The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the professional and social roles of clinical psychologists are described in Turkey, how clinical psychologists evaluate these roles, and which factors are affecting the role definitions. It was hypothesized that there would be differences between the role definitions of the public, the role definitions of the other professions working with psychologists and the role definitions of psychologists themselves. Also, it was expected that the public would not differentiate the professions &lsquo / psychologist&rsquo / , &lsquo / clinical psychologist&rsquo / , and &lsquo / psychiatrist&rsquo / . Participants were 27 professions working with psychologists, 27 psychologists, and 105 citizens from Ankara, istanbul, Mugla, and Aydin. The data were gathered by administering 3 versions of Perceptions about Psychologists Questionnaires developed by the writer. Content Analyses were done to examine the data. The results indicated that although public had a general idea about the role definitions of clinical psychologists, it was also unable to differentiate the three relate professions. The results also summarized how clinical psychologists were understood in Turkey, and showed the factors related to the comprehension process. The findings, and their implications with suggestions for future research and practice, were discussed in the light of relevant literature.

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No description available.

Es heißt, man schreibe Begriffsgeschichte: Im Grunde jedoch ist es eine Bewegung des Lesens, die uns von Begriffen sprechen läßt. Begriffe gibt es nicht, sie müssen aus Texten herausoperiert werden, was seit dem Mittelalter durch entsprechende Lektüretechniken bewerkstelligt wird. Man unterstreicht, man wiederholt am Rand, man trägt in ein Register oder eine gesonderte Liste Wörter ein, die des Nachdenkens Wert erscheinen. So transformiert sich der durcbgeschriebene Text in eine Liste von Wörtern, von denen einige eigene Kommentare nach sich zehen und so zu Begriffen werden. Diese Bewegung der Lektilre ist eine Bewegung der Aneignung: Der ursprüngliche Text ist das Opfer solcher Operationen, die einen rhetorischen oder logischen Zusammenhang des Autors durch einen terminologischen Zusammenhang des Lesers ersetzt.

Torture is prohibited in a great number of international treaties. Some of the documents prohibit torture in general terms; some of them propose the definition of torture. The purpose of this research is to analyse how the legal scope of torture definition enshrined in the CAT has changed throughout the years and to what extent the definition of torture is applicable in contemporary legal practice. In the first part the international legal regulation will be discussed explaining which international documents prohibit torture, which of them define torture, what monitoring and judicial mechanisms are created. The definition of torture is differently interpreted in the jurisprudence of international tribunals. The actions which were not defined as torture 50 years ago are understandable as torture in recent jurisprudence. The second part is aimed to analyse how definition of torture evolved in international law during the years and how it was narrowed in the USA practice. Different interpretations of the definition of torture are compared in order to analyse which elements of torture definition enshrined in the CAT used in contemporary international judicial practice and to what extent they are applicable. This explains to what extent definition of torture is applicable by international judicial bodies in contemporary practice and what requirements it should fulfil to ensure the needs of contemporary human values. In the third part the definition of torture applicable in... [to full text] / Tarptautinės sutartys draudžia kankinimus. Vienos jų tiesiog draudžia kankinimus, kitos – pateikia kankinimų apibrėžimą. Šio darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti, kaip keitėsi teisinė kankinimo apibrėžimo apimtis ir kokia apimtimi jis yra taikomas šiuolaikinėje tarptautinės teisės praktikoje. Pirmoje darbo dalyje aptariama tarptautinė teisinė bazė, aiškinant kurie dokumentai draudžia kankinimus, kurie nustato kankinimų apibrėžimą, aiškinama kokie yra sukurti monitoringo ir kiti teisines priežiūros mechanizmai. Kankinimų apibrėžimas yra skirtingai interpretuojamas tarptautinių tribunolų jurisprudencijoje. Veiksmai, kurie prieš 50 metų nebuvo klasifikuojami kaip kankinimai, šiandien jau patenka į šią sąvoką. Antroje dalyje analizuojama kaip kankinimų apibrėžimas, pateiktas JT Konvencijoje prieš kankinimą, laikui bėgant, kito ir kaip jo taikymas buvo apribotas JAV praktikoje. Lyginamos įvairios kankinimų apibrėžimo interpretacijos, siekiant išanalizuoti JT Konvencijos prieš kankinimą apibrėžimo elementus, naudojamus šiuolaikinėje tarptautinėje teisėje ir išsiaiškinti kokia apimtimi jie yra taikomi. Taip paaiškinama, kokia apimtimi šiuolaikinėje praktikoje šį apibrėžimą taiko tarptautinės teisminės institucijos ir kokius reikalavimus jis turi atitikti, tam kad užtikrintų šiolaikinių žmogiškųjų vertybių poreikius. Trečioje dalyje analizuojamas kankinimo apibrėžimas, kuris yra taikomas Lietuvoje. Reikia pripažinti, kad Lietuvoje nėra aiškaus kankinimų apibrėžimo ir normos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Aircraft operators demand an ever increasing availability of their fleets with constant reduction of their operational costs. With the age of many fleets measured in decades, the options to face these challenges are limited. Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) uses data gathered through sensors in the aircraft to assess the condition of components to detect and isolate faults or even estimate their Remaining Useful Life (RUL). This information can then be used to improve the planning of maintenance operations and even logistics and operational planning, resulting in shorter maintenance stops and lower cost. Retrofitting health monitoring technology onto legacy aircraft has the capability to deliver what operators and maintainers demand, but working on aging platforms presents numerous challenges. This thesis presents a novel methodology to select the combination of diagnostic and prognostic tools for legacy aircraft that best suits the stakeholders’ needs based on economic return and financial risk. The methodology is comprised of different steps in which a series of quantitative analyses are carried out to reach an objective solution. Beginning with the identification of which components could bring higher reduction of maintenance cost and time if monitored, the methodology also provides a method to define the requirements for diagnostic and prognostic tools capable of monitoring these components. It then continues to analyse how combining these tools affects the economic return and financial risk. Each possible combination is analysed to identify which of them should be retrofitted. Whilst computer models of maintenance operations can be used to analyse the effect of retrofitting IVHM technology on a legacy fleet, the number of possible combinations of diagnostic and prognostic tools is too big for this approach to be practicable. Nevertheless, computer models can go beyond the economic analysis performed thus far and simulations are used as part of the methodology to get an insight of other effects or retrofitting the chosen toolset.

To compete in the global market, organisations have to ensure that their production is synchronised with their other business activities. To achieve this, companies deploy a variety of solutions known as Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES). These systems provide the bridge between control and business systems and are used by a variety of people across many business functions. Typical users range from production and maintenance personnel to engineers, finance and management. Sectors within the manufacturing industry have their own definitions of MES and these are based on their functional requirements and by the offerings of vendors in that sector. Thus, people differ in their understanding and definition of MES. To ensure common understanding of what functionalities or modules constitute MES, the Manufacturing Execution Systems Association (MESA) has defined MES to cover the following eleven areas: Resource Allocation and Status Operations/Detail Scheduling Dispatching Production Units Document Control Data Collection/Acquisition Labour Management Quality Management Process Management Maintenance Management Product Tracking and Genealogy Performance Analysis On examining the Manufacturing Execution Systems literature, it was realised that functionalities and definitions exist but a standard approach and implementation methodology is lacking. Thus, a framework was developed based on a literature study as well as from experience within the MES environment. To ensure that the framework meets the needs of organisations, two questionnaires were developed and sent to people from various functions within large South African companies (and across divisions). The results of the empirical study showed that for large organisations, i.e. organisations with over 200 employees and an annual turnover in excess of R 40 million, some form of manufacturing execution systems were used in all the companies surveyed. The most common functionality deployed was Data Collection1Acquisition and the payback on these systems was greater than two years. The respondents highlighted that MES governance and an overall company wide strategy for MES implementation was non-existent or not enforced across the group of companies. The respondents also indicated that the implementation