This research examines the impact of certain bank-specific variables on bank stability in Ghana, in the context of the existing regulatory structures. The thesis examines this issue along two main themes. The first part of this study examines whether two of the commonly used measures of banking stability, the CAMELS and the Z-Score, provide similar or different results in assessing the stability of banks in Ghana. The results of this study show that the use of the CAMELS and the Z-score measures could lead to different outcomes in terms of bank stability in Ghana. This suggests that the traditional micro-prudential CAMELS framework should be complemented with the Z-score which inherently has both micro and macro-prudential characteristics of signaling weaknesses in bank stability, and to enhance the management of bank stability. The second part of the study examines the impact of some bank-specific variables on bank stability. Using the panel data approach, the results show that while bank size, regulatory governance, regulatory independence and origin impact significantly on the stability score, there was no significant impact in terms of interbank borrowing and non-performing loans. Further analysis using the Blinder –Oaxaca decomposition also suggests that foreign banks in Ghana exhibit relatively higher levels of stability compared to local banks. The policy implications of these findings suggest that the liberalisation of the banking sector should be accompanied by an effective micro- and macro-prudential supervisory regime in order to manage the stability of the constituent banks and the banking sector as a whole.

Right now, we are living through a pivotal age, having minimal time left to resolve one of the most pressing challenges of today – biodiversity loss. Due to various direct and indirect risks arising for financial institutions (FIs) from biodiversity degradation, FIs should have legitimate interests in how business partners engage with and report on biodiversity. However, insights into how biodi-versity loss could destabilise the financial system fall behind climate change consciousness. Moreover, the scientific literature is scattered, and corporate reporting often focuses on the broad topic of the environment instead of biodiversity specifically. Nonetheless, moving up biodiversity on the agenda, FIs would be capable of redirecting investments, nudging development, and be-coming co-agents of change. This master thesis aims to systematically review existing literature and investigate current reporting practices, addressing the two research questions: (1) “How can the financial sector contribute to limiting biodiversity loss?”, by applying literature review and (2) 'What is the extent of biodiversity reporting of financial institutions across Europe to halt biodiversity loss?” by conducting content analysis. Focusing on Europe, where living standards caused signifi-cant biodiversity loss within and across its boundaries, selected high-revenue FIs serve as a case study for content analysing sustainability reporting on topics of biodiversity. The thesis shall over-lay the insights from reviewing literature and practical implementations within the reporting to carve out advice for practitioners and academia. Consequently, this thesis presents how FIs can raise awareness of biodiversity to limit its loss and how overall biodiversity influences the finance system.:Backround Research Question & Method 1 Research Question & Method 2 Results - Literature Review Results - Content Analysis Diskussion - Call for Action

Recent research suggests that financial system development is important for economic development and for reducing financing constraints of firms (Levine, 2005). Consequently, researchers started investigating the factors that determine financial system development. A group of factors that have been identified are institutional factors. Many researchers have investigated the theoretical and empirical links among historical institutional factors, current institutional factors, and financial system development (Beck and Levine, 2005). There are, however, few studies that have investigated extensively the theoretical and empirical links among institutional factors and financial system development within the African context. Africa provides an interesting context to empirically validate and refine many of the theories that have been postulated to explain the relationships among historical and current institutional factors and financial system development. This is because Africa is in the process of developing its institutions and reforming existing ones and offers an opportunity to examine the impact of institutional factors on financial system development in nascent contexts. Therefore, this dissertation investigated the following research question: To what extent are institutional factors determinants of financial system development in Africa? To answer this research question, this study empirically evaluated the effects on financial system development of historical institutional factors that have been identified by four theories: legal origins theory, disease endowment theory, religion-based theory, and ethnic fractionalisation theory. Moreover, current institutional factors identified by the law and finance theory as possible determinants of financial system development were empirically examined. Furthermore, the links among historical and current institutional factors were empirically studied. The results show that the disease endowment variables are the only historical institutional factors that explain cross-country variation in financial system development in Africa. Additionally, this study finds that the institutional enforcement quality and efficiency of the judicial system are the only current institutional factors that explain cross-country variation in financial system development in Africa. Current institutional factors such as the efficiency of the legal property system and the quality of the credit information infrastructure do not appear to have effects on financial system development. Moreover, the institutional enforcement quality seems to be one of the possible channels through which disease endowment affects financial system development in Africa. This study also reveals that there are few statistically significant links among historical and current institutional factors within the African context. To my knowledge, this is the first study to show some of these empirical links among historical institutional factors, current institutional factors, and financial system development for the African context. The main conclusion of this dissertation is that institutional factors seem not to be determinants of financial system development in Africa to a large extent. In essence, institutional factors appear to matter for financial system development in Africa, but not as much as might have been expected judging from many calls for institutional reforms from the World Bank and others. The theoretical and policy implications of the findings of this dissertation are discussed, and future areas of research are also proposed.

