Ce travail cherche à rendre compte des enjeux socio-politiques qui ont caractérisé la campagne présidentielle mexicaine de 2006, ainsi que des stratégies discursives développées par les deux principaux candidats en lice, Andrés Manuel López Obrador et Felipe Calderón Hinojosa. En replaçant l’élection dans le cadre de la fin du régime autoritaire du PRI et de la transition démocratique au Mexique, nous nous attachons à montrer dans quelle mesure l’élection de 2006 s’inscrit dans la continuité des changements politiques et sociaux amorcés depuis les années 1970, et constitue en même temps un cas à part dans ce processus. La spécificité de cette élection naît de l’extrême incertitude qui pèse sur l’issue du scrutin, de l’affrontement qui se produit pour la première fois de l’histoire mexicaine contemporaine entre un parti de droite et une coalition de gauche ainsi que des stratégies discursives déployées par les candidats pour tenter de rallier leurs partisans à leur cause et de conquérir les électeurs indécis. En rupture avec les modalités de transmission du pouvoir propres au régime autoritaire, la conflictualité qui caractérise cette élection prend corps dans les manières de dire des candidats, et plus particulièrement dans leurs discours de meetings. L’étude des discours des candidats permet aussi bien de mettre au jour les mécanismes de persuasion et de légitimation à l’oeuvre dans les discours, que de saisir le lien qui les unit au positionnement politique et idéologique de chacun des candidats dans le cadre d’une médiatisation croissante du discours politique. / This dissertation aims to show the sociopolitical issues that characterized the 2006 presidential campaign in Mexico, as well as the discursive strategies used by the two main contenders, Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Felipe Calderón Hinojosa. By putting the election back into the context of the authoritarian regime ending and the democratic transition in Mexico, we will show up to what point the 2006 election is part of the continuous political and social changes that have been happening since the 1970’s and can be defined at the same time as a particular case in this process. The particularity of this election results from the very uncertain result of the ballot, the first confrontation in the contemporary Mexican history between a right-wing party and a left-wing coalition and the discursive strategies the contenders resorted to in order to make their supporters join them and to appeal to the floating voters. This conflictive election breaks off the way political power was passed on during the authoritarian regime, and takes shape through the candidates’speeches, particularly the political massive events. They reflect the Mexican situation and contribute to create some representation of Mexico and his political players as a result of language twists. The study of the contenders’ discursive strategies brings to the light the persuasion and legitimation processes that characterize their speeches and make clear their linkswith the political and ideological stance of each one of the contenders within the framework of the increasing media coverage of political discourse.

O objetivo geral da presente tese é identificar os elementos que diferenciam a trajetória dos partidos de direita no Brasil e no Chile. Para tanto, optou-se por estudar os dois maiores partidos: o PFL/DEM no Brasil, e a UDI no Chile. Com base no modelo organizacional de Panebianco e Wolinetz, as hipóteses testadas nesta pesquisa buscaram na gênese partidária, modelo de organização interna, e objetivos partidários (vote-seeking, policy- seeking, e officeseeking), as principais variáveis para explicar o crescimento e declínio eleitoral dos partidos em análise. Desse modo, verificou-se que o nascimento e a permanência do PFL/DEM no governo (office-seeking) inviabilizou o fortalecimento organizacional do partido e a sua capacidade de resiliência na condição de oposição. Em contrapartida, a situação oposta favoreceu o crescimento da UDI, que na condição de oposição, desenvolveu uma institucionalização forte, utilizando-se de estratégias (vote-seeking) para arrefecer o impacto decorrente da não participação no governo, construindo um contínuo processo de interrelação entre a cúpula dirigente e suas bases sociais. Diante de um contexto socioeconômico desigual, típico dos dois países em análise, a UDI aliou o seu processo de fortalecimento organizacional com a harmonização e segmentação de sua oferta política. / The main aim of this PhD dissertation is to identify the elements that differentiate the trajectory of the right parties in Brazil and Chile. Therefore, we chose to study the two major parties: PFL/DEM in Brazil, and the UDI in the Chilean case. Based on the organizational model of Panebianco and Wolinetz, the hypotheses tested in this study investigates in the genesis of the parties, internal organizational model, and parties goals(vote-seeking, policyseeking, and office- seeking), the main variables to explain the electoral growth and decline of the parties in question. Thus, it was verify that the birth and permanence of the PFL/DEM in the government (office-seeking) prevented the organizational strengthening of the party and your resilience capacity in opposition condition. In contrast, the opposite situation favored the growth of the UDI, which, in opposition condition, developed a strong institutionalization, using strategies (vote-seeking) to cool the impact of the non-participation in the government, building a continuous interrelation process between the top leadership and your social bases. Faced with an uneven socio-economic context, typical of the two countries analyzed, the UDI has teamed your organizational strengthening process with the harmonization and segmentation of your political offer.

