Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Företag motiverar vanligtvis centraliserad finansiering med att det leder till värdeökande effekter, något som forskningsvärlden endast teoretiskt berört vilket ger indikationer på att en centraliserad finansiering kan utgöra en värdeökande strategi. Det föreligger därmed ett intresse att undersöka detta empiriskt. Avsaknaden av ett mått för centraliseringsgraden av finansiering medför att framställande av detta mått dock måste genomföras före teorin om värdeökning kan testas empiriskt. Syfte: Studien syftar till att 1) ta fram ett mått för centraliseringsgraden av finansiering, 2) säkerställa validiteten i detta mått och 3) genom detta mått testa centraliseringsgradens effekt på företagsvärde. Metod: Första syftet uppfylls genom en explorativ studie där närliggande teorier använts tillsammans med observationer av verkligheten. Andra syftet uppfylls genom en mindre statistisk undersökning utifrån årsredovisningar samt en enkätundersökning riktad till experter inom området. Tredje syftet uppnås genom en kvantitativ studie där formulerade hypoteser testas i en statistisk undersökning på 152 svenska börsnoterade bolag.  Resultat och slutsatser: Studien säkerställer ett approximativt mått för centraliseringsgraden av finansiering. Måttets samband med företagsvärde kan dock inte säkerställas. Centraliseringsgraden har däremot ett samband med företagsvärde under vissa förhållanden vilket innebär att ett samband inte heller kan uteslutas. Vidare finner studien empiriskt stöd för Tradeoff Theory, däremot kan ingen förklarande modell för kapitalstrukturen säkerställas och därmed inte heller centraliseringsgradens betydelse för kapitalstrukturen. Slutligen har studien även påbörjat en förklarande modell till centraliseringsgraden av finansiering i och med att geografisk spridning visar sig ha positiv påverkan på centraliseringsgraden. / Background: Firms using centralized financing function usually motivates it by it’s value adding property, something today’s research only theoretically touched which indicates that centralized financing can be a value adding strategy. Therefore it exists an interest for an empirical examination. The lack of a measurement for the degree of centralized financing implies that this measurement have to carried out before the theoretical value adding strategy can be empirical tested. Purpose: The study’s purposes is 1) bring forward a measurement for the degree of centralized financing, 2) secure the measurement’s validity and 3) through this measurement test it’s value adding effect to firm value. Method: The first purpose is achieved through an explorative research design where theories close to the subject together with observations of reality were applied. The second purpose is achieved through a smaller statistical study based on financial reports in conjunction with a survey aimed towards experts within the knowledge area. The third purpose is achieved through testing hypotheses in a statistical study on 152 Swedish listed companies. Results and conclusions: The study validates an approximate measure of the degree of centralized financing. The measurement’s connection to firm value can not be established. Although, the degree of centralization has a connection to firm value given certain circumstances which implies that the connection cannot be ruled out either. Further, the study finds empirical support for Tradeoff Theory, however, there are no empirical support for the explanatory model for the capital structure and, by extension, neither for the degree of centralization’s significance on capital structure. Finally, the study has also begun an explanatory model for the degree of centralization of financing since geographical spread has a significant positive effect on the degree of centralization.

The theme of this thesis is the financing of the elementary and the secondary schools in the Czech Republic. I introduce the process of the educational system's financing as an integrated unit, that is consists of revenue and expenditure. This process is determinated not only by the educational system in the Czech Republic, but also by the public service and the local administrative, that managed schools and the other educational organizations. I focused on the development of the financing of schools in years 2001 - 2009, with the help of graphes, to show and describe also the today's face of the whole process. I use the international comparison. In the end of this thesis I mentioned the basic problems of this financing.

