Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de descrição da dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais brasileira. Nas línguas de sinais, a dêixis de pessoa é realizada substancialmente por meio de dois tipos de sinais de apontamento: os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores. O objetivo de minha pesquisa é dar início à descrição desses dois tipos de sinais, tomando por base o trabalho de Liddell (2003), que analisa a dêixis de pessoa na língua de sinais americana, no âmbito da gramática cognitiva (Langacker, 1991) e da teoria de espaços mentais (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). Segundo Liddell, tanto os pronomes pessoais quanto os verbos indicadores têm a propriedade de ser realizados e localizados no espaço físico em frente e ao redor do corpo do sinalizador e de apontar, dentro desse espaço, para um local que está associado, no discurso, a uma representação mental do(s) seu(s) referente(s). Para o autor, os sinais dêiticos são formados por duas partes: uma lingüística, que é invariável, e uma outra que é dêitica, ou seja, que varia conforme a situação discursiva. Para fazer a descrição dos pronomes pessoais e dos verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, analisei (i) dados levantados do dicionário de Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) dados que foram eliciados de colaboradores surdos, e (iii) dados de língua em uso que foram obtidos por meio de uma narrativa infantil contada por uma surda. Com os estudos empíricos realizados e a construção e uma transcrição da narrativa, foi possível (i) descrever a maneira como os surdos usam o espaço de sinalização, para construir, representar e caracterizar as personagens da história (ou interlocutores) que são apontados pelos sinais dêiticos; (ii) levantar os pronomes pessoais e os verbos indicadores da língua de sinais brasileira, e (iii) descrever algumas de suas características formais e as características pragmáticas de seu apontamento (dêitico ou anafórico), tanto nos contextos eliciados como em uso, nos discursos diretos da narrativa. / This dissertation presents a proposal of description of personal deixis in Brazilian Sign Language. In sign language, personal deixis is substantially performed by means of two kinds of pointing signs: personal pronouns and indicating verbs. The aim of my research is to introduce a description of these two kinds of signs, based on work by Liddell (2003), who has analyzed the deictic signs of American Sign Language (ASL) within the framework of cognitive grammar (Langacker, 1991) and mental space theory (Fauconnier, 1994 [1985]; Fauconnier & Turner, 1998). According to Liddell, both personal pronouns and indicating verbs have this property of being signed and located in the physical space in front to and around the signer\'s body; in this space, they can point to a locus associated, within the discourse, to a mental representation of their referents. For Liddell, deictic signs have two parts: a linguistic and invariable component; plus a deictic component, which depends on the discourse situation. In order to describe the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, I analyzed data from (i) the dictionary by Capovilla & Raphael (2001); (ii) elicited tests with deaf collaborators, and (iii) language in use in the form of a child narrative told by a deaf collaborator. With the empirical studies carried out, as well as the construction and transcription of the narrative, it was possible to (i) describe how deaf people use the signing space in order to construe, represent and characterize the characters of the story that are pointed at by deictic signs; (ii) identify the personal pronouns and indicating verbs of Brazilian Sign Language, and (iii) describe some of their formal aspects and the pragmatic characteristics of their pointing (deictic or anaphoric), by looking at both the elicited contexts and those instances of direct speech in narrative.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:47:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Clemente dos Santos.pdf: 974486 bytes, checksum: dd4be696b7276efbe853939b32a70c88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / This thesis joins the guideline of the search "Proceedings senses of speech and text constitution" of the Literature post-graduation program from Mackenzie University and arises as a result of concern with the possibility of an interrelationship between rhetoric and discursive strategies that are concerned with the accession of the auditorium and discourse as responsible for the construction of meaning through linguistic expressions. From an analytical theoretical procedure, observing the ability of rhetoric and speech in acting simultaneously in the interdiscursive