El mercado empresarial en los últimos años ha crecido a un ritmo vertiginoso por factores sociales, económicos y de salud pública, así como el acceso a la tecnología y la cada vez más sólida globalización, especialmente en el sector de las pyme y las mype. Este es un fenómeno que ha concitado la atención de diversos especialistas; por esta razón, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad describir las alternativas de financiamiento para las pyme que existen en la actualidad. Para ello, se ha organizado la investigación en seis secciones. En primera instancia, se desarrolla la evolución de las pymes a nivel nacional y extranjero. Seguidamente, se revisarán cuales son las necesidades y características del financiamiento a las pyme. En el siguiente capítulo, se analizará las diferentes formas del financiamiento tradicional y el financiamiento alternativo, además de los tipos de financiamiento que existen en cada uno de ellos. Dentro del financiamiento tradicional destacan los préstamos bancarios, factoring y leasing financiero; en el financiamiento alternativo, se utilizan plataformas digitales o fintech donde se puede acceder a un capital semilla, crowdfunding y el capital riesgo. Luego de ello, se precisan cuáles son las principales restricciones que se presentan en el proceso en el que las pyme buscan financiamiento. Finalmente, se precisará la regulación que se da a estas entidades y como beneficia el desarrollo de las pyme. La principal conclusión a la que llega esta investigación es que no existe una única modalidad de financiamiento a la que pueden acceder las pyme actualmente y estas presentan en sí mismas limitaciones que impiden que contribuyan de forma adecuada al fortalecimiento del sector. / In the last years, the business market has grown fastly due to social, economic and public health factors, as well as access to technology and increasingly strong globalization, especially in the SME and MSME sector. This is a phenomenon that has attracted the attention of specialists; for this reason, the purpose of this paper is to describe the financing alternatives for SMEs. To this end, the research has been organized into six sections. First, the evolution of SMEs at the national and foreign level is developed. Next, the needs and characteristics of SME financing will be reviewed. In the following chapter, the different forms of traditional financing and alternative financing will be analyzed, as well as the types of financing that exist in each of them. Within traditional financing, bank loans, factoring and financial leasing stand out; in alternative financing, digital or fintech platforms are used where seed capital, crowdfunding and venture capital can be accessed. After that, the main restrictions that arise in the process in which SMEs seek financing will be specified. Finally, the regulation that is given to these entities and how it benefits the development of SMEs will be specified. The main conclusion reached by this research is that there is no single financing modality that SMEs can currently access, and these have limitations that prevent them from contributing adequately to the strengthening of the sector. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Digital undervisning blev under covid-19 pandemin en viktig metod för att kunna upprätthålla lärande för utbildningsinstitutioner. Genom att använda sig av digitala plattformar och verktyg som exempelvis Learning Management Systems (LMS) och Videokonferens verktyg (VKV) kan studenter lära sig utan att fysiskt vara närvarande.  Den tidigare forskningen har tagit upp de sociala och fysiska problemen som kan uppstå vid ett oönskat miljöombyte. Vidare har det lyfts fram att individer har olika förutsättningar vid distansutbildning vilket kan påverka lärandet under hela utbildningen. Det lyfts även fram styrkor och svagheter med distansundervisning men inget som specifikt berör hur de digitala plattformarna har påverkat studenters motivation, koncentration och studieteknik under covid-19. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur studenter vid Linneuniversitetet upplever att de har påverkats av den ofrivilliga distansundervisningen covid-19 medför och de digitala lärplattformar och verktyg som används. En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer har varit studiens metod vid datainsamling. Studien har förhållit sig till fem informanter som studerat på olika program inom Linneuniversitetet. För att analysera data följdes Creswells sex steg för dataanalys vilket resulterade i två huvudområden som inkluderade fyra teman och tre subteman. Studien kom fram till att studenter upplever att det finns möjligheter till sociala interaktioner med VKV. Flexibiliteten och möjligheten att vara platsoberoende är väldigt positivt för studenter. Studien har konstaterat att studenters koncentration, motivation och studieteknik har påverkats negativt sedan införandet av VKV föreläsningar. Vid användning av LMS så har upplevelsen varit att det finns en minimal påverkan på centrala faktorerna för lärande. / During the covid-19 pandemic, digital education became an important method for maintaining learning for educational institutions. By using digital platforms and tools such as Learning Management Systems (LMS) and Video Conferencing tools (VKV), students can learn without being physically present.  