As man moved out on the internet, so did the companies. One of the most successful business models in the digital era is the digital platform. A digital platform acts as an intermediary on multi-sided markets and enjoys, amongst others, lucrative network effects. One of the main factors behind the great success of digital platforms is the usage of big data combined with algorithms that are enhanced by machine learning. However, as big data is becoming more and more indispensable for any modern company, questions have been raised about whether digital platforms should be able to withhold the massive amount of big data exclusively, or whether they could be forced to share it. This paper investigates these questions through the lens of EU-competition law, especially under Article 102 TFEU and the doctrine of essential facilities.  To address the problem of digital platforms and big data, the business models of digital platforms, the economic forces behind them, and their usage of data are assessed to conclude whether an intervention by the Union could be motivated. It is concluded that the markets where digital platforms act are prone to tip and that the characteristics of big data in combination with sophisticated algorithms create a positive feedback loop, creating barriers to entry. Thus, there are severe risks of external market failures, making an intervention feasible. The paper secondly assesses the essential facility doctrine and evaluates the four elements that needs to be fulfilled for big data to be covered by the doctrine. Even though the business model of digital platforms challenges the traditional instruments of EU-competition law, the author argues that three out of four elements of the essential facilities doctrine are fulfilled. However, as data to its character is non-rivalrous and non-exclusive the data held by the incumbent cannot be considered indispensable, making the essential facilities doctrine inapplicable. Finally, alternative instruments under EU-competition law are assessed to find a solution to the problems attributable to a refusal to supply big data. The paper concludes that there are no optimal solutions, but the best of the potential instruments is to find a new form of abuse under article 102 TFEU or to add a modified version of the essential facilities doctrine to the newly proposed legislation DMA.

La economía colaborativa está generando una fuerte influencia en la sociedad a través de la creación de nuevos modelos de negocios con fuerte tendencia a monopolizar los mercados. Influye en el patrón de consumo de las personas, hay quienes prefieren pagar por el acceso a bienes y servicios antes que decidir por la posesión del mismo, contradiciendo el sistema económico actual. Algunas investigaciones desarrolladas, consideran importante la contribución de la economía colaborativa en la transformación de la sociedad mientras que otras, sostienen lo contrario. En el presente trabajo, se han revisado investigaciones relacionados a economía colaborativa, realizados durante los últimos 5 años. Se contrastaron las posturas a favor y en contra sobre su influencia en los patrones de consumo de las personas. Se revisaron investigaciones que analizaron nuevos modelos de negocios creados que están basados en la economía colaborativa. Se identificaron los factores que aún son controversiales en la actualidad, los cuales son planteados como nuevas líneas de investigación cuyos resultados contribuyan a comprender y actuar frente a estas nuevas corrientes innovadoras que están surgiendo en el mundo. / The collaborative economy is generating a strong influence in society through the creation of new business models with a strong tendency to monopolize the markets. It influences the pattern of consumption of people, some people prefer to pay for access to goods and services before deciding to own it, contradicting the current economic system. Some researches developed consider the contribution of the collaborative economy in the transformation of society important, while others argue the contrary. In the present work, we have reviewed research related to collaborative economy, conducted during the last 5 years. The positions in favor and against were contrasted on their influence on the consumption patterns of the people. We reviewed research that analyzed new business models created that are based on the collaborative economy. We identified the factors that are still controversial at present, which are proposed as new lines of research whose results contribute to understanding and acting against these new innovative trends that are emerging in the world. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

