Nos últimos anos a sociedade brasileira tem criticado os lucros alcançados pelos bancos, por considerá-los excessivamente elevados. Tal situação tem, inclusive, incentivado medidas, por parte do governo federal, para proteger o consumidor em relação às tarifas e aos juros cobrados pelas instituições financeiras. Por sua vez, a sociedade parece enxergar o setor de forma homogênea, sem atentar para as diferenças existentes entre seus integrantes. Este estudo tem o intuito de explicitar eventuais diferenças, relativas à rentabilidade, existentes no setor, de forma a fomentar uma visão mais crítica e menos superficial do segmento bancário, podendo, eventualmente, contribuir na elaboração de políticas para o setor. Para tanto, avaliou-se a uniformidade dos resultados dos bancos em relação a origem de capital, tamanho e nível de operações de crédito, a partir de uma base de dados, que compreendeu o período entre 1996 e 2006. O intervalo de tempo total foi dividido em três partes, de 1996 a 1998, denominado 1º período; de 1999 a 2002, 2º período; e, de 2003 a 2006, 3º período. Com esta divisão é possível identificar alterações nas relações entre as categorias das variáveis de um período para outro, além de averiguar a uniformidade da rentabilidade no decorrer do tempo. A análise de correspondência (ANACOR) e a análise de homogeneidade (HOMALS) foram as técnicas estatísticas empregadas no trabalho. A hipótese geral formulada, de que os bancos apresentam rentabilidade não uniforme quando classificados por tamanho, origem de capital ou NOC, foi rejeitada. Todavia, verificou-se que a rentabilidade bancária só apresenta comportamento uniforme quando contraposta ao tamanho dos bancos, pois, quando contraposta à origem de capital, ao nível de operações de crédito e ao tempo, seu comportamento foi, em geral, não uniforme. A categoria de rentabilidade mais baixa associou-se ao 1º período, enquanto as categorias mais altas associaram-se ao 2º e 3º períodos. Os bancos privados nacionais caracterizaram-se pela associação às categorias de rentabilidade e de nível de operação de crédito mais altos; os bancos públicos apresentaram tendência de melhora de desempenho no decorrer dos períodos, afastando-se, progressivamente, da categoria de rentabilidade mais baixa; enquanto os bancos estrangeiros apresentaram comportamento volátil, associando-se à categoria de rentabilidade média no 1º período, muito alta no 2º, e baixa no 3º período. No último período, os bancos estrangeiros associaram-se à categoria de rentabilidade mais baixa, o que fornece indícios de um desempenho inferior aos bancos públicos, contradizendo a literatura pesquisada sobre o assunto. / Nowadays, the brazilian society has criticized banks profits considered excessively high. This situation has motivated government initiatives to protect the consumer from the banking charges and taxes. Besides, the society seems to face the segment in a homogeneous way, without realizing the differences among the banks. This research has the goal to identify differences, in terms of profitability, among the banks, in order to motivate a less superficial approach, and, eventually, contribute for future government initiatives related to this segment. In order to accomplish, the banking profitability homogeneity was assessed relative to the kind of control, size and level of credit operation, using a brazilian banking database between the years of 1996 and 2006. The total period was divided into three parts, namely, respectively, 1st (1996-1998), 2nd (1999-2002) and 3rd (2003-2006) periods, with the intent of identifying changes in the several categories relation from one period to another and to evaluate the homogeneity in profitability within the periods. The correspondence analysis (ANACOR) and the homogeneity analysis (HOMALS) were the statistical techniques applied in this research. The main hypothesis, that the banking profitability is not homogeneous in relation to any one of the three variable chosen, was reject. Although, it was found that the banking profitability is homogeneous just in relation to the banking size, otherwise, in general, has a non-homogeneous behavior when considering the kind of control, level of credit operation, and periods. The lowest profitable category was associated to the 1st period, while the highest profitable categories were associated to the 2nd e 3rd periods. The domestic private banks were associated with the highest profits and level of credit operation categories; the government owner banks apparently enhance their performance during the periods, getting, progressively, further away from the lowest profit category; while the foreign banks showed a volatile performance, associated with the middle profit category in the 1st period, the highest in the 2nd and the lowest in the 3rd period. In the last period, the foreign banks associated to the lowest profit category, which seems to mean a worse performance than government owned banks, this was not found before in the national literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wallace Tesch Sabaini.pdf: 1510047 bytes, checksum: 8af2281f09fc2384677f3cf0a0d1ff19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-06 / This work embodies the question of imposing limits on compensatory interest rates practiced in the domestic financial market in credit transactions , whether through enactment of laws or judicial decisions in