Cette thèse présente dans un premier temps l’histoire récente et les enjeux de l’économie et du système financier indien. Puis, en se concentrant la période récente, elle étudie la question de l’intégration financière sur différents marchés : les marchés actions sont traités dans le 1er chapitre, les spreads des CDS indiens sont abordés dans 2nd chapitre et la relation entre les prix des matières premières et la politique monétaire est analysée dans le 3e chapitre. Enfin, le dernier chapitre pose la question de savoir si un secteur bancaire plus efficient peut aider l’économie indienne à sortir de la crise. Globalement, les résultats indiquent que les marchés étudiés sont plus intégrés depuis la crise, ce qui suggère une fragilité du secteur financier indien aux chocs extérieurs. Néanmoins, les résultats du chapitre 4 montrent, dans le cadre d’un modèle simple, que le système financier peut aussi permettre à l’économie indienne de surmonter ses déboires actuels, s’il l’on y implémente les réformes adéquates et que la productivité des banques est améliorée. / This thesis first presents India’s economy and financial system’s recent history and current issues. Then, with an emphasis on the recent turmoil period, it studies the question of financial integration in various markets: equity markets are dealt with in the 1st chapter, CDS spreads are analyzed in the 2nd chapter while the 3rd chapter focuses on the monetary policy-commodity prices nexus. Finally, the last chapter reflects on the ability of the banking system to help the country out of the current crisis. Overall, our results indicate that markets are more integrated since the crisis, which suggest a frailty of the Indian financial structure to exterior shocks. Nevertheless, results for chapter 4 show that the financial system could also allow the economy to recover if the proper reforms are implemented and that banking efficiency is improved.

O sistema de Bretton Woods 2 propõe a existência, nos dias atuais, de uma dinâmica semelhante à vigente até 1971, na qual os EUA continuam como economia central e os países asiáticos passam a ocupar o papel de nova periferia, com estratégias de desenvolvimento baseadas na competitividade de seu setor exportador de modo a construir um estoque doméstico de capital capaz de competir nos mercados internacionais. O debate sobre esse sistema ganhou relevância durante a década de 2000, associado às discussões sobre os desequilíbrios globais, e se intensificou com a crise de 2008-09. As previsões feitas pelos críticos do arranjo de Bretton Woods 2, que anteviam um movimento de fuga dos ativos denominados em dólar e a desvalorização da moeda norte-americana, não se confirmaram. Ao contrário, nos momentos de maior aversão a risco, a demanda por títulos do Tesouro dos EUA cresceu significativamente. O desempenho econômico dos países alinhados ao sistema também foi aparentemente melhor do que a média global durante a crise, com menor desaceleração e retomada mais rápida, sendo a China frequentemente destacada como exemplo de sucesso econômico no período. Este estudo tem como proposta avaliar em que medida o desempenho econômico dos países alinhados ao sistema de Bretton Woods 2 realmente diferiu daquele dos não alinhados, durante e logo após a crise. Conjuntamente, o estudo investiga se o desempenho na crise teria servido como incentivo a outros países para um alinhamento ao modelo e conclui que, embora tenha havido ações pontuais nesse sentido, as políticas que caracterizariam uma adesão mais evidente ao sistema de Bretton Woods 2 são ações de difícil compatibilização em países democráticos, com contas de capital relativamente abertas e objetivos conflitantes de política econômica, particularmente em momentos de crise. / The Bretton Woods 2 system proposes the existence, at the current time, of a system similar to that which was in force up until 1971, whereby the US remains as the central economy and the Asian countries assume the role of a new periphery, with development strategies based on their export sectors so as to build a domestic stock of capital capable of competing on the international markets. The debate over this system assumed greater importance during the 2000s, in connection with the discussions regarding global imbalances, and intensified during the financial crisis The predictions made by the critics of the Bretton Woods 2 system, who had foreseen that there would be a flight out of dollar denominated assets and a devaluation of the US currency, failed to come about. To the contrary, there was a marked increase in the demand for US treasury bills at times of increased risk aversion. The economic performance of those countries which were linked to the system was apparently better than the global average observed during the crisis, with less deceleration being registered along with faster recovery, with China frequently being pointed to as an example of economic success during this period. The aim of this study is to determine to what degree the economic performance of the countries aligned with the Bretton Woods 2 system really differed from that of countries which were not aligned, both during as well as shortly after the crisis. In addition the study examines whether the performance during the crisis encouraged other countries to align themselves with the model and concludes that, although there were specific actions in this sense, policies which would characterize a clearer compliance to the Bretton Woods 2 system would be hard to reconcile in democratic countries, with relatively open capital accounts and conflicting economic policy objectives, particularly in times of crisis.