Previous research has addressed the social and physical problems that can arise in the event of an unwanted environmental change. Furthermore, it has been emphasized that individuals have different conditions for distance education, which can affect learning throughout the education. It also highlights the strengths and weaknesses of distance education, but nothing that specifically affects how the digital platforms have affected students' motivation, concentration and study techniques during covid-19.  The purpose of this study was to investigate how students at Linnaeus University feel that they have been affected by the involuntary distance education that covid-19 entails and the digital learning platforms and tools used. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews has been the study's method of data collection. The study involved five informants who studied in various programs within Linnaeus University. Creswell’s six steps for data analysis was chosen to analyze the data which resulted in two main areas that included four themes and three subthemes.   The study concluded that students feel that there are opportunities for social interactions with VKV. The flexibility and the opportunity to be site-independent is very positive for students. The study has found that students' concentration, motivation and study techniques have been negatively affected since the introduction of VKV lectures. When using LMS, the experience has been that there is a minimal impact on the key factors for learning.

The rising trend of over consumption has led to threatening environmental consequences. A solution to this would be collaborative consumption, as it promotes environmentally friendly sharing behaviors. Collaborative consumption can be enabled with digital tools, such as digital sharing platforms. The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about how digital sharing platforms can be successfully established in order to build a good foundation for collaborative consumption. This qualitative research, influenced by grounded theory as a method, aims to explore the question “what are the barriers for establishing a digital sharing platform?”. Based on related research and by investigating a digital sharing platform called Umigo, we conducted six semi-structured interviews based on three technological frames and identified multiple barriers. With this research we make two main contributions. Our first contribution is that digital sharing platforms are unique in comparison to other platform types and should therefore be studied further. We also found an overview of the barriers that could prevent the successful establishment of digital sharing platforms.

Solicitud de embargo por publicación en revista indexada. / La pandemia generada por la covid-19 ha creado un escenario incierto para el cine independiente, obligándolo a explorar otras oportunidades de exhibición y teniendo como protagonista al streaming. Frente a este contexto, el identificar las brechas de acceso de películas peruanas al mercado internacional en un entorno digital, resulta ser un tema de interés actual. El presente artículo pretende identificar las dificultades que enfrentan películas peruanas independientes para acceder a las principales plataformas (Netflix, HBO, Amazon Prime, Apple TV y/o Movistar). La metodología empleada se basa en entrevistas semi-estructuradas realizadas a cineastas peruanos que han tenido la experiencia de exhibir sus obras vía streaming. Para comprender mejor el objeto de estudio, se realizó una entrevista en profundidad a Guarango Cine y Video, casa realizadora especializada en post producción, delivery y preparación de películas para plataformas digitales. Para el análisis de resultados, se propone la clasificación de las dificultades en técnicas, económicas, de producción y socioculturales. Estas cuatro categorías y su incidencia en la difusión cinematográfica configuran el eje central de la presente investigación. Los hallazgos más importantes de la investigación sugieren que las cuestiones económicas y la falta de conocimiento o proyección sobre las posibilidades de distribución son las principales dificultades que afrentan los cineastas peruanos independientes para exhibir en plataformas de streaming. / The pandemic caused by covid-19 has created an uncertain stage for independent cinema, forcing it to explore other exhibition opportunities with streaming as the protagonist. With this background and in a digital environment, identifying the gaps in access to the international market for Peruvian films turns out to be a topic of current interest. The present study contributes to identify the difficulties faced by independent Peruvian films to access the main platforms (Netflix, HBO, Amazon Prime, Apple TV and Movistar). The methodology used is based on semi-structured interviews with Peruvian filmmakers who have had the experience of exhibiting their films via streaming. In order to better understand the object of study, an in-depth interview was conducted with Guarango Cine y Video, a production company specialized in post-production and preparation of films for digital platforms. For the analysis of results, the classification of technical, economic, production and sociocultural difficulties is proposed. These four categories and their incidence in the dissemination of films are the central focus of the study. The main results obtained from the research suggest that economic issues and the lack of knowledge or projection about the distribution possibilities are the principal and transversal difficulties faced by independent Peruvian filmmakers to exhibit on streaming platforms. / Tesis

