<p>När Försvarsmakten beställer materiel från Försvarets Materielverk sker detta genom kravdokumentet Teknisk, Taktisk, Ekonomisk målsättning (TTEM). Dokumentet skall spegla de krav som finns på systemets alla aspekter. Inom Försvarsmakten är det de materielsystemansvariga på högkvarterets produktionsledning som ansvarar för framtagandet. Processen för framtagande innehåller ett antal moment som skall genomföras.</p><p>Det är om framtagandeprocessen och dess ingående moment som är denna uppsats ämne. Syftet är att undersöka och utvärdera processen och om möjligt föreslå förbättringsåtgärder. Uppsatsen är uppdelad i en undersökning för att titta hur processen ser ut, samt en utvärdering för att se hur den fungerar i verkligheten. För att genomföra syftet finns ett antal verktyg beskrivna för att kunna mäta kvaliteten och processens funktion.</p><p>Resultatet visar att framtagandet av målsättningsdokumenten idag upplevs på ett flertal olika sätt, några av de materielsystemansvariga är negativa, andra aktörer mer positiva. Ett antal förbättringsförslag redovisas slutligen, dessa är främst inriktade på en förenkling av processen för att minska tidsåtgången och förenkla för dem som nyttjar processen.</p> / <p>When the Swedish Armed Forces orders equipment from the Swedish Defence Materiel agency they are using a structured document known as a technical, tactical, economic requirements document(TTEM). This document shall display all the necessary requirements of the equipments all aspects. Within the armed forces it is the officer responsible for each materiel system situated in the armed forces headquarters production department that produces the document. This process contains a number of activities that shall be done.</p><p>This essay is about this process and the activities within it. The purpose is to investigate and evaluate the process and if possible suggest improvements. The essay is divided into different parts, one is to investigate how the process is structured, and the other is how it operates in a daily life. To fulfill the purpose there are theories explained to measure the functionality and the quality of the process.</p><p>The results shows that the process is seen upon in a number of ways, some are negative, some are more positive. A number of improvements are suggested, mainly to simplify the process in order to reduce time and simplify work for the users</p>

This thesis aims at providing a pragmatic and conceptual basis essential for the establishment of an architectural photography archive for METU. The goal is to propose a methodology regarding the formation of an archive, which is physically and intellectually &ldquo / accessible,&rdquo / and to inquire future possibilities for its extension. The conceptual framework will be established by focusing on two main topics: theories of art, specifically focusing on photograph as a visual document, and architectural history writing, focusing on the term &ldquo / archive.&rdquo / Photograph as a visual document will be investigated by giving emphasis to its role as a historical evidence. The definition of the term &ldquo / archive&rdquo / given by Michel Foucault will be located in a key position for the construction of a discourse on documentation and historiography. The pragmatic framework will be established by taking as a reference the methodology used by the archives of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). The content and the scope subsumed under the RIBA archives show similarity to those of a possible proposal for an archive for METU. Current GISAM archives, which consist of METU campus photographs, will be taken as the primary source.

Peoples pay more and more attention on document clustering methods. Because of the high dimension and the large number of data, clustering methods usually need a lot of time to calculate. We propose a scheme to make the clustering algorithm much faster then original. We partition the whole dataset to several parts. First, use one of these parts for clustering. Then according to the label after clustering, we reduce the number of features by a certain ratio. Add another part of data, convert these data to lower dimension and cluster them again. Repeat this until all partitions are used. According to the experimental result, this scheme may run twice faster then the original clustering method.

När Försvarsmakten beställer materiel från Försvarets Materielverk sker detta genom kravdokumentet Teknisk, Taktisk, Ekonomisk målsättning (TTEM). Dokumentet skall spegla de krav som finns på systemets alla aspekter. Inom Försvarsmakten är det de materielsystemansvariga på högkvarterets produktionsledning som ansvarar för framtagandet. Processen för framtagande innehåller ett antal moment som skall genomföras. Det är om framtagandeprocessen och dess ingående moment som är denna uppsats ämne. Syftet är att undersöka och utvärdera processen och om möjligt föreslå förbättringsåtgärder. Uppsatsen är uppdelad i en undersökning för att titta hur processen ser ut, samt en utvärdering för att se hur den fungerar i verkligheten. För att genomföra syftet finns ett antal verktyg beskrivna för att kunna mäta kvaliteten och processens funktion. Resultatet visar att framtagandet av målsättningsdokumenten idag upplevs på ett flertal olika sätt, några av de materielsystemansvariga är negativa, andra aktörer mer positiva. Ett antal förbättringsförslag redovisas slutligen, dessa är främst inriktade på en förenkling av processen för att minska tidsåtgången och förenkla för dem som nyttjar processen. / When the Swedish Armed Forces orders equipment from the Swedish Defence Materiel agency they are using a structured document known as a technical, tactical, economic requirements document(TTEM). This document shall display all the necessary requirements of the equipments all aspects. Within the armed forces it is the officer responsible for each materiel system situated in the armed forces headquarters production department that produces the document. This process contains a number of activities that shall be done. This essay is about this process and the activities within it. The purpose is to investigate and evaluate the process and if possible suggest improvements. The essay is divided into different parts, one is to investigate how the process is structured, and the other is how it operates in a daily life. To fulfill the purpose there are theories explained to measure the functionality and the quality of the process. The results shows that the process is seen upon in a number of ways, some are negative, some are more positive. A number of improvements are suggested, mainly to simplify the process in order to reduce time and simplify work for the users