concret cases . It conceptualizes interest and classifies interest rates, according to legal, accounting and financial approaches, stating that , when referring to interest object of this work, we are dealing with legal or contractual interest which is compensatory or remuneratory on loans, being, therefore, also considered active interest from the perspective of the financial institutions. It presents the systematic composition of interest rates. It explains the functioning mechanism of banking activity, money creation by banks, the credit role and risk involved as well as the relation of such a risk with interest rate prevailing in the SFN National Financial System. It assesses the degree of importance of credit for the economic growth of a country. It also appraises the Credit Information System of the Central Bank of Brazil and its importance for reducing interest rates. It analyses the interest rates charged by major financial institutions in the country, explains the sources of funds that allow banks to make loans to their customers. In light of the current Constitution, it points out the foundation of performance of the Brazilian State in the economic domain, through direct and indirect actions, identifying the limit of this activity in the financial system. It evaluates the effectiveness of the influence of new paradigms brought by the Consumer Defense Code, Civil Code and related legislation, the limitation of interest rates, reflecting on the reasoning of court decisions limiting conventional interest rates. It entitle to the right to adversarial proceedings, presenting arguments that lead the defense of impossibility of limiting interest rates. It concludes that there is a misunderstanding on the part of the judges about the dynamics of the SFN and its relevance to the country; that unconscionability of compensatory interest rates on defaulted credit operations, made with free funds is difficult to prove; that the charging of fees on credit operations made with free funds is improper; that the compensatory interest may be legally limited in operations with controlled or directed funds; that the compensatory interest rates may not be legally and judicially limited on credit with free funds. / Aborda-se, no presente trabalho, a questão da imposição de limites às taxas de juros remuneratórios praticadas no mercado financeiro nacional em operações de crédito, seja através de edição de leis ou decisões judiciais em casos concretos. Conceitua juro e classifica as taxas de juros, segundo as óticas jurídica, contábil e financeira. Quando se refere aos juros, objeto de estudo deste trabalho, se está tratando dos legais ou convencionais que sejam compensatórios ou remuneratórios em empréstimos sendo, portanto, também considerados juros ativos, sob a ótica das instituições financeiras. Apresenta a sistemática da composição das taxas de juros. Explica o mecanismo de funcionamento da atividade bancária, a criação de moeda pelos bancos, a função do crédito, o risco envolvido e a relação del e com as taxas de juros praticadas no SFN. Afere o grau de importância do crédito para o crescimento econômico do País. Avalia o Sistema de Informações de Crédito do Banco Central do Brasil e sua importância para redução das taxas de juros. Levanta as taxas de juros praticadas pelas principais instituições financeiras do país. Explica as fontes de recursos que possibilitam os bancos a realizarem empréstimos aos clientes. À luz da Constituição atual, aponta as bases da atuação do Estado brasileiro no domínio econômico, através da atuação direta e indireta, identificando o limite dessa atuação no Sistema Financeiro Nacional. Avalia a eficácia da influência dos novos paradigmas trazidos pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor, Código Civil e legislação afim, na limitação das taxas de juros, refletindo acerca das fundamentações de decisões judiciais limitando taxas de juros remuneratórios. Realiza o contraditório, apresentando argumentos que levam a defesa da inviabilidade da limitação das taxas de juros. Conclui que há um desconhecimento, por parte dos julgadores, da dinâmica do SFN e da sua relevância para o País; que a abusividade das taxas de juros remuneratórios em operações de crédito adimplentes, realizadas com recursos livres, é difícil de ser comprovada; que a cobrança de tarifas, nas operações de crédito com recursos livres, é indevida; que os juros remuneratórios podem ser limitados, legalmente, nas operações realizadas com recursos controlados/direcionados; que os juros remuneratórios não podem ser limitados, legalmente e judicialmente nas operações de crédito com recursos livres.