El presente trabajo aborda todos los aspectos necesarios para lograr determinar si el negocio de posicionamiento de un nuevo producto musical infantil es rentable y viable en un escenario realista y actual. A través del análisis de estadísticas y datos en línea sobre el uso de plataformas digitales para la educación y entretenimiento de los niños, antes y durante la pandemia del COVID-19, se podrá determinar si el aumento de tecnologías de la comunicación en los hogares hispanohablantes creó una oportunidad de negocio para potenciar un producto musical infantil entretenido y educativo. / When analyzing statistics and data online on the use of digital platforms for the education and entertainment of children, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was concluded that, due to the increase in communication technologies in spanish-speaking homes, it was due to the need for virtual classes or due to the fact that technology advances and over time becomes more accessible. The creation of a new children's project aimed at both digital platforms and live presentations is a very profitable process, since the development, maintenance, promotion and dissemination, unlike other years, and also other products, is profitable and it requires more study time than economic investment. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

En la última década, la producción y distribución de contenido audiovisual por parte de los jóvenes se ha incrementado en cantidades colosales, siendo las plataformas 2.0 los principales medios de difusión de los mismos. No obstante, los factores que influyen en una persona al momento de optar por el uso de las mencionadas herramientas resultan aún poco conocidas. Por ello, el presente trabajo de investigación busca conocer los factores asociados a la distribución y exhibición de piezas realizadas por estudiantes peruanos de comunicación audiovisual dentro de las plataformas 2.0. El estudio se encuentra enmarcado dentro del enfoque cualitativo, siendo la entrevista semiestructurada el instrumento utilizado para la recolección de información. / In the last decade, the production and distribution of audiovisual content by young people has increased in colossal amounts, with 2.0 platforms being the main means of disseminating them. However, the factors that influence a person when choosing to use the aforementioned tools are still poorly understood. Therefore, this research work seeks to know the factors associated with the distribution and exhibition of pieces made by Peruvian students of audiovisual communication within 2.0 platforms. The study is framed within the qualitative approach, with the semi-structured interview being the instrument used to collect information. / Trabajo de investigación

En este trabajo de investigación se hizo un análisis de la prensa sensacionalista ya que se volvió muy popular y controversial en los años 90 en Lima, así mismo se está analizando si aún este tipo de prensa se encuentra presente y se emplean sus características en las publicaciones de periódicos digitales de diarios peruanos. Con el avance de la investigación hemos descubierto que aún se emplea características de la prensa sensacionalista en las publicaciones de los diarios digitales en especial al diario analizado en la investigación que es el “Trome”. Podemos observar como los títulos están cargados por calificativos que apelan a los sentimientos de los lectores causando rechazo o apoyo, según el tipo de noticia. Así mismo, se hace uso del color y tamaño de la letra presentándose en negrita y en un tamaño mucho mayor al del contenido. Se emplea también imágenes cargadas de sensacionalismo. Para este estudio se empleó técnicas para la recolección de datos como entrevistas y análisis de guías de observación para estudiar las publicaciones que hacía el diario.  Se hizo también un cruce de datos para corroborar los estudios de especialistas como extranjeros y peruanos. Al finalizar se realizó un cruce de datos para obtener las conclusiones finales. / In this research work, an analysis was made of the tabloid press that became very popular and controversial in the 1990s in Lima, and it is also being analyzed whether this type of press is still present and uses characteristics in digital newspaper publications. of Peruvian newspapers. With the advance of the investigation we have discovered that characteristics of the sensationalist press are still used in the publications of digital newspapers, especially the newspaper analyzed in the investigation that is the "Trome". We can see how the titles are loaded with qualifiers that appeal to the feelings of the readers causing rejection or support, depending on the type of news. Likewise, use is made of the color and size of the letter, appearing in bold and in a much larger size than the content. Images loaded with sensationalism are also used. For this study, data collection techniques such as interviews and analysis of observation guides were used to study the publications made by the newspaper. A data crossing was also made to corroborate the studies of specialists such as foreigners and Peruvians. At the end, a data crossing was performed to obtain the final conclusions. / Trabajo de investigación