O objetivo geral da presente tese é identificar os elementos que diferenciam a trajetória dos partidos de direita no Brasil e no Chile. Para tanto, optou-se por estudar os dois maiores partidos: o PFL/DEM no Brasil, e a UDI no Chile. Com base no modelo organizacional de Panebianco e Wolinetz, as hipóteses testadas nesta pesquisa buscaram na gênese partidária, modelo de organização interna, e objetivos partidários (vote-seeking, policy- seeking, e officeseeking), as principais variáveis para explicar o crescimento e declínio eleitoral dos partidos em análise. Desse modo, verificou-se que o nascimento e a permanência do PFL/DEM no governo (office-seeking) inviabilizou o fortalecimento organizacional do partido e a sua capacidade de resiliência na condição de oposição. Em contrapartida, a situação oposta favoreceu o crescimento da UDI, que na condição de oposição, desenvolveu uma institucionalização forte, utilizando-se de estratégias (vote-seeking) para arrefecer o impacto decorrente da não participação no governo, construindo um contínuo processo de interrelação entre a cúpula dirigente e suas bases sociais. Diante de um contexto socioeconômico desigual, típico dos dois países em análise, a UDI aliou o seu processo de fortalecimento organizacional com a harmonização e segmentação de sua oferta política. / The main aim of this PhD dissertation is to identify the elements that differentiate the trajectory of the right parties in Brazil and Chile. Therefore, we chose to study the two major parties: PFL/DEM in Brazil, and the UDI in the Chilean case. Based on the organizational model of Panebianco and Wolinetz, the hypotheses tested in this study investigates in the genesis of the parties, internal organizational model, and parties goals(vote-seeking, policyseeking, and office- seeking), the main variables to explain the electoral growth and decline of the parties in question. Thus, it was verify that the birth and permanence of the PFL/DEM in the government (office-seeking) prevented the organizational strengthening of the party and your resilience capacity in opposition condition. In contrast, the opposite situation favored the growth of the UDI, which, in opposition condition, developed a strong institutionalization, using strategies (vote-seeking) to cool the impact of the non-participation in the government, building a continuous interrelation process between the top leadership and your social bases. Faced with an uneven socio-economic context, typical of the two countries analyzed, the UDI has teamed your organizational strengthening process with the harmonization and segmentation of your political offer.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / Many Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in South Africa are currently under pressure or threat of closure. Although there have been advances in civil society-state relations after the transition from apartheid to democracy, there has also been a steady decline in the number of CSOs in South Africa since 1994. The reasons for this decline are complex and varied. Given the value CSOs make in contributing to a lively democracy, it is important to explore the factors which enhance or undermine resilience in such organisations. This study focuses on understanding resilience among Non-government organisations (as an example of a CSO) in post-apartheid South Africa using Youth For Christ Cape Town as a case study. The site for this study was chosen as YFC Cape Town is arguably one of South Africa's oldest NGOs being formed in 1948. This study aims to, therefore, establish how CSOs in South Africa can ensure resilience and longevity in a complex and evolving political environment by drawing lessons from the selected case study. The elements which have emerged as being important to resilience are (1) Funding; (2) Technical skills; (3) Accessing networks; (4) Adaptation; (5) Core values; (6) Innovation; (7) Leadership. The study found that these factors should not be viewed as isolated elements but rather be seen as integrated developmental framework for ensuring resilience. Another key finding is located around organisational identity. Although adaptation in terms of how the organisation functions are necessary to navigate shifts in the environment, the identity of the organisation should remain the same. Organisations who change their identity amidst shocks and changes within the system are not very resilient while those who don't are.

Diploma thesis "Comparision of roles of Juan Carlos and Simeon II. in democratic transition and question of monarchy and monarchism in Spain and Bulgaria" deals with democratic transition and question of monarchy in two concrete countries that I chose: in Spain and in Bulgaria.I confront king of Spain Juan Carlos and former tsar Simeon II. in the process of democratic transition and way they solve problems with acceptance or exclusion of monarchy. Both countries are similar in one issue: duration of monarchy was interrupted for a very long time by undemocratic regime. In the text is described, how a big role can enact one key person within political system, how its positive and concrete outcomes or committed errors could bring acceptance or exclusion of monarchy. The text is divided into historical part and present.