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Scatolini.pdf: 1039740 bytes, checksum: 7061a5668aca454598398081e4b37190 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-14 / Although not commonly discussed among Brazilian jurists, banking mergers and acquisitions are an extremely relevant issue in Economic and Legal Sciences, considering the importance and the influence of these events in the Financial System, in the execution of economic and monetary policies by the State, in management of public savings and in the functioning of the payment system. The purpose of this research was to present and, as much as possible, clarify the competition and the economical aspects of the Brazilian banking market, providing an analysis of the Brazilian Central Bank s performance in banking mergers and acquisitions. In order to achieve it, it was necessary to discuss the evolution of economic history through time, which can explain actual aspects of market; the national economic regulation and its principles; the functions of central banks; the way Brazilian Central Bank performs monetary policy given by the National Monetary Council; the way Brazilian Central Bank analyzes mergers and acquisitions in the Financial System; the way mergers and acquisitions are analyzed outside the Financial System; and, at last, the varied doctrinaires opinions about the competence of Brazilian Central Bank and the competence of Council of Economic Administrative Defense to analyze banking mergers and acquisitions. In its last chapters, the work intend to demonstrate that the performance of Brazilian Central Bank in banking mergers and acquisitions is mostly marked by execution of economic policies and prevention of risks, specially systemic risks, and, although the Brazilian Central Bank could be legally considered exclusively competent to analyze banking mergers and acquisitions, it do not perform that competence, which could, therefore, justify the interference of the Council of Economic Administrative Defense in this events. Nevertheless, at this moment, legal statements provide Brazilian Central Bank exclusive competence for the analysis of banking mergers and acquisitions in Financial System and the Council of Economic Administrative Defense has only the responsibility of analysis of the information provided by the Brazilian Central Bank in order to evaluate probable consequences of these events in other markets. / Assunto pouco tratado por parte dos juristas brasileiros, a questão das concentrações bancárias é de extrema relevância para as Ciências Econômica e do Direito, haja vista o alcance e a influência dessas operações no Sistema Financeiro, na execução de políticas econômicas e monetárias pelo Estado, na administração da poupança popular e no funcionamento dos meios de pagamento do País. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi o de apresentar e, na medida do possível, esclarecer os principais aspectos econômicos e concorrenciais do mercado bancário, analisando a atuação do Banco Central do Brasil nas concentrações bancárias. Para tanto, tratamos da evolução econômica histórica, que explica a realidade atual; da análise da ordem econômica nacional e seus princípios; das funções dos bancos centrais; da maneira como o Banco Central do Brasil atua na execução da política monetária definida pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional; da forma como o Banco Central do Brasil avalia as concentrações no Sistema Financeiro; de como ocorre a análise das concentrações fora do Sistema Financeiro; e, por fim, das variadas posições acerca da competência do Banco Central do Brasil ou do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica para analisar atos de concentração bancária. Ao fim do trabalho, pretendemos ter demonstrado que a atuação do Banco Central do Brasil nos atos de concentração bancária é predominantemente caracterizada pela execução de políticas econômicas e prevenção de riscos, principalmente sistêmicos, e que, apesar de teoricamente possuir competência exclusiva para análise de atos de concentração bancária, o Banco Central do Brasil não a exerce, o que justificaria a interferência do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica nesse assunto. A despeito disso, encontra-se consolidada, neste momento, a posição de que as análises de concentração bancária são exclusivamente efetuadas pelo Banco Central do Brasil, cabendo ao Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica somente receber informações para avaliar os possíveis efeitos desses atos em outros setores da economia.

Les collectivités locales sénégalaises, à l’image de leurs homologues des autres pays, sont confrontées au défi du développement. Les différentes voies empruntées jusqu’ici et les nombreux efforts consentis ne leur ont pas encore permis de réaliser le bon en avant. La principale cause de cette situation est à chercher dans la faible performance du système financier en vigueur, qui découle d’un certain nombre de limites qui caractérisent ce dernier. Il s’ensuit que les différentes réformes engagées par l’Etat pour corriger les imperfections du système n’ont pas été couronnées de succès. Cet échec doit conduire à un changement de paradigme fondé sur l’adoption de la démarche de performance qui garantirait aux collectivités locales sénégalaises une plus grande efficacité et efficience dans la gestion des politiques publiques locales. / Senegalese local authorities, like their counterparts in other countries, are confronted with the challenge of development. The different routes used so far and the many efforts have not yet enabled them to make the right move. The main cause of this situation is to be sought in the weak performance of the financial system in force which derives from a number of limitations which characterize the latter. It follows that the various reforms undertaken by the State to correct the imperfections of the system have not been successful. This failure must lead to a change of paradigm based on the adoption of the performance approach that would guaranty a greater efficiency and effectiveness to Senegalese local authorities in the management of local public policies.