Étude, à partir d'une sélection de onze documents de voyage du XVIe siècle au XXe siècle (Léry. L'Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil (1578). Bougainville. Voyage autour du monde. Lapérouse. Voyage autour du monde sur l'Astrolabe et la Boussole (1785-1788). Baudin. Journal du voyage aux Antilles de La Belle Angélique (1796-1798). Darwin. Voyage d'un naturaliste autour du monde : fait à bord du navire le Beagle de 1831 à 1836. Arseniev. Aux confins de l'Amour et Dersou Ouzala. Charcot. Le Français au Pôle Sud. Lévi-Strauss. Tristes Tropiques. Leiris. L'Afrique fantôme Malaurie. Hummocks . et Les derniers rois de Thulé. Bonnerave. Carnets de terrain et Nouveaux Indiens) du document de voyage comme objet textuel qui associe science et littérature, fiction et documentaire pour produire des formes complexes de connaissances Des cheminements hybrides semblent permettre à des formes de connaissances de circuler à partir d'un document de voyage qui tente de rendre compte d'une expérience. Le document de voyage peut alors être envisagé comme un document matériau qui contient en puissance la capacité de générer d'autres documents. Comme un rhizome dont n'importe quel point peut être connecté avec n'importe quel autre, ce premier document (carnet d'ethnologue, ou journal de bord par exemple) qui contient des informations scientifiques entre en connexion avec d'autres documents hétérogènes (édition d'un journal de voyage destiné au public, article scientifique rédigé à partir du carnet ou du compte-rendu d'expédition, roman rédigé à partir de ce premier document, théorie scientifique, performance...) pour faire circuler des connaissances.