was time consuming and that the projects usually exceeded the allocated budget and/or were late. The respondents were not unanimous on who was accountable for MES within the organisation and a quarter felt that this was unclear within the organisation. When asked about the process that was followed in the selection of a vendor and solution, the majority felt that the process was not well defined. However, respondents noted that change management is used on all major projects and the outcome is generally successful. All the companies outsource either some or all of their IT services and the relationship with the vendor seems successful, as the rating received for MES support was very good. The benefits of implementing Manufacturing Execution Systems are also being realised by those companies that responded to the questionnaires. The overall impression is that over 75% of the respondents feel positive about the benefits and state that the benefits are realised. The only major shortcoming is that information is not being shared across business units and sites as half of the respondents felt that this was not happening in their companies. The proposed MES Engagement and Implementation Framework that was tested with the empirical study was subsequently updated. The framework suggests that all MES implementations should begin with a review of the business and ICT strategy as these would assist when defining the business requirements and the criteria for the selection of the technology, vendor, and solution The business requirements should be ascertained and a realistic business case should be developed. The project team should re-confirm the requirements once a vendor is selected, and, with the necessary change management, implement a portion of the solution as a pilot project. Once successful, then only should the entire solution be rolled out. Another parallel process should consider the outsourcing for the support phase. The entire process of implementing MES is cyclical as new requirements, additional functionality, and benefits tracking results in new projects. In conclusion adopting this framework would result in better implementation and ensure that the benefits are realised for all MES projects and that the solution is adequately supported after implementation. A model for the implementation has also been proposed and it should be developed and tested further to guide MES implementation. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Defining art has been one of philosophy of art’s biggest projects. However, no definition offered has achieved to account for all objects we consider art. In this paper, I argue that normative dualism, an unjustifiable Western prejudice for the mental, plays a big part in this failure. The division between fine art and utilitarian and “low” art has been perpetuated because the former is associated with the mental processes involved in its appreciation and, thus, considered more valuable. Theories of art also tend to exclude production (a physical process), concentrating mostly on the appreciation of art (a mental process). Ridding theory of the bias of normative dualism, by abolishing the division that sets fine art apart as more valuable and writing theory that takes art production into consideration, is the only way art theory will succeed in accurately describing art objects.

Det finns flertalet definitioner av organiserad brottslighet och detta leder till en begreppsförvirring. Därmed kommer i denna uppsats begreppet organiserad brottslighet problematiseras. Syftet med uppsatsen är att, genom att applicera EU:s definition av organiserad brottslighet på fiktiva fallexempel i tre filmer, undersöka om definitionen ger tydliga riktlinjer för identifikation av kriminella organisationer eller om den bidrar till den rådande begreppsförvirringen. Detta gör vi med följande frågeställning: Vilka (typer av)organisationer kan definieras som organiserad brottslighet enligt EU:s definition? Eftersombegreppet organiserad brottslighet antyder organisering valde vi att fördjupa oss i Göran Ahrnes organisationssociologiska synsätt. Dessutom användes hans teori för att kunna identifiera organisationer i vårt empiriska material som utgjordes av tre filmer där olika typer av kriminella grupperingar presenterades. Studien utfördes med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten visade att enligt Göran Ahrnes organisationssociologiska teori existerar organisationer i samtliga filmer. Vidare, trots att organisationerna i filmerna var väldigt åtskilda uppfyllde de EU:s definitions kriterier för organiserad brottslighet. Slutligen kom vi fram till att den stora problematiken ligger i begreppet organisation då den är alldeles för bred och kan feltolkas. Det andra problemet är att de befintliga definitioner som används idag misslyckas att lyfta upp det unika med organiserad brottslighet.

