This study aims to analyse how joyful militancy, characterized by care, joy and affection in the struggle, is embedded in the discourse created by Territorio Doméstico, a feminist movement formed by domestic workers in Spain. Through discourse analysis of songs and images of Territorio Doméstico, this study shows how meanings constructed through discourses build collective identities and challenge hegemonic discourses on domestic and care work and on migrants.

The general aim of this thesis is to use foodwork and cooking in Sweden as a way to better understand theoretical questions about men and masculinities. Paper I discusses how an increased public interest in elaborate cooking and gastronomy in Sweden, a country with a cultural idealization of gender equality, could explain why men in Sweden assume responsibilities for domestic cooking without feeling emasculated. Papers II, III and IV draw on interviews with 31 men from 22 to 88 years of age and with different levels of interest in food. Paper II shows how domestic foodwork and cooking are associated with ideas of Swedish progress in terms of gender equality and culinary skills. Paper III demonstrates further that domestic cooking is not only a responsibility which men assume, but also a way of being sociable with friends, partners and children. Thus, both papers II and III challenge the idea that men only cook at home if they enjoy it. The data rather indicate that domestic foodwork responsibilities are a cultural expectation of men in Sweden, ingrained in desirable masculine practices. Paper IV explores men’s responses to media representations of food. The interviewed men responded to these representations with indifference, pragmatism, irony, and at times even hostility. In general, the responses are based on gender and age-differentiated taste distinctions and notions of masculine and culinary excess. Paper V uses a mix of texts (81 online texts and two magazines) and observations from the food fairs GastroNord (2014 and 2016), Mitt kök-mässan (2014) and the chef competition Bocuse d’Or Europe (2014) complemented with pictures and videos. I argue that a Swedish culinary community that promotes Swedish culinary excellence is constructed by drawing on preestablished national (self-)images. This culinary community is constructed as open and tolerant, with ethical concerns for the environment and for nonhuman animals. Its culinary icons are represented by chefs in whites and the leading restaurants. In sum, this dissertation provides empirical and theoretical contributions to both food studies and gender studies that critically scrutinize men and masculinities. Food-issues are permeated by gender, both in people’s everyday life and in the gastronomic elite.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les spécificités du travail domestique au regard des principes fondamentaux de la psychodynamique du travail. L’enquête clinique montre une prédominance des enjeux relationnels et interpersonnels dans le cadre de ce métier. Un éclairage par la psychanalyse est nécessaire également pour mieux saisir la complexité de la relation de domination entre la patronne et la servante de part les enjeux psycho-affectivo-sexuels qu’elle mobilise et sa singularité par rapport à toute autre relation de travail. / The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the specificities of domestic work according to fundamental principles of psychodynamics of work. Clinical investigation shows a predominance of relational and interpersonal issues within the profession. A psychoanalytical approach is also necessary to better understand the complexity of the relationship of domination between the boss and the maid regarding the psycho-emotional-sexual issues it mobilizes and its uniqueness compared to any other relationship of work.

Nesta pesquisa, enfatizamos que o cotidiano do emprego doméstico funciona, em grande medida, com base em desigualdades. Essas desigualdades ancoram-se em diferentes graus de distância social fortemente enraizados em gênero, classe e raça, e se expressam cotidianamente em gestos, palavras, e atitudes em geral, num constante jogo de ação e reação que envolve patroas e empregadas domésticas. É a condição de classe da empregadora que marca, em primeira instância, a distância social mais categórica entre ela e a sua contratada; para sobreviver enquanto profissão, o emprego doméstico necessita, inclusive, reforçar a distância social baseada na classe, posto que é tal distância a primeira a definir, de modo mais preciso, quem é a empregadora e quem é a doméstica. Em um segundo momento, chamaremos a atenção para o papel central que a humilhação exerce no cotidiano do emprego doméstico. A humilhação se fortalece quando formas de desigualdade são extremas, expressando-se, principalmente, por meio de atitudes ríspidas postas em prática pelas empregadoras. Enfatizaremos, por fim, que o emprego doméstico é também centro de desigualdade racial. Isso ocorre porque raça, enquanto categoria construída e manipulada socialmente, ganha força na esfera privada, local onde o emprego doméstico acontece por excelência. A distância social baseada na raça abre caminho para a discussão sobre o papel que o preconceito e, sobretudo, as discriminações raciais apresentam no cotidiano da ocupação. Embasam esta pesquisa, além de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica: dez entrevistas com trabalhadoras (colhidas no contexto da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo), análise de