Denna uppsats undersöker implementeringen av styrdokument i organisationer utifrån ett meningsskapande perspektiv. Styrdokument ses som en viktig del i organisationers arbete men tidigare forskning visar att det finns skäl att ifrågasätta hur väl de fungerar i praktiken. Det föreligger svårigheter när samtliga organisationsmedlemmar på alla organisatoriska nivåer ska skapa förståelse runt samma innehåll.       Under 2011 infördes en nationell värdegrund för äldreomsorgen i Sverige. Detta har aktualiserat arbetet med styrdokument och värdegrund inom äldreomsorgen. Den empiriska bakgrunden till denna studie är detta arbete men studien avgränsas till det innehåll som gäller bemötande. Detta område är särskilt intressant då begreppet bemötande kan ha olika innebörd för olika personer samt beroende på kontexten. Studien undersöker därför medarbetarnas förståelse av innehållet i styrdokument och hur förståelsen översätts i arbetet.       I uppsatsen presenteras teori beträffande styrdokument, ledarskap, organisationslärande, sensemaking och organisationskultur. Viktiga poänger i detta kapitel är: Att styrdokument måste konkretiseras för att kunna användas. Att ledarskap allt mer handlar om kommunikation och att förmedla idéer och värderingar. Att lärande är en social konstruktionsprocess och att kunskap är subjektiv. Att organisationskultur är gemensamma föreställningar, skapade genom kommunikation. Att sensemaking är en ofullständig process i vilken människor ständigt försöker förstå sin omvärld.    Undersökningen genomfördes som en fallstudie på ett vårdboende i Karlstad kommun. Tio medarbetare samt enhetschefen intervjuades. Intervjuerna med medarbetarna utgick ifrån förutbestämda teman vilka var Bemötande, Styrdokument, Ledarskap, kultur och lärande, samt bakgrundsfrågor. Dessutom diskuterades vissa citat ur styrdokument under intervjuerna.       På vårdboendet har medarbetarna arbetat mycket med organisationens styrdokument. Trots det visar resultatet från intervjuerna på att majoriteten av respondenterna var osäkra på innehållet i styrdokument. De har svårt att uttrycka sin förståelse vilket kan bero på att den är implicit kunskap. Istället uppgav de att de lärde sig av varandra eller att de arbetade efter sunt förnuft. Styrdokumenten kändes långt borta i det vardagliga arbetet och respondenterna verkar ha ersatt dem med en gemensam förståelse om hur      4   deras arbete ska utföras. Dock säger flera att styrdokument kan fungera som ett verktyg för reflektion vilket innebär att styrdokumenten ändå är en faktor vid skapandet av den förståelsen. I denna process har enhetschefen vid det undersökta vårdboendet en viktig roll.       Slutsatsen blir att medarbetarnas förståelse för styrdokument är indirekt och i hög grad beroende av organisationskultur och kommunikation med enhetschefen. Implementeringen eller översättningen sker via den gemensamma förståelsen, det vill säga genom till exempel APT och samtal. / This essay investigates the implementation of steering documents within organizations from a sensemaking perspective. Steering documents are seen as an important part of the organizations work but previous research shows that there are reason to question how well this works in practice. There seems to be difficulties when majority of members of the organization on all organizational levels are meant to create understanding around same content.  During 2011, a national value system of the elder health care was implemented in Sweden. This has highlighted the work of the steering document and values within the elder health care.  The empirical background to this study is this work with the national value but the study is limited to the content regarding patient encounter. This subject is especially interesting when the meaning of encounter can have a different meaning to different people depending on the context.  That’s why this study investigates co-workers understanding of the content in the steering document and how the understanding is translated into work.   In the essay theory is presented regarding the steering document, leadership, organizational learning, sensemaking and organizational culture.  Important points in this chapter are: that steering document must be concretized to be used. That leadership is increasingly all about communication and to mediate ideas and values. That learning is a social construction process and that knowledge is subjective. That organizational culture is same visions created through communication. That sensemaking is an incomplete process in which people are constantly trying to understand their world. This investigation was made as a case study at a senior living in Karlstad. Ten co-workers and their head director were interviewed. The interviews with the co-workers were taken from prepared themes which where encounter, steering document, leadership, culture and learning and background questions. Also some quotes from the steering document were discussed during the interviews.  The co-workers at the senior living have worked a lot with the organizational steering document. Still the result from the interviews shows that the majority of the workers where not sure of it´s content. They have difficulties to express their understandings,      6   which may be because it is implicit knowledge. Instead they explained that they have learned from each other or that they were working for common sense.  Steering document felt far away within everyday work and co-workers have replaced it with a common understanding of how their job should be done. However some co- workers say that steering document works as a tool for reflection which means that steering document is a factor for creating understanding. In this process the head director has got a greater roll. Conclusion is that the co-workers understanding for the steering document is indirect and largely dependent on organizational culture and communication with the head director. Implement or translation happens thru the common understanding, which means through APT and discussions.