[pt] O que significaria, se a otimização do sistema capitalista, através do processo competitivo e da inovação tecnológica, alcançasse uma produtividade extrema e fizesse que o lucro, o sangue que dá vida ao capitalismo, secasse? A questão da música hoje está atrelada à digitalização do fonograma, e à desmaterialização da mercadoria musical, no período em torno da passagem do milênio. A pesquisa coloca a possibilidade de que o campo da música tenha chegado aos limites de um percurso previsto por Marx, no aumento contínuo da competição e da produtividade como eixo da sociedade moderna. Por outro lado, as manifestações musicais mais marcantes do século XX, ao explorarem uma sensibilidade ao instante, contribuíram para a formação de uma temporalidade e mentalidade neoliberal. A partir das propostas do economista francês Jacques Attali, de que a música pode ser uma ferramenta teórica capaz de antecipar futuros desenvolvimentos históricos e sociais, o trabalho traz as ideias do teórico político alemão Robert Kurz, do grupo da Crítica do Valor, de atualização da concepção marxista, privilegiando o ponto de vista de músicos e profissionais do áudio. O trabalho se dedica a uma análise da trajetória do fonograma no século XX, pela história das tecnologias de gravação de áudio e de três gravações emblemáticas da cultura musical popular de língua inglesa. Houve uma democratização na escuta e no acesso, o músico adquiriu autonomia, valorizou sua voz própria e aprendeu a se gerenciar como produtor, no instante em que seu produto perdia o valor; em seu processo de emancipação, paradoxalmente, o músico contribuiu para uma nova forma de sujeição. / [en] What would it mean if the optimization of the capitalist system, through its competitive process and technological innovation, would have reached a point of extreme productivity caused profit, the lifeblood of capitalism, to dry up? The main question of music today is linked to the digitalization of the sound recording, and the dematerialization of the music merchandise, around the turn of the millennium. This research is dedicated to an analysis of the trajectory of the sound recording in the 20th century, through a short history of audio recording technologies and an analysis of three emblematic recordings of English-speaking popular musical cul-ture. The work crosses French economist Jacques Attali’s ideas that music can be a theoretical tool capable of anticipating future historical and social developments, and the ideas of German political theorist Robert Kurz, the main author of the Value Critiscism group. Privileging the point of view of musicians and audio profession-als, the investigation is set to check whether the field of music has traveled and reached the limits of a path foreseen by Marx, in the dynamics of competition and continuous increase of productivity as the axis of modern society. Also, whether the most striking musical manifestations of the 20th century, by exploring a sensi-tivity to the moment, to the instant, contributed to the formation of a neoliberal temporality and mentality. There was a democratization in listening and manipulat-ing sounds, musicians acquired autonomy, were able to value their own voice and learned how to manage themselves as producers at the same moment that the prod-uct of their labour lost form and value. In his process of emancipation, paradoxi-cally, the musician contributed to a new form of subjection.

[pt] A prestação de serviços por meio de plataformas digitais tem impactado diretamente os modos de organização do trabalho na sociedade, que vem dividindose entre buscar uma aplicação irrestrita do Direito do Trabalho ou defender a sua completa desregulação, sob a justificativa de não impedir o desenvolvimento. Há uma lacuna na pesquisa acadêmica e no debate na sociedade quanto a formas de proteção ao trabalhador de plataformas sob uma ótica externa ao Direito do Trabalho, que seja capaz de explicar e abordar tal fenômeno como um todo. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo responder se as categorias tradicionais do Direito do Trabalho são suficientes para, isoladamente, garantir os direitos fundamentais do trabalhador que presta serviços por meio de plataformas digitais, partindo das características fundamentais do presente contexto histórico, como mediação por algoritmos, extração massiva de dados e vigilância constante, e da importância do Direito do Trabalho. A pesquisa terá como marco teórico a descrição do capitalismo de vigilância de Shoshanna Zuboff, do corpo como elemento central do contrato de trabalho de Alain Supiot e de desenvolvimento como liberdade de Amartya Sen. Tendo por base tais marcos, se buscará um diagnóstico atual e coerente do sistema no qual se desenvolve o trabalho desempenhado nas plataformas digitais, uma análise crítica das bases que estruturam o Direito do Trabalho e uma resposta multidisciplinar ao problema de como garantir proteção ao trabalho por meio de plataformas digitais enquanto dupla fonte de valor. O objetivo é buscar soluções que garantam o desenvolvimento das capacidades humanas e da condição de agente destas, sabendo que são, em última análise, a justificativa para e existência e atuação do Estado. / [en] The provision of services through digital platforms has directly impacted the ways of organizing work in society, which has been divided between seeking an unrestricted application of labor law or defending its complete deregulation, on the grounds of not hindering development. There is a gap in academic research and debate in society regarding ways of protecting