field, the texts are analyzed through the relationship between the production of meaning and persuasion that materialize in the interaction between subjects. It has as General Purpose to analyze not only the union between rhetoric and discourse concerned with the production of meaning, evidencing the formation and apposition of the subjects in this construction, but also how it occurs, which risks the Specific Objectives , which are: 1) analyze the argumentative resources that underlie the structure of reality (eg, model and anti-model) because it is believed that as rhetorical elements, can be used for deconstruction and reconstruction of public opinion in view of a production of unstable meaning and 2) analyze the linguistic procedures in the construction and confirmation of a rhetorical image as possible discursive strategies that organize the line of reasoning of the speaker as deixis I-you-here-now. To this end, we selected as the corpus to be analyzed, the discourses of President Getúlio Vargas Dornelles, which were selected according to the historical context in relation to decisive positions in his political career: first discourse exposes the platform of the Liberal Alliance in the campaign for the elections of March 1, 1930, the second showing the enunciator subject, explains the reasons for the Coup and the New Constitution, the third discourse that defines the enunciator subject as the candidate of the people, not the parties and the last one which revels the reasons for the death of a statesman. In these discourses, the categories mentioned below will be applied: the rhetorical field analyzes the arguments supporting the structure of the reality and in the discursive aspect the deixis of person, space and place. Our results show the manner how the example, the model and anti-model, in the rhetoric perspective and the deictic of person, space and place are intertwined in order to build the interpretive scenario and consequently the development of persuasion in the texts of enunciating subject (Getulio Vargas). / A presente tese filia-se à linha de pesquisa Procedimentos de constituição dos sentidos do discurso e do texto do programa de pós-graduação em Letras da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. Surge como fruto dos questionamentos referentes à possibilidade da existência de uma inter-relação entre a retórica e as estratégias discursivas que se preocupam com a adesão do auditório e com o discurso como responsável pela construção do sentido por meio da manifestação linguística. A partir de um procedimento teórico analítico, observando-se a capacidade da retórica e do discurso de agirem simultaneamente no campo interdiscursivo, analisam-se os textos por meio da relação entre a produção de sentido e a persuasão que se concretizam na interação entre os sujeitos. Tem-se como Objetivo Geral analisar não somente a união entre a retórica e o discurso que se preocupam com a produção de sentido, evidenciando a constituição e a posição dos sujeitos nessa construção, mas também o como ela ocorre, o que coloca em cena os Objetivos Específicos, quais sejam: 1) analisar os recursos argumentativos que fundamentam a estrutura do real (exemplo, modelo e antimodelo) por acreditar-se que como elementos retóricos, podem ser utilizados para desconstrução e reconstrução da opinião pública diante de uma produção de sentido instável e 2) analisar os procedimentos linguísticos na construção e na confirmação de uma imagem retórica como possíveis estratégias discursivas que organizam a linha de raciocínio do orador como a dêixis eu-tu-aqui-agora. Para tanto, selecionaram-se como corpora, os discursos do presidente Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, os quais foram selecionados de acordo com o contexto histórico no que tange aos posicionamentos decisivos de sua carreira política: o primeiro discurso expõe a plataforma da Aliança Liberal na campanha para as eleições de 1º de março de 1930; o segundo que apresenta o sujeito enunciador, explica as razões do golpe de Estado e da Nova Constituição; o terceiro, que define o sujeito enunciador como o candidato do povo, e não dos partidos; e o último que revela os possíveis motivos da morte do estadista. Nesses discursos, serão aplicadas as categorias mencionadas a seguir: no campo retórico, analisam-se os argumentos que fundamentam a estrutura do real e no aspecto discursivo as dêixis de pessoa, espaço e lugar. Nossos resultados apontam para a maneira como o exemplo, o modelo e o antimodelo, na perspectiva retórica, e os dêiticos de pessoa, espaço e lugar na perspectiva discursiva, estão imbricados de modo a construir o cenário interpretativo e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento da persuasão nos textos do sujeito enunciador (Getúlio Vargas).