Introducció: El document de voluntats anticipades és una de les principals manifestacions documentals del Principi de respecte a l’Autonomia de les Persones en l’actual Bioètica Principialista que regeix les relacions entre els professionals sanitaris i els pacients en les modernes societats democràtiques occidentals. En aquesta tesi s’analitzen les bases antropològiques, històriques i filosòfiques dels conceptes d’autonomia, de dignitat i de persona, així com les bases de l’actual Bioètica. S’exposen també els raonaments, les bases i els continguts del Document de Voluntats Anticipades i la legislació competent a Catalunya i a totes les altres comunitats autònomes i la normativa estatal d’Espanya. S’exposen els resultats dels estudis realitzats per saber el grau de coneixement del Document de Voluntats Anticipades per part de la població a Catalunya i a altres territoris, així com els resultats de les diverses campanyes de promoció d’aquest recurs realitzades per part de les administracions públiques i d’entitats privades a l’Estat Espanyol. Objectius d’anàlisi qualitatiu: analitzar el procediment per a l’elaboració, registre i consulta del Document de Voluntats Anticipades a Catalunya i a les altres comunitats autònomes, la normativa general de l’Estat Espanyol i dels altres països de la Unió Europea, Nord-Amèrica, Oceania i Japó. Objectius d’anàlisi quantitatiu: estudi del nombre absolut de Documents de Voluntats Anticipades als diferents territoris i països estudiats, així com de l’índex de Documents registrats per cada 100.000 habitants i l’evolució cronològica d’aquest índex. Resultats: El Document de Voluntats Anticipades és una eina útil i necessària per al respecte a la dignitat humana dels pacients quan aquests no poden expressar els seus desitjos respecte als mètodes de diagnòstic i de tractament que se’ls pot aplicar. Catalunya és la comunitat de l’Estat que presenta un més alt índex de DVAs registrats per cada 100.000 habitants de tot l’Estat espanyol, però queda molt lluny de les xifres que ofereixen altres països i la seva normativa presenta possibles obsolescències. Conclusions: Cal una actualització del Document de Voluntats Anticipades al nostre païs, tan pel què fa a la seva redacció tipus com en allò que respecta als procediments d’atorgament i registre, i també pel què fa a l’accés i la utilització de les instruccions compreses als documents per part dels professionals de la salut. Propostes d’actuació: Es proposen actuacions per a l’augment de l’índex de Documents registrats a Catalunya i per l’augment de la seva utilització efectiva per part dels serveis de salut, diferenciats en 5 àmbits d’actuació: 1. Jerarquització dels principis bioètics quant al Document de Voluntats Anticipades; 2. Proposta de modificacions concretes en l’estructura i continguts dels Document de Voluntats anticipades tipus a Catalunya; 3. Propostes de millora en el procés de declaració i registre del Document a Catalunya; 4. Propostes per a l’augment de la consulta i compliment de les intruccions per part dels serveis de salut a Catalunya, tant privats com públics; i 5. Propostes de difusió pública de l’existència del dret a atorgar un Document de Voluntats Anticipades i promoció del seu registre. / Introduction: Living Wills Document is one of the main documental manifestations of the Principle of Respecting person’s Autonomy in today’s Principialist Bioethics, that drives relationship between patiens and health care professionals in occidental modern democratic societies. In this Theses, authonomy, human dignity, person concepts and today’s Bioethics are analised in their anthropologic, historic and phylosophal bases. Also, reasoning, contents and legislation about Living Wills Documents in Catalonia, other territories in Spain and other coutries are exposed. Studies’ results about Living Wills Document’s knowledge among catalan’s population and other territories are shown, and the results of several promotional campaigns conducted by the Administration or privates organisms are also analised. Qualitative analysis objectives: To analize the procedures to elaborate, registration and consult of the Living Will Document instructions in Catalonia and in other Spain’s autonomic communities and other European and North-American countries, and in Oceania and Japan. Quantitative analysis objectives: To study the number of Living Wills Documents registered in the different countries analised, and to know the Documents’ per 100.000 inhabitants registered Index, and its evolution during the most recent years. Results: Living Wills Document is a necessary and useful tool to respect patients’ human dignity when they cannot express their own wills about diagnostic and treatment options. Catalonia is the spanish community that has the higher Living Wills Document registered Index per 100.000 inhabitants, but is far from indexs found in other countries and catalan law is partiallly obsolete. Conclussions: A profound update in catalan’s Living Wills Document can be necessary, in its redaction and in registry procedures, in conditions of accessing to its content and in the possibilities of meeting its instructions by health professionals. Acting proposals: Some actions are proposed, to rise the actual Living Wills Documents’ index per 100.000 inhabitants i Catalonia and to increase its effective utilisation among health professionals, classified in 5 acting ambits: 1. To hierarchy Bioethics’ Principles affecting Living Wills Document; 2. Proposing some specific modifications in catalan Living Wills Document’s structure and contents; 3. Improving proposals in declaration and registration proceedings in Catalonia; 4. Some proposals to increase the frequency of consultation and to meet the Living Wills Document instructions by health professionals in Catalonia, both public or private health professionals; and 5. Public diffussion proposals of the Living Wills Document and to promote its redaction and registration among catalan people.