workers from digital platforms from an external perspective to Labor Law, which may be able to explain and address this phenomenon as a whole. This work aims to answer whether the traditional categories of Labor Law are enough to, in isolation, protect the fundamental rights of the worker who provides services through digital platforms, starting from the main characteristics of this historical context, such as mediation by algorithms, massive data extraction and continuous surveillance, and the relevance of Labor Law. The theoretical framework adopted is the description of surveillance capitalism of Shoshanna Zuboff, Alain Supiot s concept of the body as a central element of employment contract and the notion of development as freedom of Amartya Sen. Based on these milestones, the work seeks for a current and coherent diagnosis of the system in which the work mediated by digital platforms is developed, a critical analysis of the bases that structure labor law and a multidisciplinary response to the problem of how to ensure protection to work through digital platforms as a double source of value. The objective is to find solutions that ensure the development of human capacities and their agent status, knowing that they are ultimately the justification for the existence and action of the State.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os impactos gerados pelas estruturas de organização das plataformas digitais com funcionamento baseado em algoritmos nos processos de deliberação informal e formação democrática da vontade ao promover distorções significativas em procedimentos públicos de comunicação e interação, com reflexos sobretudo na esfera pública política. E neste cenário, investigar a atuação de campanhas e movimentos políticos, empresas e ferramentas de propaganda que por meio de desinformação disseminada em ambientes virtuais provocam um esgarçamento do debate público diminuindo o nível discursivo e a eficácia da esfera pública. / [en] This dissertation aims to research the impacts generated by the communicative structures of digital platforms in the discursive level of public sphere and in the practices of informal deliberation, analysing social media and their algorithm based system of information that operates through massive data collection and fragmented arenas, mechanisms that have produced significant distortions in public communication, especially in the political sphere. And also to investigate on the current electoral context, the proceeding of political campaigns and social movements, propaganda tools and companies that, for promoting mass disinformation, caused a retraction in the public debate, intensifying political polarisation and radicalism, reducing the effectiveness of the public sphere.

This study explores the conditions and practices for data-driven innovation in the Swedish healthcare sector. While innovation nowadays often is based on big amounts of data, the laws for handling data in healthcare are restrictive. However, we see that remarkable innovation is happening in Swedish healthcare anyway. Therefore, we decided to explore the legal situation and talk to different actors to examine how they deal with the circumstances and how they innovate. We related those findings to the literature on data-driven innovation, platforms, artificial intelligence and about the healthcare sector context. It turned out that legislation is only one of the barriers to innovation. In addition, organizational and structural factors play a big role, too. Furthermore, we point out the strategic responses and their usage of artificial intelligence. Our contributions are that we mapped the Swedish healthcare landscape with a focus on data-driven innovation and that we applied Huang’s et al. (2017) model of rapid platform scaling to this context. Moreover, we point out how the healthcare sector differs from commercial business and how that is reflected in the innovation practices. Finally, we show which barriers need to be removed in order to improve the conditions for data-driven innovation.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns skillnader i den politisk kommunikationen på digitala plattformar beroende på vilken målgrupp kommunikationen riktar sig till samt analysera hur dessa skillnader utspelar sig. Målet är att ge en djupare förståelse för hur politisk kommunikation är anpassad till olika målgrupper och hur strategier och budskap är utformade för att nå och engagera väljare i olika åldersgrupper. Forskningsfrågan som ska besvaras är: Hur anpassar politiska partier sin kommunikation på digitala plattformar för att nå sin målgrupp? Huvudmaterialet består i första hand av primärkällor, men även sekundära källor förekommer. Till de primära källorna hör bland annat Instagraminlägg från Moderaterna (MUF) och Socialdemokraternas Ungdomsförbunds (SSU) sidor samt Facebookinlägg från Moderaterna (M) och Socialdemokraternas (S) officiella sidor. De sekundära källorna består huvudsakligen av tidigare forskning och artiklar. Studiens teoretiska ramverk bygger på Gunnar Sjöbloms teorier om de tre politiska arenorna och Jürgen Habermas