This dissertation provides a complex study of systemic financial risk and its quantification. In the first part, the paper summarizes the main assumptions and tools of macroprudential policy, which became an important regulatory policy after the financial crisis of 2007-2009. The main parts of the paper deal with the construction of indicators of financial systemic risk and stress, where the paper distinguishes the quantitative expression of the contemporaneous financial stress from the continually developing systemic risk. The paper analyzes several methods of financial stress index construction, whose main task is to identify the contemporaneous rate of risk in different sectors of financial system using market prices of assets. The outcome of the paper is the identification and historical description of periods of heightened financial stress and the recognition of a regional character of the periods of stress. Apart from the index of the contemporaneous stress of financial system, the paper brings a systemic risk indicator, which captures the development of systemic risk in time, and which is a suitable leading indicator for the identification of periods of financial stress. The systemic risk indicator has identified, with a lead of two to three years, the increasing risk of the banking sectors of the countries in the region before the onset of the financial crisis of 2007-2009. In the conclusion, the paper points out the suitability of both indicators for the calculation of the amount of countercyclical capital buffer used in the new Basel III measures.

My final thesis "How informatics, science and technology affect our society" deals with an often ignored topic of the impact technology on our society. The thesis analyzes all possible positive and negative aspects of technological progress. The threats are described as social dependence on the machines and as well as the gradual moving out people from jobs. The existing system of capitalism below this technology cannot resist pressure and the pressure is a threat of his crash. The question remains to what kind of system should our civilization has to survive. Here come to the word famous futurologists, economists, sociologists, psychologists and architects. These groups of people are trying to sketch a rough draft feature of the future system. The threat of collapse of civilization can be averted. Unfortunately, each of them has their own vision and mostly of them work individually on their projects of new world. My task was to unify visions and to create a realistic vision of the whole society. The second part of my work describes the vision of these famous people and tries to find their mutual consistency. All of the visions have some deficiencies, or they are not well thought out in all aspects, so my other goal was to try to eliminate these defects or minimize them. The task for this thesis is to unite the ideas of contemporary visionaries and convince conservatives that it is not only possible to create a new social system, but rather also necessary.

The thesis focuses on the development of the South Korean financial system, especially on the period since the outbreak of the Asian financial crisis that hit Southeast Asia in 1997, to the present. The aim of this thesis is to describe and evaluate the measures taken to combat this crisis, identify remaining challenges and threats and evaluate the current financial sector stability.

In the first chapter of my thesis titled "The Spanish Financial System", I introduce a concept of a financial system in general and a historical development of the Spanish financial system including legislation from the beginning of the 20th century till today. The second part describes a current structure of the Spanish financial system and component entities operating within its framework structured from a point of supervising institutions. The last and crucial chapter is focused on reforms of the Spanish banking sector which have got no parallel in a modern history of the country. Restructuring and consolidation of the banking sector have been primarily carried out by mergers of traditional savings banks which became vulnerable during a period of an international liquidity crisis and an excessive exposure to the construction industry and real estate developments. I explain reasons for reforms, their starting points, progresses and difficulties during the restructuring processes. In conclusion I assess their results and impacts not only on credit institutions but the whole society as well.