With the advent research of Document Image Analysis and Recognition (DIAR), an important line of research is explored on indexing and retrieval of graphics rich docu- ments. It aims at nding relevant documents relying on segmentation and recognition of text and graphics components underlying in non-standard layout where commercial OCRs can not be applied due to complexity. This thesis is focused towards text infor- mation extraction approaches in graphical documents and retrieval of such documents using text information. Automatic text recognition in graphical documents (map, engineering drawing, etc.) involves many challenges because text characters are usually printed in multi- oriented and multi-scale way along with di erent graphical objects. Text characters are used to annotate the graphical curve lines and hence, many times they follow curvi-linear paths too. For OCR of such documents, individual text lines and their corresponding words/characters need to be extracted. For recognition of multi-font, multi-scale and multi-oriented characters, we have proposed a feature descriptor for character shape using angular information from con- tour pixels to take care of the invariance nature. To improve the e ciency of OCR, an approach towards the segmentation of multi-oriented touching strings into individual characters is also discussed. Convex hull based background information is used to segment a touching string into possible primitive segments and later these primitive segments are merged to get optimum segmentation using dynamic programming. To overcome the touching/overlapping problem of text with graphical lines, a character spotting approach using SIFT and skeleton information is included. Afterwards, we propose a novel method to extract individual curvi-linear text lines using the fore- ground and background information of the characters of the text and a water reservoir concept is used to utilize the background information. We have also formulated the methodologies for graphical document retrieval ap- plications using query words and seals. The retrieval approaches are performed using recognition results of individual components in the document. Given a query text, the system extracts positional knowledge from the query word and uses the same to generate hypothetical locations in the document. Indexing of documents is also per- formed based on automatic detection of seals from documents containing cluttered background. A seal is characterized by scale and rotation invariant spatial feature descriptors computed from labelled text characters and a concept based on the Generalized Hough Transform is used to locate the seal in documents. Keywords: Document Image Analysis, Graphics Recognition, Dynamic Pro- gramming, Generalized Hough Transform, Character Recognition, Touching Charac- ter Segmentation, Text/Graphics Separation, Curve-Line Separation, Word Retrieval, Seal Detection and Recognition.

Syftet med denna studie var att se hur pass medvetna medarbetarna på vuxenförvaltningen inom Eskilstuna kommun var om de jämställdhetsmål som finns i kommunens egna styrdokument om jämställdhet. En webbaserad enkätundersökning har genomförts där 130 enkäter skickades ut. Respondenterna har fått svara på olika frågor runt styrdokumentet och fått ge förslag på förbättringar.  En kvantitativ metod har använts och materialet har analyserats utifrån det teoretiska perspektivet social konstruktivism samt tidigare forskning. Tidigare forskning har visat att det kan vara svårt att implementera en handlingsplan eller styrdokument i stora organisationer på ett tillfredsställande sätt. Resultatet av den genomförda undersökningen visar att få av respondenterna är medvetna om att styrdokumentet finns och bara ett fåtal har läst dokumentet och är medvetna om målen som finns uppsatta. / The purpose of this study was to see how aware employees in a management in Eskilstuna municipality was about the gender equality targets in the city's own policy document on gender equality. A Web-based survey was implemented in which 130 questionnaires were sent out. Respondents have been responding to various queries around the policy document and they have given suggestions for improvement. A quantitative method has been chosen and analyzed the material from the theoretical perspective around social constructivism and previous research. Previous research has shown that it can be difficult to implement a plan of action or a policy document in large organizations in a satisfactory way. The result of the survey shows that few of the respondents are aware of the document and only a few have read it and are aware of the goals that are posted.

Firms in highly dynamic environments focusing on innovation in their products and services, often encounter elevated amounts of uncertainty regarding the future direction of technological change. Finding reliable and imbedded information enhances a firm’s ability to tackle new markets and take advantage of possible hidden opportunities. To reduce uncertainty, obtain hidden knowledge, and gain competitive advantage, environmental scanning, which is one of the main components of foresight, is recommended by scholars of strategic management. The process of detecting weak signals for shedding light what one authority calls “blurry future zones” (Day & Schoemaker, 2005, p.1) has currently been receiving attention in environmental scanning studies. Some studies emphasize the importance of the subject; yet they offer few practical methodologies for actual cases. To help address this gap, this research introduces a new approach for detecting weak signals during Internet-based environmental scanning by applying the Cluto toolkit (see Section 4.7) plus using human judgment. This novel methodology is applied to the application of Micro Tiles, a recent innovative product of a digital display company located in Ontario, Canada, Christie Digital Company. In the conduct of this exploratory research, about 40,000 HTML pages were retrieved from the Internet in a search during 2009. To extract weak signals information from the retrieved unstructured texts, documents were grouped into a number of clusters by the CLUTO software. Two subject matter experts compared and evaluated the cluster results for the purpose of finding potentially relevant information in regard to the company’s strategic intent. Analyzing the clusters, the experts reduced the number of clustered documents from the original corpus into smaller sets with the goal of finding more relevant and unexpected documents (weak signals). The relevancy and expectedness of information in documents were two measurements as related to weak signals. The trends of the study indicate that as anticipated both experts found more unexpected documents in the smaller sets rather than the larger ones. Moreover, regarding one expert’s analysis, the smaller sets contain documents that are more relevant to the domain of interest. Overall, according to one expert, documents existing in the smaller sets display more weak signals. This emerging methodology offers a practical procedure to apply web-based information in the development of a company’s environmental scanning procedures. Using this methodology, managers can employ both computer tools and human sense-making methods to detect potential weak signals and reduce certain biases in the detection process.