teorier om det offentliga samtalet och det fria ordet, metoden som används är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Slutsatserna visar bland annat att ungdomsförbund, som riktar sig till en yngre målgrupp, tenderar att ha en mer informell och humoristisk ton medans de officiella partierna, som riktar sig till en äldre målgrupp, tenderar att kommunicera mer objektivt och formellt. / The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there are differences in political communication on digital platforms depending on which target group the communication is aimed at and to analyze how these differences play out. The goal is to provide a deeper understanding of how political communication is adapted for different target groups and how strategies and messages are designed to reach and engage voters in different demographic groups. The research question to be answered is: How do political parties adapt their communication on digital platforms to reach their target group? The main material consists primarily of primary sources, but secondary sources also occur. The primary sources include, among other things, Instagram posts from the pages of the Moderate Youth Union (MUF) and the Social Democrats Youth Union (SSU), as well as Facebook posts from the official pages of the Moderates (M) and the Social Democrats (S). The secondary sources mainly consist of previous research and articles. The study's theoretical framework is based on Gunnar Sjöblom's theories about the three political arenas and Jürgen Habermas theories about the public sphere and free speech, the method used is a qualitative content analysis. The conclusions show, among other things, that youth associations, which are aimed at a younge target group, tend to have a more informal and humorous tone, while the official parties, which are aimed at an older target group, tend to communicate more objectively and formally.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-29T12:35:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius da Silva e Silva.pdf: 7529743 bytes, checksum: 42afbd88c13fb5fd66b4441081414b3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T12:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius da Silva e Silva.pdf: 7529743 bytes, checksum: 42afbd88c13fb5fd66b4441081414b3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-15 / This research aims at discussing the role of Information Technology in the teaching and learning of a second or foreign language. To that end, we look into how a digital platform, called English Central, can be integrated into an English course at a college of information technology in the city of São Paulo. We assume that the resources offered by the platform, such as authentic or produced videos, voice recognition software to improve pronunciation, as well as the activities for vocabulary acquisition, can contribute to the learning of a foreign language in a blended course. Firstly, we present the evolution of the technologies used in education, with a focus on CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning), and how they can be used to support face-to-face classes. Secondly, we discuss the methods and approaches used for teaching and learning English, with the Communicative Language Teaching, the Lexical Approach, the Post-Method and the Connectivism providing the support for our research. It also describes how English Central was integrated into the course and how its resources were used to develop the online activities. It also puts forward a few suggestions of activities, supported by the methods and approaches for language learning, aiming at the development of listening comprehension and vocabulary acquisition. We concluded that the role of the teachers is vital to the implementation of digital platforms in a blended course, due to them being sensitive to their teaching context, as well their students’ needs and interests / Esta pesquisa discute o papel que as tecnologias da informação e comunicação têm no ensino e aprendizagem de Inglês como segunda língua ou língua estrangeira. Para isso, investiga-se a implementação de uma plataforma digital, o English Central, em um curso de inglês dentro de uma faculdade de tecnologia da informação na cidade de São Paulo. Considera-se que os recursos oferecidos pela plataforma, vídeos autênticos ou produzidos por ela, o aprimoramento da pronúncia e da entonação por meio de um software de reconhecimento de voz, bem como as atividades para aprimoramento lexical, podem contribuir para uma aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira em um curso híbrido. Apresentamos, em primeiro plano, a evolução das tecnologias educacionais, com foco no CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning), para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras e como elas podem ser utilizadas para dar suporte às aulas presenciais. Em um segundo momento, discutimos os métodos e as abordagens para o ensino da Língua Inglesa, tendo como apoio para nossa pesquisa o Communicative Language Teaching, o Lexical Approach, a teoria do Pós-Método e o Conectivismo. Esta pesquisa relata como a implementação da plataforma foi feita e como seus recursos foram utilizados para a elaboração das atividades à distância. Esta pesquisa sugere diferentes atividades, embasadas pelos métodos e pelas abordagens para o ensino de línguas, visando ao desenvolvimento da compreensão oral e ao aprimoramento lexical dos alunos. Pudemos constatar que o papel do professor é fundamental para que as plataformas digitais sejam implementadas em um curso híbrido, devido ao seu conhecimento acerca do contexto no qual seu curso está inserido, bem como das necessidades e dos objetivos dos seus alunos