O presente trabalho visa analisar as implicações e desafios impostos ao direito penal na tutela da criminalidade econômica atual, especialmente no que tange ao delito de gestão fraudulenta de instituição financeira, previsto no caput do artigo 4º da Lei 7.492/86, delito mais severamente apenado na Lei dos Crimes contra o Sistema Financeiro Nacional. Em razão de sua descrição absolutamente genérica e da gravidade da sanção cominada buscar-se-á interpretar suas elementares típicas de forma conectada aos motivos que ensejaram a sua edição, bem como relacionada ao bem jurídico tutelado pela norma, aplicando-se redutores teleológicos no desiderato de conferir ao tipo uma identidade própria, agregando coerência interna na própria lei e minimizando os recorrentes problemas quanto ao âmbito de incidência de seus dispositivos legais, por vezes dispostos em situação de conflito aparente de normas. Nesses termos, o crime de gestão fraudulenta de instituição financeira será decomposto em todos os seus elementos típicos, objetivos e subjetivos, observando-se sua objetividade jurídica, objeto material, sujeitos ativos, passivos, concurso de pessoas, consumação e tentativa. Posteriormente, será adentrado à problemática do concurso aparente de normas entre o crime estudado gestão fraudulenta de instituição financeira e os demais tipos penais previstos na Lei 7.492/86, especialmente em relação aos tipos penais previstos nos artigos 5º, 6º, 9º, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 e 22. A análise será feita com base nas relações lógico-conceituais entre os preceitos normativos, seguida de uma interpretação teleológica e valorativa, com base nos critérios de resolução de conflito aparente de normas propostos pela doutrina especialidade, subsidiariedade, consunção e alternatividade. Ao final, as conclusões encontradas serão confrontadas com o recorte jurisprudencial dos julgados atinentes à matéria, proferidos pelo Tribunal Regional Federal da 3º Região nos últimos 10 anos (01/01/2003 a 31/12/2013). / This work intends to analyze the implications and challenges imposed on criminal law for the defense of current economic crimes, especially in regards to the crime of mismanagement of financial institutions provided for in the main provision of Article 4 of Law No. 7492/86, a crime punished by maximum sentence in the Law of Crimes against the National Financial System. As a result of its completely general description and the severity of the sanction imposed, the interpretation of its typical elements shall be made in connection with the motives which originated the enactment thereof, as well as relating to the legal interest protected by the rule, while applying teleological reducers for the purpose of conferring a proper identity to the definition of the crime, adding internal consistency to the law itself and minimizing recurring problems regarding the scope of incidence of the legal provisions thereof, at times applied in situations of apparent conflict of rules. This way, the crime of mismanagement of financial institutions will be decomposed into all its typical objective and subjective elements, addressing legal objectivity, material object, perpetrators, victims, co-perpetration, consummation and attempt. Next, it will address the issue of the apparent joinder of rules between the crime examined - mismanagement of financial institution - and other criminal offenses established by Law 7492/86, especially in relation to criminal offenses provided for in Articles 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21 and 22. The analysis will be based on logical-conceptual relations between the normative precepts, followed by a teleological and judgmental interpretation, based on the solution criteria of apparent conflict of rules proposed by the jurists - specialty, subsidiarity, merger and alternativity. Finally, the conclusions reached will be confronted with case law clippings of decisions regarding the matter granted by the Federal Regional Court of the third Region in the past 10 years (01/01/2003 to 12/31/2013).