Dimension à la question du financement du développement, qui se décline à travers une approche large du financement intégrant les principaux domaines d’action : mobilisation des ressources financières internes et autres apports de capitaux externes (investissements directs, aide publique au développement, allègement de la dette, envois des migrants) et enfin, révision du système monétaire et financier international. L’enjeu de cette thèse consiste à analyser cette approche du financement qui repose sur le concept de libéralisation financière. L’objectif est dans un premier temps de mettre en évidence le rôle de la finance dans le développement économique à travers l’étude des liens de causalité entre finance et développement économique. Ensuite, nous revisitons les politiques de libéralisation financière en mettant en avant l’étude de leur impact à travers l’analyse des ressources internes et externes pour le financement du développement en Afrique subsaharienne. L’analyse portera sur la mobilisation des ressources domestiques par le système fiscal et la mobilisation des ressources externes par la libéralisation du système financier domestique. Enfin, au regard de l’état de sous-développement financier combiné au sous-développement économique de ces pays, nous montrons la nécessité de recourir à une autre approche du financement qui se veut plus globale. Cette politique alternative passe par des politiques issues de l’hétérodoxie économique intégrant les éléments de l’institutionnalisme historique et de la théorie postkeynésienne. / Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey in 2002 brings a new dimension to the issue of financing for development, which is available across a broad funding approach integrating key areas: mobilizing domestic financial resources and other inputs external capital (direct investment, official development assistance, debt relief, remittances from migrants) and finally, review the international monetary and financial system. The aim of this thesis is to analyze this funding approach based on the concept of financial liberalization. The aim is firstly to highlight the role of finance in economic development through the study of causality between finance and economic development. Next, we revisit the financial liberalization policies by emphasizing the study of their impact through the analysis of internal and external resources for financing development in Sub-Saharan Africa. The analysis will focus on mobilizing domestic resources through the tax system and the mobilization of external resources through the liberalization of the domestic financial system. Finally, under the condition of combined financial underdevelopment in the economic underdevelopment of these countries, we show the need for a different approach to financing that is more comprehensive. This alternative policy through political from economic heterodoxy integrating elements of historical institutionalism and post-Keynesian theory.

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo dar de conocimiento el impacto de la diversificación de los ingreso bancarios peruanos y ver su comportamiento en los rendimientos bancarios, este tema ha sido ampliamente usada para países desarrollados tales como bancos asiáticos y europeos, he incluso para Brasil un país sudamericano, cabe resaltar que este tema de investigación no se ha aplicado para bancos peruanos, ya que el tema de la estabilidad bancaria puede deberse a estos factores e otros acontecimientos, por eso es necesario su estudio e implementación. Se estudió el comportamiento de 15 bancos listado en la SBS, en un periodo de análisis de 2015 – 2020, utilizando una metodología de panel de datos dinámicos, conocido como método generalizado de momentos (GMM), con esta metodología lo que se pretende es abordar los posibles problemas de endogeneidad, heterocedastidad y autocorrelación. Nuestros principales hallazgos nos dieron como resultado que la actividad de ingreso no tradicionales no tiene un gran de impacto con la rentabilidad bancaria, por lo contrario, los hechos más importantes se dieron con los ingresos que obtienen los bancos a través de los créditos, ya que estos trajeron consigo mejores resultados en la mejora de la rentabilidad del sistema financiero peruano. Se confirmó en gran instancia que los ingresos tienden a tener un efecto en la rentabilidad bancaria, esto se debió en gran instancia por el lado de los ingreso por intereses, por lo contario en contra de lo esperado los ingresos destinado a la actividad no tradicional, resultaron tener un comportamiento adverso a la rentabilidad, de la misma manera también es necesario dar a conocer nuestras otras variables de estudio, tales como la tasa de crecimiento del PBI, tasa de interés real, la tasa de crecimiento de los activos y el patrimonio, estas mostraron un comportamiento accesible para determinar la evolución de los bancos del sistema financiero peruano. / The objective of this thesis is to give knowledge of the impact of the diversification of Peruvian bank income and see its behavior in bank returns, this topic has been widely used for developed countries such as Asian and European banks, and even for Brazil a country South American, it should be noted that this research topic has not been applied to Peruvian banks, since the issue of bank stability may be due to these factors and other events, which is why its study and implementation is necessary. The behavior of 15 banks listed in the SBS was studied, in an analysis period of 2015 - 2020, using a dynamic data panel methodology, known as the generalized method of moments (GMM), with this methodology what is intended is to address the possible problems of endogeneity, heterocedasty and autocorrelation. Our main findings gave us as a result that non-traditional income activity does not have a great impact on bank profitability, on the contrary, the most important facts occurred with the income obtained by banks through credits, since that these brought better results in improving the profitability of the Peruvian financial system. It was largely confirmed that income tends to have an effect on bank profitability, this was largely due to interest income, on the contrary, income allocated to non-traditional activity was contrary to what was expected. turned out to have an adverse behavior to profitability, in the same way it is also necessary to disclose our other study variables, such as the GDP growth rate, real interest rate, the growth rate of assets and equity, these showed an accessible behavior to determine the evolution of the banks of the Peruvian financial system.