Selected aspects of sharing economy with emphasis on Airbnb and Uber Abstract This paper focuses on the legal regulation of digital platforms which are used to arrange short-term accommodation (the most popular representative is Airbnb) and passenger transport (where Uber is the best-known platform). In the introduction the author explains why he considers it inappropriate to say these platforms are part of "sharing economy", although this term is currently widely used. In addition, the author examines the benefits of Airbnb and Uber platforms in general, such as user comfort, a rating system that allows quality control of provided services, lower prices for the customer than with traditional service providers and a simple way to earn some extra money. At the same time, the author mentions negative aspects of these platforms, such as lower collection of taxes and fees, poor protection of employees and potentially also customers, or reduction of availability and quality of housing. In the next part of the paper the author focuses on each of the mentioned platforms and evaluates the regulation of these platforms, or rather service providers that use these platforms, in the light of both Czech and European case law. The author concludes that the use of apartments for the continuous provision of accommodation...

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-07-07T22:02:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra, Agnes Oliveira.pdf: 4380811 bytes, checksum: 08527069316e3b7523d5cae48da0ed97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-07-08T18:27:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra, Agnes Oliveira.pdf: 4380811 bytes, checksum: 08527069316e3b7523d5cae48da0ed97 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T18:27:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra, Agnes Oliveira.pdf: 4380811 bytes, checksum: 08527069316e3b7523d5cae48da0ed97 (MD5) / Entender o cenário da educação contemporânea e os impactos que a incorporação do uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação em processos de ensino-aprendizagem tem causado para ampliação dos espaços de aprendizagem é um desafio, tornando-se cada vez mais necessário refletir sobre quais metodologias e/ou tecnologias são essenciais à formação de professores que atuarão em plataformas digitais (e-learning, b-learning). Essa pesquisa, que tem por objetivo propor a construção de itinerários formativos docentes para usos das TIC que contribuam no processo de convergência entre modalidades presenciais e a distância em Programas de Gestão Social, foi estruturada através das etapas que integram o processo de concepção e elaboração de um Caso de Ensino. Optamos por esse caminho por entendermos que, através da utilização do Caso de Ensino, poderemos fomentar reflexões sobre habilidades e competências que os docentes precisam aprimorar e/ou desenvolver para o uso qualificado das TIC em suas práticas pedagógicas. O Caso de Ensino, produto desse trabalho, direciona-se a professores, estudantes e equipes multidisciplinares interessadas na construção e promoção de programas de formação continuada e, especialmente, na implementação de tecnologias digitais no ensino presencial, modalidades híbridas ou totalmente a distância. / Understanding the scenario of contemporary education and the impact that incorporating the usage of Information and Communication Technology in the teaching-learning process has caused to increase opportunities for learning has been a challenge, becoming increasingly necessary to reflect on methodologies which and / or technologies are essential to train teachers who will work in digital environment (e-learning, b-learning) .This research, which aims to propose the construction of training routes for the use of ICT, contributing to the convergence between in-class and distance modalities in the Social Management Program, which was structured through the steps that comprise the process of the design and development of a teaching case. We chose this path because we believe that through the use of teaching cases we can support the reflections on skills and competencies that teachers need to improve and / or develop for qualified usage of ICT in their teaching practices. The teaching case, the product of this work, is designed to teachers, students and multidisciplinary teams interested in building and promoting continuing education programs, and especially the implementation of digital technologies in the classroom learning, hybrid or fully distance modalities.