En esta investigación se tratará el tema de las nuevas narrativas interactivas y como se han generado en la actualidad. Así mismo, se dará foco a los puntos de realización de contenido para niños. Se tomarán ejemplos de otras piezas audiovisuales interactivas que han funcionado, como el caso de los videojuegos, y otras que han fallado como películas y series. Por último, se tomará importancia a las nuevas plataformas digitales, resaltando a la pionera, Netflix y como está buscando integrar a la interactividad en contenidos para menores. / This research will deal with the subject of new interactive narratives and how they have been generated today. Likewise, focus will be given to the content points for children. Examples will be taken of other interactive audiovisual pieces that have worked, such as videogames, and others that have failed, such as movies and series. Finally, importance will be given to new digital platforms, highlighting the pioneer, Netflix and how it is seeking to integrate interactivity into content for minors. / Trabajo de investigación

To reduce carbon emissions and lead the organization in a certain direction, companies can work with internal carbon pricing (ICP). There are many large companies that work with an ICP, which, among other things, have helped them to identify opportunities and led to decisions that generated higher revenues. Working with sustainability with an ICP serves as a management function and stimulates value creation in the organization. Digital platforms have become a common and resource-efficient tool used by companies to collect and analyze data and information to create value and make the organization more sustainable. Most studies have been done on large companies that work with ICP, and small and medium-sized companies have ended up in the shadows even though they as a group have a very large climate impact. This essay studies small and medium-sized enterprises, and thus examines how companies work with ICP in resource-limited conditions. ICP relies on employees and their ability to make decisions and implement new solutions and ways of working. The study therefore examines how competence-based capabilities form how companies create value with their ICP. Furthermore, the study also examines how the digital platform is used in sustainability work. The study is qualitative and examines two medium-sized companies and one small company through semi-structured interviews. The result shows that competence-based capabilities are at least as important as tangible resources and that cooperation, developing knowledge, leadership and commitment are important for value creation processes. According to the study's results, the digital platform acts as a resource that supports and stimulates value creation processes and can give rise to knowledge, information and working methods. To create value within the organization, further expertise and knowledge is required, which develops with time and practice. For SMEs, value creation is not mainly about efficiency in production or efficiency in the short term, but more long-term change in internal processes, adaptation of strategies and understanding of actors in the value chain. / För att minska företagets utsläpp och styra organisationen i en viss riktning kan företag arbeta med ett internt koldioxidpris (IKP). Det finns många stora företag som arbetar med ett IKP, vilket bland annat hjälpt dem identifierat möjligheter och lett till beslut som genererat högre intäkter. Att arbeta med hållbarhet med ett IKP fungerar som en ledningsfunktion och stimulerar värdeskapande i organisationen. Digitala plattformar har blivit ett vanligt och resurseffektivt verktyg som används av företag för att samla in och analysera data och information för att skapa värde och göra organisationen mer hållbar. Studier har i stort sett endast gjorts på stora företag som arbetar med IKP, och små och medelstora företag har hamnat i skymundan trots att de som grupp har en mycket stor klimatpåverkan. Denna uppsats studerar små och medelstora företag som arbetar med IKP, och undersöker således hur metoden fungerar i resursbegränsade förhållanden. IKP förlitar sig på medarbetare och deras förmåga att ta beslut och implementera nya lösningar och arbetssätt. Studiens undersöker därför hur mjuka egenskaper formar hur företagen skapar värde med sitt IKP. Vidare undersöker studien även hur den digitala plattformen används i hållbarhetsarbetet. Studien är kvalitativ och undersöker två medelstora företag och ett litet företag genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar att mjuka egenskaper är minst lika viktiga som påtagliga resurser och att samarbete, att utveckla kunskap, ledarskap och engagemang är viktigt för värdeskapandeprocesser. Enligt studiens resultat agerar den digitala plattformen som en resurs som stödjer och stimulerar värdeskapandeprocesser och kan ge upphov till kunskap, information och arbetssätt.  För att skapa värde inom organisationen krävs vidare expertis och kunskap som utvecklas med tid och praktik. För små och medelstora företag handlar värdeskapandet inte i huvudsak om effektivitet i produktion eller effektivitet på kort sikt, utan mer långsiktig förändring i interna processer, anpassning av strategier och förståelse av aktörer i värdekedjan.