material jornalístico e ficcional e apreciação de documentos de instituições nacionais e internacionais que discutem os caminhos dos direitos humanos em sociedades contemporâneas. / In this research, we emphasize that the domestic workers everyday life largely functions based on inequalities. These inequalities are anchored in different grades of social distance that are strongly rooted in gender, class and race. The social distance is expressed on a daily basis through gestures, words and attitudes in general and is also evident in a constant game of action and reaction that involve both female employers and female domestic workers. It is the class condition of the employer that fixes the categorical social distance between her and her employee. In order to survive as a profession, the labor of the worker even needs to reinforce the social distance based on class to emphasize who represents the employer and employee. Secondly, we pay attention to the central role that humiliation plays in the domestic workers daily life. Humiliation intensifies when modes of inequality are extreme, being expressed through especially rough attitudes practiced by employers. Finally, we will emphasize that the occupation is also a center of racial inequality. That happens because race, as a category created and manipulated socially, acquires its force in the private sphere, the place where domestic work takes place. The social distance based on race opens the discussion about prejudice and racial discrimination in the occupation of domestic work. In addition to an extensive literature review, this research is grounded by: ten interviews with female domestic workers (gathered in the context of the Greater São Paulo area), analysis of both journalistic and fictional material, and appraisal of documents from national and international institutions that discuss the course of the human rights in the contemporary societies.

Nesta pesquisa, enfatizamos que o cotidiano do emprego doméstico funciona, em grande medida, com base em desigualdades. Essas desigualdades ancoram-se em diferentes graus de distância social fortemente enraizados em gênero, classe e raça, e se expressam cotidianamente em gestos, palavras, e atitudes em geral, num constante jogo de ação e reação que envolve patroas e empregadas domésticas. É a condição de classe da empregadora que marca, em primeira instância, a distância social mais categórica entre ela e a sua contratada; para sobreviver enquanto profissão, o emprego doméstico necessita, inclusive, reforçar a distância social baseada na classe, posto que é tal distância a primeira a definir, de modo mais preciso, quem é a empregadora e quem é a doméstica. Em um segundo momento, chamaremos a atenção para o papel central que a humilhação exerce no cotidiano do emprego doméstico. A humilhação se fortalece quando formas de desigualdade são extremas, expressando-se, principalmente, por meio de atitudes ríspidas postas em prática pelas empregadoras. Enfatizaremos, por fim, que o emprego doméstico é também centro de desigualdade racial. Isso ocorre porque raça, enquanto categoria construída e manipulada socialmente, ganha força na esfera privada, local onde o emprego doméstico acontece por excelência. A distância social baseada na raça abre caminho para a discussão sobre o papel que o preconceito e, sobretudo, as discriminações raciais apresentam no cotidiano da ocupação. Embasam esta pesquisa, além de uma extensa revisão bibliográfica: dez entrevistas com trabalhadoras (colhidas no contexto da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo), análise de material jornalístico e ficcional e apreciação de documentos de instituições nacionais e internacionais que discutem os caminhos dos direitos humanos em sociedades contemporâneas. / In this research, we emphasize that the domestic workers everyday life largely functions based on inequalities. These inequalities are anchored in different grades of social distance that are strongly rooted in gender, class and race. The social distance is expressed on a daily basis through gestures, words and attitudes in general and is also evident in a constant game of action and reaction that involve both female employers and female domestic workers. It is the class condition of the employer that fixes the categorical social distance between her and her employee. In order to survive as a profession, the labor of the worker even needs to reinforce the social distance based on class to emphasize who represents the employer and employee. Secondly, we pay attention to the central role that humiliation plays in the domestic workers daily life. Humiliation intensifies when modes of inequality are extreme, being expressed through especially rough attitudes practiced by employers. Finally, we will emphasize that the occupation is also a center of racial inequality. That happens because race, as a category created and manipulated socially, acquires its force in the private sphere, the place where domestic work takes place. The social distance based on race opens the discussion about prejudice and racial discrimination in the occupation of domestic work. In addition to an extensive literature review, this research is grounded by: ten interviews with female domestic workers (gathered in the context of the Greater São Paulo area), analysis of both journalistic and fictional material, and appraisal of documents from national and international institutions that discuss the course of the human rights in the contemporary societies.