Kudoid parasites are common in marine fish and their affects range from relatively benign to pathogenic. They are notorious in the seafood industry for spoiling fish meat, either by muscle liquefaction or by producing unsightly macroscopic cysts. Kudoids also infect several other tissues such as brain, heart, gills, connective tissue, intestinal smooth muscle, and epithelia. Since the revised classification of the Kudoidae in 2004, kudoid myxospores have a range of shapes, but with two main characteristics: they have four or more spore valves with the equivalent number of polar capsules. With relatively few morphological traits to base kudoid species descriptions, DNA has proven to be increasingly useful to specifically diagnose infections. However, to properly utilise genetic information, there is a need to understand how genetics relates to the biological characteristics of species. This will ensure the genetic markers used are appropriate for species characterisation. This project aimed to develop an understanding of how biological characteristics including morphology, tissue tropism, host specificity, and geographic distribution correlate with genetic relatedness of kudoid species, and how this information could be employed to facilitate diagnosis and characterisation of species. A taxonomic investigation of kudoid isolates, mostly from the east coast of Queensland, Australia, was conducted using information on host identity, locality, infection status, tissue of infection and histological response to infection. Together with spore morphology and DNA relationships, comparisons were made with existing data from literature. Forty-three small subunit and 68 large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences were generated from kudoid isolates for this project. The two gene regions showed similar relationships amongst the kudoids, however the genetic variability between closely related species was less conserved in the large subunit, and showed superior species resolution that correlated with subtle morphological differences of spores. Broadly speaking, genetic relatedness of kudoids is closest for species infecting the same type of tissue with similar spore morphology. Within these tissue/morphology groups, some relationships were emerging from genetic correlations with pathology, however there are weaknesses in utilising this characteristic since pathology may change with host species or host age. Similar relationships to pathology were seen from geographic locality; however, the limited number of areas that genetic data originates from may have introduced some bias. Lastly, there were very few genetic relationships that correlated with host relatedness. The taxonomic affinities of the new kudoid isolates lead to the characterisation of six novel kudoid species and four additional host-parasite combinations. The investigation into these new species highlighted the broad host ranges and geographic distribution of some kudoid species. Genetic mixing of kudoid species populations from the east coast of Queensland, Australia with Japan was noted. For example, Kudoa amamiensis was discovered from carangid and pomacentrid fish from Queensland, increasing the host range from eight (seven from Japan, one from north Queensland) to 11 host species. Also, geographic distribution was extended to Heron Island on the south Great Barrier Reef (Queensland). The distribution did not extend to rocky temperate reefs further south. Another example is Kudoa yasunagai which was previously recorded from four fish species in Japan and one from the Philippines. Now the distribution has been extended to North Stradbroke Island in Southern Queensland from three additional host species. The connection was made between these host isolates with the assistance of DNA and a novel way of analysing morphological data in species that have variable morphotypes i.e. different numbers of polar capsules in the spores. It was confirmed that the dominant morphotype can vary between different hosts and even host samples of the one species. Genetic data has also proven useful in the determination of host range. An analysis of kudoid host specificity showed just over two thirds of the described kudoid species have been recorded from a single host; the remainder have been recorded from two to 38 host species. By using DNA data, 17 new hosts were recorded for K. thalassomi (total 18 hosts). The new hosts came from six different host families, but these fish shared the same habitat on the Great Barrier Reef. Other high host range kudoid species may be disproportionately broad as similar morphological species may have been misidentified from some hosts. For example, the host range of K. thyrsites (38) is likely to represent a species complex that may be split pending further genetic analyses. From this study, it has been reinforced that a holistic approach to species definition is important. Genetic analysis has become a particularly valuable tool; however, in conjunction with biological data such as spore morphology, pathology, host range, and geographic distribution, our understanding of kudoid parasites becomes more robust and provides important knowledge for diagnostics and aquaculture management. In the future, significant improvements in kudoid understanding will coincide with the solving of kudoid life cycles and transmission patterns.