Bakgrund: Att majoriteten av unga idag använder sociala medier är ett känt faktum. Inom den allmänna debatten finns en tendens att lyfta fram negativa aspekter och fokusera på riskfaktorer, som exempelvis att användning av sociala medier skulle bidra till ökad psykisk ohälsa bland unga. Forskning har emellertid visat att ungas användning av sociala medier är nyanserad och kan innebära både risk- och skyddsfaktorer. Under tonåren genomgår unga stora steg i identitetsutvecklingen, då unga lämnar barndomen för att närma sig ett självständigt deltagande i samhället. Eftersom unga frekvent använder sociala medier kommer de aktiviteter som utförs där att ha en påverkan på identitetsutvecklingen. Forskningen om detta har inte alltid haft det specifika fokuset att undersöka hur olika aktiviteter som utförs på sociala medier kan bidra positivt till ungas identitetsutveckling utifrån flera delar som hör till identiteten, varpå det bör undersökas närmare. Syfte: Att baserat på tidigare forskning undersöka hur de aktiviteter som unga utför på sociala medier kan påverka identitetsutvecklingen, och specifikt belysa vilken positiv inverkan sociala medier kan ha för detta. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie baserad på tretton vetenskapliga artiklar av internationell forskning. Artiklarna var av kvalitativ ansats och analyserades genom innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet visade att unga utför många olika aktiviteter på sociala medier som är av betydelse för identitetsutvecklingen både gällandeidentiteten som inre process och identiteten som social process, vilka identifierades som huvudteman. Dessa aktiviteter delades in i underteman av att unga skapar och utforskar nya identiteter, utövar kontroll och självbestämmande, upplever social samvaro och gruppens godkännande, samt distanserar sig från vuxna, som alla har betydelse för identitetsutvecklingen. Unga behövde emellertid även hjälp av vuxna med att navigera det som sker på sociala medier och utveckla användbara strategier för att exempelvis hantera konflikter som uppstår. Slutsats: Det som bidrar till en positiv identitetsutveckling för unga via sociala medier bör uppmärksammas i hälsofrämjande syfte och användas av yrkesverksamma inom arbete med barn och unga, då sociala medier är en arena där majoriteten av unga rör sig och som därmed kommer att fortsätta påverka ungas identitetsutveckling. / Background: That the majority of young people today use social media is a known fact. Within the general debate, there is a tendency to highlight negative aspects and focus on risk factors, for example that the use of social media would contribute to increased mental illness among young people. However, research has shown that young people's use of social media is nuanced and can involve both risk and protective factors for young people. During adolescence, young people go through major steps in identity development, when young people leave childhood to approach independent participation in society. Since young people frequently use social media, the activities carried out there will have an impact on the identity development. The research on this has not always had the specific purpose of investigating how various activities carried out on social media can contribute positively to young people's identity development based on several parts that belong to identity, whereupon it should be investigated more closely. Aim: To investigate, based on previous research, how the activities that young people engage in throughsocial media can affect identity development, and specifically highlight the positive impact social media can have on this. Method: A systematic literature study based on thirteen scientific articles of international research. The articles had a qualitative approach and were analyzed through content analysis. Results: The results showed that young people carry out many different activities on social media that are important for identity development both regarding identity as an internal process and identity as a social process, which were identified as main themes. These activities were divided into the sub-themes of young people creating and exploring new identities, exercising control and self-determination, experiencing social togetherness and group approval, and distancing themselves from adults, all of which are important for identity development. Young people however also needed help from adults in navigating what is happening on social media and developing useful strategies for, for example, handling conflicts that arise. Conclusions: What contributes to a positive identity development for young people via social media should be noticed and used by professionals in work with children and young people, as it is an arena where the majority of young people move and which will thus continue to influence young people's identity development.