O presente estudo investiga os impactos da redução nas restrições financeiras para a captação de dívidas no mercado de capitais brasileiro sobre o financiamento e os investimentos de companhias brasileiras de capital aberto e fechado, não financeiras. Empiricamente, o estudo interpreta que a Instrução CVM nº 476, vigente a partir do ano de 2009, que trata das ofertas públicas de valores mobiliários distribuídas com esforços restritos, pode ter reduzido as restrições financeiras enfrentadas por sociedades anônimas brasileiras, dado que tal mudança regulatória, comparativamente ao mecanismo tradicional para o acesso ao mercado de capitais nacional, reduziu os custos de emissão de debêntures (valor mobiliário em foco) no mercado de capitais nacional, tornou o acesso ao capital mais rápido e reduziu uma barreira regulatória para as sociedades anônimas fechadas, impedidas de realizar emissões públicas de debêntures no mercado de capitais nacional antes da CVM 476. Sobre o financiamento, foram propostas as hipóteses de que a CVM 476, isto é, a redução nas restrições financeiras, possibilitou que as companhias aumentassem sua alavancagem total, devido ao aumento da alavancagem de longo prazo. Sobre os investimentos, foram propostas hipóteses relacionadas ao caixa e aos investimentos em ativos de longo prazo. Em relação ao caixa, a hipótese propõe que a CVM 476 possibilitou que as companhias mantivessem menores saldos em caixa, devido à redução no componente de restrição financeira da política de caixa. Sobre os investimentos em ativos de longo prazo, a hipótese propõe que a CVM 476 possibilitou que companhias aumentassem tais investimentos, pois poderiam tornar-se menos dependentes da geração interna de recursos e de outras fontes de capitais. É esperado que tais efeitos sejam maiores para as sociedades anônimas de capital fechado, pois, a priori, espera-se que tais companhias sejam mais restritas financeiramente do que as abertas, especialmente no que se refere ao acesso ao mercado de capitais nacional. Para investigar as hipóteses, foram realizadas duas abordagens empíricas. Na primeira, as emissões de debêntures pela CVM 476 foram adicionadas aos modelos como a variável explicativa de interesse, sendo representada por uma variável binária que indica a emissão das debêntures, no ano da emissão. Na segunda abordagem, a CVM 476 é tratada como um experimento natural que pode ter provocado um choque exógeno nas restrições financeiras, ou seja, uma diminuição nas restrições financeiras enfrentadas pelas sociedades anônimas brasileiras de capital aberto e fechado (as companhias tratadas), de modo que, nesta abordagem, as empresas de responsabilidade limitada são definidas como grupo de controle. Os resultados são compatíveis com as hipóteses relativas ao financiamento, isto é, a CVM 476 possibilitou o aumento da alavancagem total e de longo prazo das companhias, de modo que há evidências que tais efeitos sejam maiores para as sociedades anônimas fechadas. Por outro lado, não foram encontradas evidências robustas que indiquem que a CVM 476 possibilitou, de forma ampla, ajustes no caixa e nos investimentos em ativos de longo prazo de companhias afetadas pela Instrução / This study analyses the effects of reducing financing constraints to debt issuance in Brazilian bond market on financing and investments of Brazilian public and private non-financial companies. Empirically, this study interprets that CVM Act nº 476, in force since 2009, which deals with public issuance of securities issued with restricted efforts, may have reduced financing constraints faced by Brazilian companies, since this Act, compared to the traditional mechanism to access Brazilian bond market, reduced issuance costs of debentures in domestic bond market, made the access to capital faster and reduced a regulatory barrier for private companies, restricted from conducting public issues of debentures in domestic bond market before CVM 476. The hypotheses related to financing propose that CVM 476, that is, the reduction in financing constraints, allowed companies to increase total leverage, due to the increase in long-term leverage. Regarding investments, hypotheses related to cash holdings and investments in long-term assets were proposed. The hypothesis concerning cash proposes that CVM 476 allowed companies to maintain lower cash holdings, due to the reduction in financing constraint component of the cash policy. Regarding investments in long-term assets, the hypothesis proposes that CVM 476 allowed companies to increase their investments, since they could become less dependent on internally generated cash flow and other sources of capital. These effects are expected to be greater for private companies, since these companies are expected to be more financially constrained than public companies, especially with regard to the access to the domestic bond market. Two empirical approaches were employed to investigate the hypotheses. In the first one, debentures issues according to CVM 476 were added to the models as the explanatory variable of interest, and is represented by a dummy variable that indicates the issuance of the debentures, in the year of the issue. In the second approach, CVM 476 is analyzed as a natural experiment that may have caused an exogenous shock in financing constraints, that is, a decrease in financing constraints faced by Brazilian public and private companies (treatment group) and, in this approach, limited liability firms are defined as the control group. The results are compatible with the hypotheses regarding financing, that is, CVM 476 made possible the increase in total and long-term leverage of the companies, and there is evidence that these effects are greater for private companies. On the other hand, no robust evidence was found that indicate the CVM 476 made possible extensive adjustments in cash holdings and investments in long-term assets of the companies treated by CVM 476.