<p>This work investigates into the semantic domain of evidentiality and its grammatical expression in Spanish. A model for describing the evidentiality domain is outlined, which emphasises the scalar nature of the proposed parameters: information source (subject-internal ↔ external), access to information (exclusive ↔ universal) and mode of access (sensory ↔ cognitive), all of which are construed as bipolar continua. Support is also provided for the relevance of using the notions of deixis and perspective in describing evidentiality.</p><p>The prevailing view in current research is that of evidentiality being a grammatical category to be analysed separately from other evidential strategies. The present study challenges this view as it attempts to broaden the perspective on how evidential meanings, expressed by various grammatical means, fit into an overall picture of human cognition and communication patterns. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Cognitive Grammar, which, it is argued, is particularly suited for investigating evidentiality, in particular due to the central role given to perspective, metaphor and category fuzziness in describing grammar and grammatical structures.</p><p>Four articles constitute the body of this work, in which four different prototypical aspects of the encoding of evidentiality into grammatical devices in Spanish are addressed. In the first, the marking of common knowledge in consecutive connectives is argued to depend on a perspective shift; the second proposes the evidential values of tense morphemes to be their core meaning, time deixis being an inference; in the third and the forth it is claimed that the evidential and modal effects of both subject-raising and clitic climbing are determined through the attribution of varying degrees of prominence to the relational participants.</p>

This work investigates into the semantic domain of evidentiality and its grammatical expression in Spanish. A model for describing the evidentiality domain is outlined, which emphasises the scalar nature of the proposed parameters: information source (subject-internal ↔ external), access to information (exclusive ↔ universal) and mode of access (sensory ↔ cognitive), all of which are construed as bipolar continua. Support is also provided for the relevance of using the notions of deixis and perspective in describing evidentiality. The prevailing view in current research is that of evidentiality being a grammatical category to be analysed separately from other evidential strategies. The present study challenges this view as it attempts to broaden the perspective on how evidential meanings, expressed by various grammatical means, fit into an overall picture of human cognition and communication patterns. The theoretical framework adopted is that of Cognitive Grammar, which, it is argued, is particularly suited for investigating evidentiality, in particular due to the central role given to perspective, metaphor and category fuzziness in describing grammar and grammatical structures. Four articles constitute the body of this work, in which four different prototypical aspects of the encoding of evidentiality into grammatical devices in Spanish are addressed. In the first, the marking of common knowledge in consecutive connectives is argued to depend on a perspective shift; the second proposes the evidential values of tense morphemes to be their core meaning, time deixis being an inference; in the third and the forth it is claimed that the evidential and modal effects of both subject-raising and clitic climbing are determined through the attribution of varying degrees of prominence to the relational participants.

Cette thèse explore le fonctionnement indexical des pronoms démonstratifs anglais this, that et it d'une part, et des pronoms démonstratifs français, en particulier ça, d'autre part, en vue d'une comparaison entre ces deux systèmes. L'ensemble des phénomènes référentiels et discursifs observés sont ramenés à certaines caractéristiques syntactico-sémantiques propres à chaque démonstratif, alors formalisées dans le cadre de la Grammaire Notionnelle Dépendancielle. Les occurrences de this, that, it et ça analysées étant issues de conversations orales spontanées et enregistrées selon le protocole des projets PAC et PFC, notre étude apporte un questionnement sur les avantages et les limites des grands corpus oraux pour les recherches en linguistique théorique.