While the Arab Spring has resulted in numerous different political outcomes across the Arab world, conventional theories of democratization are lacking in explaining these divergent outcomes. Developing a theory of democratization, strategic importance and external intervention, I examine the relationship between national strategic importance and democratization. I argue that strategically important states will be targeted by external actors in attempts to stifle or thwart democracy because democracy may upset the status quo that foreign actors benefit from. I do not find support for the hypothesis that strategic importance and democratization share a general negative relationship, however, I find moderate support that strategic importance is related to the timing of regime breakdown, democratic breakdown and democratic transition. Furthermore, in examining the cases of Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia and Libya, I highlight key moments of external intervention and influence that impacted the democratization attempts of each case.

This thesis paper set out to investigate the research puzzle of why some nonviolent conflicts lead to democratisation while others do not, as well as what explains this variation. A time series, cross-case comparison between the Arab Spring revolutions of Tunisia and Egypt was conducted exploring the link between organisational structure of prominent organisations participating in the movement and the success or failure of the countries’ later democratisation efforts. The hypothesis formulated claims that formal organisational structures are more likely to lead to successful democratisation. After the empirical material was collected, the results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that there is a link between organisational structure and successful or failed democratisation via the mediating variables of clear leadership and the presence of durable organisations. Afterwards, the limitations of the study are discussed. To strengthen the existing body of literature, potential avenues for future research are presented.

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No description available.

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a formação de uma área de pesquisas sobre crime, violência e punição nas ciências sociais contemporâneas no Brasil(1968-2010) e sua relação com a constituição de um campo da segurança públicaconvergência entre campo científico e arenas de política pública -,concebido como parte de um dispositivo de saber-poder(Foucault, 2000;2005), que se pretende alternativo ao monopólio do saber jurídico e policial no sistema de justiça criminal. Considerando a conversão da \"violência urbana\" em problema público, analisamos como no debate sobre o tema se constituem pontes entre preocupações públicas e questões científicas a partir de centros de pesquisa e de sua articulação com redes de ativismo na sociedade civil e no interior do Estado. Estivemos atentos a dois aspectos: 1) de um lado, à constituição de especialidades ou (sub)disciplinas em meio às disputas entre grupos de pesquisa por recursos burocráticos no interior de um campo científico; 2) de outro, à formação de redes de atores voltadas à legitimação política dos princípios causais, normativos e instrumentais a que estão identificados. Em, outras palavras, os cientistas sociais são analisados como atores voltados à conversão de contextos de politização em processos de disciplinarização e de estatização. Buscamos, assim, problematizar as ambiguidades do duplo papel dos pesquisadores deste campo, como construtores de padrões organizacionais de autonomia científica e como reformadores se esforçando por transformar seus saberes em práticas de governo através da profissionalização dos agentes aserviço do Estado e da formalização dos saberes a partir dos quais a administração se legitima. Trata-se, em suma, de analisar a mobilização de cientistas sociais para se legitimarem como agentes reconhecidos na disputa pela imposição de uma visão legítima do fenômeno da violência que sirva de base para o desenvolvimento de novas práticas técnico-políticas de gestão do social por parte do Estado. Observamos que o embate entre correntes políticas nas agendas de reforma dos sistemas de justiça criminal e segurança pública tensio na o campo de pesquisas entre esforços de reconfiguração crítica do modelo de Ciências Criminais integradas ao Direito Penal e um modelo de Criminologia independente, como formação profissional na área de gestão da segurança pública e justiça criminal. / This research analyzes the formation of an area of research on crime, violence and punishment in contemporary social sciences in Brazil (1968-2010) and its relation to the constitution of a field of public security-convergence between scientific fields and arenas of political public designed as part as knowledge-power apparatus (Foucault, 2000; 2005), which is intended alternative to the monopoly of legal and police knowledge in the criminal justice system. Whereas the conversion of \" urban violence\" in public problem, we analyze how the debate on the subject constitute bridges between public concerns and issues from scientific research centers and their coordination with networks of activism in civil society and within the state . We were aware of two aspects:1) on one hand, the establishment of specialties or (sub)disciplines amidst disputes between research groups by bureaucratic resources within a scientific field; 2) otherwise, the formation of networks of actors facing the political legitimacy of causal, instrumental and normative principles that are identified. In other words, social scientists are as actors aimed at converting contexts of politicization in processes of disciplinarisation and étatisation. We seek, therefore, to question the ambiguities of the double role of researchers in this field, as builders of organizational standards of scientific autonomy and as reformers striving to transform their knowledge in governance practices through the professional development of staff in the service of the state and formalization of knowledge from which the administration is legitimized. It is, in short, to analyze the mobilization of social scientists to legitimize themselves as agents recognized in dispute by imposing a legitimate view of the phenomenon of violence as a basis for the development of new technical practices -management policies for social the State. We observed that the clash between current policy agendas for reform of criminal justice and public safety systems tightens the field of research efforts between critical reconfiguration of Criminal Sciences Integrated Model to the Criminal Law and Criminology independent model, as professional training in management of public security and criminal justice.