This dissertation examines several research questions relating to securitization by non-financial firms. Finance theories suggest securitization is most beneficial when there is high demand for liquidity. On the other hand, empirical studies have shown that firms engage in securitization to manage earnings. I find that liquidity demand, not the incentive for earnings management motivates securitization transactions by non-financial firms. I also evaluate whether earnings management in securitization is indeed undesirable from a shareholder's perspective by examining the economic consequences of the practice. Because securitization creates a large infusion of cash, one way to evaluate the economic consequences of earnings management is to examine whether securitization proceeds encourage overinvestment. I find that earnings management in securitization (i.e., recording non-zero securitization income) is unrelated to firms' suboptimal) overinvestment in the post-securitization period. Thus, it appears that earning management in securitization has no negative economic consequence in terms of generating excess securitization proceeds that encourage overinvestment. I also examine the market's valuation of securitizable assets in the accrual components of earnings and the use of securitization proceeds. Because securitizable assets can be converted into cash through securitization, I test whether the market valuation reflects the source of liquidity in securitizable assets that is similar to the cash component of earnings. I find that, for securitization firms, the market valuation of securitizable assets is similar to that of the cash component of earnings. / Lastly, I find some evidence supporting the assertion that firms' liquidity prior to securitization influences the market valuation on securitization proceeds retained on the balance sheet, in that the market assigns a discount to retained proceeds for firms with excess liquidity prior to securitiaztion. / by Qianyun Huang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade analisar o problema do financiamento das empresas em crise no Brasil e a disciplina a ele conferida pela Lei n. 11.101/05, com enfoque no procedimento de recuperação judicial. Após uma breve análise das diversas causas da crise empresarial e de possíveis medidas saneadoras preliminares, inicia-se a discussão das premissas constitucionais do tratamento das empresas em dificuldade no Brasil e dos objetivos da lei falimentar em geral, para então ingressar nas soluções adotadas pelo direito brasileiro. Em seguida, tem início o escrutínio do tema central proposto, com destaque para seu escopo e importância, além da identificação dos meios, agentes e modalidades relacionados ao financiamento das empresas em dificuldade. Apresentado um sucinto panorama da matéria no direito estrangeiro, investiga-se o tema à luz do ordenamento pátrio, numa abordagem teórica e prática do financiamento das empresas em crise no Brasil e seus limitadores, assim como possíveis alternativas para mitigá-los. O problema é tratado, ainda, sob a perspectiva da governança corporativa e, por derradeiro, vislumbra-se sua eventual adoção na falência, com escoro no princípio da preservação da empresa, passando-se à conclusão. / The present work has the aim of analyzing the problem of financing for distressed companies in Brazil and the discipline granted to it by Law no. 11.101/05, with focus on the judicial reorganization procedure. After a brief analysis of the various causes of corporate crisis and the possible preliminary aid measures, a debate commences on the constitutional premises of the treatment of distressed companies in Brazil and the goals of bankruptcy law in general, after which the solutions adopted by Brazilian Law are examined. Next, the scrutiny of the proposed theme begins, with emphasis on its scope and importance, as well as the identification of the means, participants and categories related to the financing for companies in difficulties. After the presentation of a brief overview of the matter in foreign law, the same is investigated in light of the national legal system, under a theoretical and practical approach of financing for distressed companies in Brazil and its constraints, as well as the possible alternatives to mitigate them. In addition, the problem is treated from the perspective of the corporate governance and, last, a glimpse is taken into its eventual adoption in liquidation processes, with support in the principle of preservation of the company, culminating with the conclusion.