Ao considerar o cenário atual, caracterizado pela globalização e internacionalização dos mercados, este estudo apresenta a evolução e o desempenho dos bancos, classificados em públicos, privados nacionais e estrangeiros, no Sistema Financeiro Nacional durante o Plano Real, desde 01/07/1994 a 31/12/2002. Trata-se, inicialmente, de um estudo descritivo setorial comparativo entre a participação desses três grupos de bancos e, principalmente, de um estudo empírico, por meio de análise fatorial, com indicadores contábeis dos bancos privados nacionais e dos bancos estrangeiros no país durante o período estudado. O Sistema Financeiro Nacional abordado é o relativo no período anterior à Reforma Bancária de 64 e, principalmente, ao vigente no Plano Real, com as medidas para reestruturação e fortalecimento do sistema financeiro, que contribuíram para as mudanças ocorridas no setor bancário. Destacam-se os Regimes Especiais, incluindo o RAET, o Fundo Garantidor de Crédito, o PROER, o PROES, os incentivos para as operações de reestruturação, fusões & aquisições, e a presença do capital estrangeiro no país. É analisada a evolução do número de bancos comerciais e múltiplos e de caixas econômicas em funcionamento antes do Plano Real (30/06/1994). Esses são classificados em três grupos: público, privado nacional e estrangeiro. Em seguida, são descritas as mudanças ocorridas referentes ao número de bancos desses grupos desde o início do Plano Real (01/07/1994) até 31/12/2002, com destaque para as privatizações e as transferências de controle. A pesquisa tem como propósito principal analisar os indicadores de desempenho bancário do setor privado nacional e do setor estrangeiro a fim de verificar a hipótese subjacente do estudo, ou seja, se há diferença entre as variáveis dos fatores que compõem os indicadores contábeis dos bancos privados nacionais e dos bancos estrangeiros durante o período entre 01/07/1994 a 31/12/2002. Assim, trata-se de um estudo empírico, realizado por meio de análise fatorial dos indicadores bancários, extraídos das Demonstrações Contábeis. / In view of the current market globalization and internationalization scenario, this study presents the evolution in the performance of banks, which are classified as public, Brazilian private and foreign private, in the National Financial System during the Real Plan, in the period from 07/01/1994 to 12/31/2002. Initially, a descriptive sectorial study compares the participation of these three groups of banks. Furthermore, an empirical study is carried out by means of factorial analysis, which uses accounting indicators from Brazilian private and foreign banks that were active in the country during the period under analysis. The National Financial System considered in this research refers to the period before the 1964 Bank Reform and, mainly, to the system in vigor during the Real Plan, and is characterized by its measures to restructure and strengthen the financial system, which contributed to the changes that occurred in the banking sector. Special attention is given to the Special Regimes, including the RAET (Temporary Special Administration Regime), the Credit Guarantee Fund, the PROER (Program of Incentives for the Restructuring and Strengthening of the National Financial System), the PROES (Program of Incentives for the Restructuring of the State Role in Banking Activity), the incentives for restructuring operations, mergers & acquisitions and the presence of foreign capital in Brazil. We analyze the evolution in the number of commercial and multiple banks and federal government savings banks that were active before the Real Plan (06/30/1994). These are classified in three groups: public, Brazilian private and foreign. Next, we describe the changes that occurred in the number of banks in each of these groups since the start of the Real Plan (07/01/1994) until 12/31/2002, especially privatizations and control transfers. The main aim of this study is to analyze the bank performance indicators in the Brazilian private and in the foreign sector, with a view to verifying the study premise, that is, whether there exists a difference between Brazilian private and foreign banks in the variables of factors that compose the accounting indicators during the period from 07/01/1994 to 12/31/2002. Therefore, an empirical study was carried out by means of the factorial analysis of banking indicators that were taken from the Financial Statements.

The aim of this work was to analyze complexly the failure of financial market entities, with the accent of a banking institution, comparison with the European legal system, but also with the emphasis on solving the financial crisis of the banking system and its ways of resolving or maintaining the activity, possible insolvency of banking entities. At the end of the thesis, the author also deals with practical aspects of selected banks. From the above point of view, three sub-concepts are key to this work, which deserve a brief explanation as they permeate the work and gradually reveal the basic issues of the subject matter, but also their hypotheses outlining the next direction of research, and at the same time offers some legislative guidance material solution of the given issue. The first term is the "starting point". In this work, there is a detailed survey of research to find answers to the question as to what are the basic points of the financial market entities as well as banking institutions, but above all their failure. The hypothesis in this context is the evolutionary development of the areas concerned, in particular financial law in a broad sense, and the extent of its impact on the current legal regulation of financial market participants and the resolution of their failures. The second...