The aim of the thesis is to analyze the reasons and consequences of international labor migration of women workers into Turkey. With the process of new global restructuring, transformations in production structure and labor organization, and rise of informal economy widen the gap between different geographies and generate a tied demand and supply relation between female labor and service sector. Today millions of women who suffer from poverty leave their countries in order to sell their labor in another country. Turkey has been a popular destination for women from post-Soviet countries since the 1980s. Many of them enter Turkey legally in accordance with Turkish visa requirements but become illegal by overstaying and working in country. Service sectors absorb this female labor, and many of them are employed as live-in domestic workers. This study aims to investigate how macro factors of international migration like global restructuring and transformations in the informal economy affects meso and micro structures. In this context, this study focuses on the formation of intermediary agencies and particularly individual migratory experiences of post-Soviet women in Ankara.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les spécificités du travail domestique au regard des principes fondamentaux de la psychodynamique du travail. L’enquête clinique montre une prédominance des enjeux relationnels et interpersonnels dans le cadre de ce métier. Un éclairage par la psychanalyse est nécessaire également pour mieux saisir la complexité de la relation de domination entre la patronne et la servante de part les enjeux psycho-affectivo-sexuels qu’elle mobilise et sa singularité par rapport à toute autre relation de travail. / The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze the specificities of domestic work according to fundamental principles of psychodynamics of work. Clinical investigation shows a predominance of relational and interpersonal issues within the profession. A psychoanalytical approach is also necessary to better understand the complexity of the relationship of domination between the boss and the maid regarding the psycho-emotional-sexual issues it mobilizes and its uniqueness compared to any other relationship of work.

The unpaid domestic work is the object of our analysis, socially identified as the place of women, where the use of time is invisible to the "world of work". We conducted a literature review with analysis of primary data (previous research) and secondary data; traversed the theoretical- methodological way from Marx to seek the understanding of what are the ontological and contemporary work activities, revisiting how social reproduction is processed and how domestic work is set. Research results show that women work more than men in almost all societies, particularly in rural regions of so-called "developing countries", as we could observed in the State of Alagoas, and in surveys conducted by the research group Gender and Human Emancipation - CNPq. Throughout the history of private property, the activities of social reproduction were allocated to an ever more private space. In capitalism, this process has its basic core in the domestic space; that in this mode of production is separated from the production of goods. This separation characterizes the basis of the current system of sociosexual division of labor, with a sense of economic, cultural and political characters. There is unpaid domestic work useful to capital, an outsourcing of free time socially necessary to the maintenance of the offspring. Unpaid domestic work also contributes to the replacement of the commodity labor power, which plays a part in the production value of this commodity. It is a social use value that is different than the social value resulting from any form of production, which is naturalized by the patriarchal ideology. Contemporary developing societies, demonstrate current government policies of private regulation of collective demands of reproduction, called compensatory policies, deepen the locus of the house as the female space preferred. There is a “natural feminine workday”, supported ideologically by the feminization of social demands of motherhood, which must be addressed for a better understanding of the role of unpaid domestic work in the logic of capitalist exploitation. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O trabalho doméstico não remunerado é o objeto de nossa análise, identificado socialmente como o lugar do feminino, em que o uso do tempo é invisível ao “mundo do trabalho”. Realizamos pesquisa bibliográfica com a análise de dados primários (pesquisas anteriores) e secundários; percorremos o caminho teórico-metodológico a partir de Marx, para buscar o entendimento do que são as atividades de trabalho ontológico e contemporâneo, como se processa a reprodução social e como se situa o trabalho doméstico. Resultados de pesquisas evidenciam que as mulheres trabalham mais do que os homens em quase todas as sociedades, particularmente em regiões rurais dos chamados “países em desenvolvimento”, a exemplo do que pudemos observar no Estado de Alagoas, em pesquisas realizadas pelo grupo de pesquisa Gênero e Emancipação Humana - CNPq. Ao longo da história da propriedade privada, as atividades de reprodução social foram alocadas a um espaço cada vez mais privado; no capitalismo, esse processo tem seu núcleo básico no espaço doméstico, que, nesse modo de produção, é separado da produção de bens. Esta separação caracteriza a base do atual sistema de divisão sociossexual do trabalho, com sentido de caráter econômico, cultural e político. Há um trabalho doméstico não remunerado útil ao capital, uma terceirização gratuita do tempo socialmente necessário à manutenção da prole e à reposição da mercadoria força de trabalho, que contribui para a produção de parte do valor dessa mercadoria. Trata-se de um valor de uso social que, diferentemente do valor de uso social resultante de toda a forma de produção, é naturalizado pela ideologia patriarcal. Nas sociedades contemporâneas em desenvolvimento, as atuais políticas governamentais de regulação privada das demandas coletivas de reprodução, as chamadas políticas compensatórias, aprofundam o lócus da casa como o espaço feminino preferencial. Há uma “jornada feminina natural”, sustentada ideologicamente pela feminização das demandas sociais da maternidade, que deve ser enfrentada para a maior compreensão do papel do trabalho doméstico não remunerado na lógica da exploração capitalista.