Zhang Xixi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-91). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.6 / Chapter II. --- Literature Review --- p.10 / Chapter III. --- Hypotheses and Design of the Tests --- p.22 / Chapter IV. --- Data and Findings --- p.34 / Chapter A. --- Data Source --- p.34 / Chapter B. --- Selection of Sample BHCs --- p.35 / Chapter C. --- BHC Size and Description Securitization --- p.38 / Chapter 1). --- Description of BHC Size --- p.38 / Chapter 2). --- Types of Securitization --- p.43 / Chapter V. --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter A. --- Differences Between Securitizing and Non-securitizing BHC Characteristics --- p.46 / Chapter 1). --- Univariate Test between Securitizing and Non-securitizing banks Characteristics --- p.47 / Chapter 2). --- Joint Test of Difference between Mean Values of the Characteristics --- p.61 / Chapter B. --- Correlations among Variables --- p.62 / Chapter 1). --- Correlation within Same Characteristics Class --- p.63 / Chapter 2). --- Correlation among Different Characteristics --- p.65 / Chapter C. --- To Explain Decision on Securitization --- p.67 / Chapter D. --- Linear Regression to Explain the Degree of Securitizing Among Securitizing Banks --- p.75 / Chapter V. --- Conclusion and Insights for Future Research --- p.82 / Chapter A. --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter B. --- Future Research --- p.87 / Chapter VI. --- References --- p.90 / Chapter VII. --- Appendix --- p.92

A inovação tecnológica vem assumindo um papel central na discussão do desenvolvimento de um país, região ou uma empresa. Estudos realizados por Schumpeter colocam a inovação tecnológica como a mola central do capitalismo, capaz de provocar grandes alterações no dinamismo da economia. A experiência internacional mostra-se importante para países ainda em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Em países da Europa o plano de incentivo a inovação tecnológica deu início na década de noventa, quando foram estabelecidas medidas, metas e objetivos para o desenvolvimento tecnológico dos países. A atuação brasileira de incentivo a inovação tecnológica sempre foi muito tímida. Somente no final da década de noventa nota-se a ocorrência de uma reformulação da política industrial e uma tentativa de incentivar a inovação tecnológica no país. A realização da Pintec pelo IBGE vem suprir uma falha existente de falta de indicadores relacionados à inovação tecnológica. A pesquisa confirma as suspeitas existentes anteriormente de que no Brasil haja um fraco desempenho das empresas instaladas no que se refere à inovação tecnológica. Alguns fatores são apontados pelas empresas como as principais causas para esse fraco desempenho. Entre eles estão o elevado risco econômico, alto custo da inovação e a falta de fontes adequadas de financiamento. Quando se analisa a inovação tecnológica setorialmente, verifica-se que as mudanças em termos gerais são muito pequenas, que grande parte da inovação das empresas é financiada com capital próprio e que no Brasil a inovação tecnológica está diretamente ligada à aquisição de máquinas e equipamentos. / Tecnological inovation has been considered the center of the development of a country, region or a company. Schumpeter has discussed that the tecnological inovation is capable to cause extraordinary changes in the dynamics of the economy. The international experience is important to be seen by countries like Brasil. Some european countries, for instance, have developed a plan in order to make tecnological inovation possible. This plan includes the definition of goals and ways to mesure the tecnological development of the countries. Tecnological inovation in Brasil began to take place recently, when the industrial politics and some actions to promote this kind of inovation started to become more and more important in the country. Pintec, a study done by IBGE, has an important contribution for the research about tecnological inovation in Brasil. Before this study, there were not enough information about this subject. Pintec data confirm the initial hypothesis that brasilian companies do not have an eficient performance when it refers to tecnological inovation. Some factors are considered the explanation for the lack of tecnological inovation in Brasil. Among these factors are the economical risk, high costs of the inovation and the lack of apropriate sources of financial funds for inovation. Sectorial analysis have shown that the results are not different from the global analysis. The greatest amount of tecnological inovation is financed by internal funds. In Brasil, tecnological inovation is still related to the aquisition of new machines and equipaments.