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Saka.pdf: 1065240 bytes, checksum: f19b4acd0f0ce5f6f9643a19072318cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-25 / This paper explores the debate about the role of public banks in the economic development of emerging markets, through a theoretical and historical analysis and literature review. In addition, it evaluates political recommendations to the emerging countries, and whether those recommendations were supported by solid theoretical foundations. It concludes that recent theoretical basis, not always encompasses the key aspects of public banks in a volatile financial system, partially able to allocate credit the most productive uses, specific to the context of underdeveloped nations. In this sense, the usual practice of bank credit offers important lessons for policymakers, and any reform of financial system should be based, in addition to considerations of "efficiency" in the careful analysis of the transfer coefficient and redistribution of resources, provided by these agents. Even though, the social results observed historically corroborated the analytical findings, the agenda remains open for the development of governments and governances in peripheral countries. Closing this agenda is dependent on overcoming an ideology of slogans, and moving towards the establishment of an ideology based on critical thinking and depth of the alternative proposals on economic policy, concerning not only the functionality, but also the weight of each actor in the institutional set of causalities that make the complex linkages between financial development and economic growth, a relationship in progress / Este trabalho desenvolve o debate sobre o papel do banco público no desenvolvimento econômico dos mercados emergentes, através de uma análise teórico-histórica e revisão bibliográfica. Além disso, busca compreender as recomendações políticas dirigidas aos países emergentes, particularmente se estas são amparadas por fundamentos teóricos sólidos, concluindo que a base teórica recente, nem sempre abarca os aspectos-chave dos bancos públicos num sistema financeiro volátil, parcialmente capaz de alocar crédito de modo mais produtivo, específico ao contexto das nações subdesenvolvidas. Neste sentido, a prática usual do crédito bancário oferece lições importantes aos formuladores de políticas públicas, sendo que qualquer reforma do sistema financeiro deveria se fundamentar, além das considerações sobre eficiência , na análise cuidadosa do coeficiente de transferência e redistribuição de recursos, proporcionada por estes agentes. Embora as resultantes sociais observadas historicamente corroborem os resultados previstos analiticamente, no desenvolver dos governos e das governanças nos países periféricos, a agenda continua em aberto. Fechar esta agenda depende da superação de uma ideologia de slogans rumo ao pensamento crítico e profundo das propostas alternativas em matéria de política econômica, relativas não somente à funcionalidade como também ao peso de cada ator institucional no conjunto de causalidades que fazem da complexa ligação entre desenvolvimento financeiro e crescimento econômico, uma relação em processo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto da Silva.pdf: 1447192 bytes, checksum: 7f99b454c4f76ae9c8a5421fa5972370 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-28 / This research has as objective to show the evolution of International the Financial System, as the institucional environment of century XXI consists at the beginning and as the sistêmica crisis of 2008 occurred. To show the evolution of International the Financial System, we realized a historical survey since the period of the standard-gold, passing for the period between wars, the system of regulation of Bretton Woods that created the BIRD, responsible for the provision of credits destined to the retaken one of investments and the FMI that would be a regulating organism to assist countries in difficulties in its rockings of payments. We show that the System of Bretton Woods represented a successful attempt of regulating International the System Financial that almost guaranteed the diverse countries three decades of growth and economic stability. With the end of the System of Bretton Woods, international the monetary relations had more passed not to be governed by rules or agreement involving exchange adjustments or creation of international liquidity, of this form in 1973, all the countries had started to adopt the regimen of flexible exchange, starting point for an exchange and monetary instability. This research searchs to analyze as if it held International the Financial System from the occured deregulation with the end of Bretton Woods and which its paper in the recent deflagrated sistêmica crisis in 2008 in the United States. In this meantime, we show that this crisis brought proposals of economists, multilateral governments and institutions with intention to promote reforms ample that can regulate International the System Financial of form to attenuate the crises / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo mostrar a evolução do Sistema Financeiro Internacional, como se constitui o ambiente institucional no início do século XXI e como ocorreu a crise sistêmica de 2008. Para mostrarmos a evolução do Sistema Financeiro Internacional, realizamos um levantamento histórico desde o período do padrão-ouro, passando pelo período entre guerras, pelo sistema de regulação de Bretton Woods que criou o BIRD, responsável pela provisão de créditos destinados à retomada de investimentos e o FMI que seria um organismo regulador para auxiliar países em dificuldades em seus balanços de pagamentos. Mostramos que o Sistema de Bretton Woods representou uma tentativa bem-sucedida de regular o Sistema Financeiro Internacional que garantiu a diversos países quase três décadas de crescimento e estabilidade econômica. Com o fim do Sistema de Bretton Woods, as relações monetárias internacionais passaram a não ser mais governadas por regras ou entendimento envolvendo ajustes cambiais ou criação de liquidez internacional, dessa forma, em 1973, todos os países passaram a adotar o regime de câmbio flexível, ponto de partida para uma instabilidade cambial e monetária. Esta dissertação busca analisar como se comportou o Sistema Financeiro Internacional a partir da desregulamentação ocorrida com o fim de Bretton Woods e qual o seu papel na recente crise sistêmica deflagada em 2008 nos Estados Unidos. Neste interim, mostramos que essa crise trouxe à tona propostas de economistas, governos e instituições multilaterais com o intuito de promoverem reformas amplas que possam regular o Sistema Financeiro Internacional de forma a atenuar as crises