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:18:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Naira Carla Di Gioseppe.pdf: 1335819 bytes, checksum: 3c48fa72581516a74cc4ca8b5e5b8fbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The movements of social plea that had place in years 60 had brought new perspectives for the women, having verified themselves increasing insertion of these in the work market. However, the persistence of the domestic work under dominant responsibility of the women, exactly in this context where the indices of feminine participation in the work market if raise, has called the attention for the subjective constraints and partner-cultural order as decisive elements amongst that they cooperate to the maintenance of this picture. That is, the inequality persists in face of the persistence of sexual hierarchies that continue to delimit the place of the women and that they find in the religions its privileged locus of production and reproduction. It is in the context of the Baptist symbolic economy, where the traditional representations of the man as head and of the woman as help meet , wich means the man as supplier and the woman as wife and mother, responsible for the domestic tasks, that we approach here the problematic one of the sexual division of the work, while and from the practices and representations of Baptists in São Paulo. At the same time where the Baptist s religious speech affirms and ratifies the sexual division of the work, he is subject to the social requests for changes in the gender relations, favoring the mobilization of religious doctrines egalitarians gifts between the Baptists. It is therefore, in a dynamic perspective of tensions between the advances and permanencies in the practical ones of gender to the level of the society amplest, and that they are placed in such a way from the cultural values of this, as much as the material and structural conditions found there, and of tensions between the process of secularization and ethical commitment that the practical and representations of gender searched between the Baptists remain while they change and they advance while they remain. / Os movimentos de contestação social que tiveram lugar nos anos 60 trouxeram novas perspectivas para as mulheres, verificando-se crescente inserção destas no mercado de trabalho. No entanto, a persistência do trabalho doméstico sob responsabilidade dominante das mulheres, mesmo nesse contexto em que os índices de participação feminina no mercado de trabalho se elevam, tem chamado a atenção para os constrangimentos de ordem subjetiva e sócio-cultural como elementos decisivos dentre os que cooperam para a manutenção desse quadro. Ou seja, a desigualdade persiste em face da persistência de hierarquias de gênero que continuam a delimitar o lugar das mulheres e que encontram nas religiões o seu lócus privilegiado de produção e reprodução. É no contexto da economia simbólica batista, em que as representações tradicionais do homem como cabeça e da mulher como auxiliadora significam o homem como provedor e a mulher como esposa e mãe, responsável pelos afazeres domésticos, que abordamos aqui a problemática da divisão sexual do trabalho, enquanto e a partir da representação e prática de sujeitos religiosos batistas paulistanos. Ao mesmo tempo em que o discurso religioso batista afirma e ratifica a divisão sexual do trabalho, está sujeito às solicitações sociais por mudanças nas relações de gênero, favorecendo a mobilização de doutrinas religiosas igualitárias presentes entre os batistas. É, portanto, numa perspectiva dinâmica de tensões entre os avanços e permanências nas práticas de gênero ao nível da sociedade mais ampla, e que se colocam tanto a partir dos valores culturais desta, quanto a partir das condições materiais e estruturais encontradas aí, e de tensões entre o processo de secularização e compromisso ético que as representações e práticas de gênero entre os batistas pesquisados permanecem enquanto se transformam e avançam enquanto se mantêm.

The topic of the following diploma thesis is the explanation of the concept of job satisfaction while holding an au-pair position. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the job satisfaction young women (or men), who go abroad to work as au-pair, can feel. The first part of the analysis consists in a theoretical assessment of the mentioned topic, that is to say provide the reader with basic terminology and information about this area of domestic work; we will also sketch out the main factors influencing the most the feeling of satisfaction of au-pair workers. The second and more practical part will feature a description of different types of au-pair workers, including their rights and obligations. The research has been based on in-depth interviews and its aim was to provide detailed and insightful answers to the problematic mentioned above; thanks to the analysis and its gathered results, we have been able to point out the main issues and to suggest adequate and concrete solutions that could boost and increase job satisfaction in this profession.