psychological literature. In addition, implications of a consensus definition for more effective assessment and treatment are discussed.