This thesis deals with different methods of funding of fixed assets. The main aim of the study is to provide a general overview of the given types of funding and their comparison, either from a qualitative or a quantitative perspective. The application section focuses on linking the general section with a real-life situation, for a better illustration of the overall problem and to determine which of these types of funding is most advantageous for the analyzed company (Diakonie Broumov). Emphasis is placed primarily on factors influencing investment decisions in acquisition of vehicles. To compare effectiveness of various methods of funding the method of discounted costs is used.

I investigate the impacts that information production, information asymmetry have on firms financing choices 3/4 equity financing or debt financing. I find that equity issue announcements encourage more information production than debt issue announcements, which in turn raises the probability of equity financing. In addition, the post-issue stock market performance is positively associated with information production. The results are robust after controlling for investor optimism. I also apply the Heckmans two-step procedure to jointly investigate firms financing choices and offering costs. I find that security-issuing firms choose the less-costly financing type.

近年來國內在一片自由化與國際化的呼聲下，我國企業亦逐漸躋身國際資本市場之林，國外低廉的資金成本，加上國內企業在國際上所展現的傲人實力，使得我國企業在海外融資的管道上日趨頻繁與多元化。 　　由於現今企業海外融資的盛行且管道相當多元化，故企業應慎選適合於企業本身的海外取金術，以取得最低成本與風險且最大效益的資金來源，故企業在考慮海外融資此項財務決策時，對於融資的方式亦應有所決策來採行。而本研究主要乃以問卷調查的方式探討我國上市公司海外融資的意願，分析其海外融資決策的動機。 　　而本研究的的研究方法包含統計檢定、問卷調查與個案公司訪談三項，而主要的實證結果發現如下： 　　一、在研究假說檢定方面：1. 海外融資的決策採行與否與公司的規模、成長率與產業別有顯著差異，而與公司的海外投資額則無顯著差異。2. 在海外融資竟採股權型式或債權型式來進行，與公司的獲利能力有關而與公司的負價比率無關。 　　二、在問卷調查實證發現如下：1. 公司海外融資決策最主要考量的動機分別為獲取低成本的資金、提昇公司國際知名度與擴大資金募集的彈性三項。2. 海外融資所得外幣資金用途方面，以擴建廠房設備或汰換設備者最多。3. 海外融資公司工具的選用方面，發行海外存託憑證最主要的考量是，為了擴大股東的基礎，提高公司股份國際化的程度；發行海外可轉換公司債最主要的考量是，由於國外利率相較於國內利率甚低，可取得廉價的資金；採用海外銀行團聯貸最主要的考量是，透過OBU聯貸，參貸銀行可免納利息所得稅，降低企業籌資成本；而發行浮動利率債券最主要的考量是，可多角化海外籌資管道，且相關發行成本不高。4. 在政府開放外國自然人可直接投資我國股市對企業海外融資意願的影響方面，絕大多數上市公司海外融資的意願仍不變，主要是因籌措的外資乃用於國外，可免除匯率風險。5. 在上市公司至今仍無海外融資意願的原因中，則以因尚無對海外資金產生需求的公司最多。