Mémoire (M.A.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / Ce mémoire a été réalisé à l'UQAC dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en linguistique extensionné de l'Université Laval à l'UQAC. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. [81]-86. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Mémoire (M.Ling.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / Ce mémoire a été réalisé à l'UQAC dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en linguistique de l'Unniversité Laval extensionné à l'UQAC. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 113-117. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:43:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1170320 bytes, checksum: e2b9102611133fedb8bfab5546876ff8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The enunciation of personal deixis is a point of tension between language and the subject, highlighting the movements of the emergence of subjectivity in discourse. In language acquisition, deictic designation furthers our understanding of the initial process of subjectivity experienced by the infans, while allowing us to glimpse the different mechanism as to initiate the subject in language. On this assumption, we must consider how perceptive the subject is of the process of subjective constitution that he/she is passing through, by the linguistic marks of their registration statement (personal deixis), when invoking the formal apparatus of enunciation (BENVENISTE, 1989, p. 81-84), makes the use of language and its reversibility proper in a situation of enunciative interaction with others. Our goal is therefore to investigate the relationship between language acquisition and the formation of the subject, as proposed by Benveniste (1988 and 1989), by observing the appearance and operation of personal deixis in enunciative productions of the baby in situation of interaction with the mother. To do so, we will take longitudinal data from three mother-infant dyads (12 to 32 months of age), in naturalistic situation of interaction. The results show that, when considering the different movements of the mechanism of personal deixis in children's language, we can see the various subjective shifts in which the child passes: at first, the child seeks a place for himself in the enunciative structure; then comes to the game of reversible deictic personal, and finally enters the logic of the mechanism of personal deixis. In this sense, the use of personal deictic has as a property to express, in the particular circumstances of living / being of each subject in the language, the regularities of enunciative distinct movements contained in the initial stages of language acquisition. / A enunciação da dêixis pessoal constitui um ponto de tensão entre a linguagem e o sujeito, pois evidencia os movimentos de instalação da subjetividade no discurso. Na aquisição da linguagem, a designação dêitica possibilita a compreensão do processo inicial de subjetivação por que passa o infans, ao mesmo tempo em que nos permite vislumbrar os diferentes mecanismos enunciativos de instauração do sujeito na linguagem. Partindo desta premissa, cabe-nos analisar de que modo o sujeito dá a conhecer o processo de constituição subjetiva por que está passando, por meio das marcas lingüísticas de sua inscrição no enunciado (dêixis pessoal), quando, valendo-se do aparelho formal da enunciação (BENVENISTE, 1989, p. 81-84), torna próprio o uso da língua e sua reversibilidade em situação de interação enunciativa com o outro. Nosso objetivo é, portanto, investigar a relação entre a aquisição da linguagem e o processo de constituição do sujeito, tal como proposto por Benveniste (1988 e 1989), através da observação do aparecimento e do funcionamento da dêixis pessoal nas produções enunciativas do bebê em situação de interação com a mãe. Para isso, iremos nos valer de dados longitudinais de três díades mãe-bebê (de 12 a 32 meses de idade), em situação naturalística de interação. Os resultados mostram que, ao analisar os diferentes movimentos do mecanismo da dêixis pessoal na linguagem infantil, podemos perceber os diversos deslocamentos subjetivos pelos quais a criança passa: a princípio, busca um lugar para si na estrutura enunciativa; em seguida esbarra no jogo reversível dos dêiticos pessoais; por fim, adentra na lógica do mecanismo da dêixis pessoal. Nesse sentido, o uso dos dêiticos pessoais tem a propriedade de explicitar, dentro das singularidades do estar/ser de cada sujeito na língua, as regularidades de movimentos enunciativos distintos e constantes na fase inicial de aquisição da linguagem.

In this essay I shall analyze Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, January, 2009 from the perspective of various linguistic techniques. More specifically, I shall propose and focus on the idea that the composition of the speech has an aim to create a unity of the speaker and the audience in order to deliver the message. Moreover, the speaker maintains the atmosphere of unity throughout the speech, so that the speech produces an effect when the audience becomes a co-author of it. My thesis will also discuss some aspects of persuasive strategies employed in the speech from those dating back as long as Ancient Greece to temporal discourses. The aim is to analyze how the use of a number of linguistic approaches creates a speech which senses an agreement and co-operation between the orator and the audience.

The present study aims to explore how deictic personal pronouns are used in political speeches by the two American presidential candidates, Joe Biden and Donald Trump, during the 2020 United States presidential election. Donald Trump’s usage of the personal pronouns I, you, he/she, we and they is analysed and compared to Joe Biden’s usage of the same personal pronouns. The study has shown that Joe Biden has a preference for the first-person singular pronoun I while Donald Trump has a similar preference towards the third-person plural pronoun they. Both candidates also use the pronoun we just as often, however, Joe Biden’s we is mostly the universal we, referring to all Americans, while Donald Trump’s we is mostly the royal we, referring to his government. This study shows that the same deictic pronouns can be used to indicate inclusion and exclusion.