Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) techniques show promise as a disruptive technology which will enable the placement of components smaller than what conventional pick-and-place techniques are capable of today. Limitations of current die-attach techniques are presented and discussed and present the opportunity for a new placement method. This study introduces the Thermo-Mechanical Selective Laser Assisted Die Transfer (tmSLADT) process and is an application of the unique blistering behavior of a dynamic releasing layer when irradiated by low energy focused UV laser pulses. The potential of tmSLADT as the next generation LIFT technique is demonstrated by the "touchless" transfer of 65 μm thick silicon tiles between two substrates spaced 195 μm apart. Additionally, the advantages of an enclosed blister-actuator mechanism over previously studied ablative and thermal releasing techniques are discussed. Finally, experimental results studying transfer precision indicate this non optimized die transfer process compares with, and may exceed, the placement precision of current assembly techniques. / Defense Microelectronics Activity (DMEA) under agreement number H94003-09-2-0905

This thesis proposes and demonstrates Time to Digital Converters (TDC) with high resolution realized in 65-nm digital CMOS. It is used as a phase detector in all digital PLL working with 5GHz DCO and 20MHz reference input for radio transmitters. Two kinds of high resolution TDC are designed on schematic level including Vernier TDC and parallel TDC. The Sensed Amplifier Flip Flop (SAFF) is implemented with less than 1ps sampling window to avoid metastability. The current starved delay elements are adopted in the TDC and the conversion resolution is equal to the difference of the delay time from these delay elements. Furthermore, the parallel TDC is realized on layout and finally achieves the resolution of 3ps meanwhile it consumes average power 442μW with 1.2V power supply. Measured integral nonlinearity and differential nonlinearity are 0.5LSB and 0.33LSB respectively.

In many situations, fluid flows can exhibit a wide range of temporal and spatial phenomena. It has become common to extract physically important features, called modes, as a first step in the analysis of flows with high complexity. One of the most prominent modal analysis techniques in the context of fluid dynamics is Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), which enables extraction of energetically coherent structures present in the flow field. This method does, however, suffer from the lack of connection with the mathematical theory of dynamical systems and its utility in the analysis of arbitrarily complex flows might therefore be limited. In the present work, we instead consider application of the Koopman Mode Decomposition (KMD), which is an approach based on spectral decomposition of the Koopman operator. This technique is employed for modal analysis of the incompressible, two-dimensional ow past two side-by-side cylinders at Re = 60 and with a non-dimensional cylinder gap spacing g* = 1. This particular configuration yields a wake ow which exhibits in-phase vortex shedding during finite time, while later transforming into the so-called flip-flopping phenomena, which is characterised by a slow, periodic switching of the gap ow direction during O(10) vortex shedding cycles. The KMD approach yields modal structures which, in contrary to POD, are associated with specific oscillation frequencies. Specifically, these structures are here vorticity modes. By studying these modes, we are able to extract the ow components which are responsible for the flip-flop phenomenon. In particular, it is found that the flip-flop instability is mainly driven by three different modal structures, oscillating with Strouhal frequencies St1 = 0:023, St2 = 0:121 and St3 = 0:144, where it is noted that St3 = St1 + St2. In addition, we study the in-phase vortex shedding regime, as well as the transient regime connecting the two states of the flow. The study of the in-phase vortex shedding reveals| - not surprisingly - the presence of a single fundamental frequency, while the study of the transient reveals a Koopman spectrum which might indicate the existence of a bifurcation in the phase space of the flow field; this idea has been proposed before in Carini et al. (2015b). We conclude that the KMD offers a powerful framework for analysis of this ow case, and its range of applications might soon include even more complex flows.

Low-temperature weak-localization (WL) and antilocalization (AL) magnetotransport measurements are sensitive to electron interference, and thus can be used as a probe of quantum states. The spin-dependent interactions between controllable surface magnetism and itinerant electrons in a non-magnetic host provide insight for spin-based technologies, magnetic data storage and quantum information processing. This dissertation studies two different host systems, an In$_{0.53}$Ga$_{0.47}$As quantum well at a distance from the surface of a heterostructure, and an accumulation layer on an InAs surface. Both the systems are two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs), and possess prominent Rashba spin-orbit interaction caused by structural inversion asymmetry, which meets the prerequisites for AL. The surface local moments influence the surrounding electrons in two ways, increasing their spin-orbit scattering, and inducing magnetic spin-flip scattering, which carries information about magnetic interactions. The two effects modify the AL signals in opposing directions: the spin-flip scattering of electrons shrinks the signal, and requires a close proximity to the species, whereas the increase of spin-orbit scattering broadens and increases the signal. Accordingly, we only observe an increase in spin-orbit scattering in the study of the interactions between ferromagnetic Co$_{0.6}$Fe$_{0.4}$ nanopillars and the relatively distant InGaAs quantum well. With these CoFe nanopillars, a decrease in spin decoherence time is observed, attributed to the spatially varying magnetic field from the local moments. A good agreement between the data and a theoretical calculation suggests that the CoFe nanopillars also generate an appreciable average magnetic field normal to the surface, of value $\sim$ 35 G. We also performed a series of comparative AL measurements to experimentally investigate the interactions and spin-exchange between InAs surface accumulation electrons and local magnetic moments of rare earth ions Sm$^{3+}$, Gd$^{3+}$, Ho$^{3+}$, of transition metal ions Ni$^{2+}$, Co$^{2+}$, and Fe$^{3+}$, and of Ni$^{2+}$-, Co$^{2+}$-, and Fe$^{3+}$-phthalocyanines deposited on the surface. The deposited species generate magnetic scattering with magnitude dependent on their electron configurations and effective moments. Particularly for Fe$^{3+}$, the significant spin-flip scattering due to the outermost 3d shell and the fairly high magnetic moments modifies the AL signal into a WL signal. Experiments indicate a temperature-independent magnetic spin-flip scattering for most of the species except for Ho$^{3+}$ and Co$^{2+}$. Ho$^{3+}$ yields electron spin-flip rates proportional to the square root of temperature, resulting from transitions between closely spaced energy levels of spin-orbit multiplets. In the case of Co$^{2+}$, either a spin crossover or a spin-glass system forms, and hence spin-flip rates transit between two saturation regions as temperature varies. Concerning the spin-orbit scattering rate, we observe an increase for all the species, and the increase is correlated with the effective electric fields produced by the species. In both 2DESs, the inelastic time is inversely proportional to temperature, consistent with phase decoherence via the Nyquist mechanism. Our method provides a controlled way to probe the quantum spin interactions of 2DESs, either in a quantum well, or on the surface of InAs. / Ph. D.

Herpes simplex virus Typ 1 (HSV-1) ist ein humanpathogenes Virus der Familie Herpesviridae. Für eine erfolgreiche Virusreplikation besitzt HSV-1 mehrere Gene, die in den meisten infizierten Zelltypen Apoptose verhindern. Im Gegensatz dazu führt die HSV-1 Infektion eines zentralen Zelltyps des Immunsystems, den unreifen dendritischen Zellen (iDCs), zu Apoptose. Dies könnte ein Aspekt der HSV-1 Immunevasion sein. Bisher waren die Ursachen der Apoptose von HSV-1 infizierten iDCs unzureichend aufgeklärt. Es wurde jedoch gezeigt, dass das antiapoptotische zelluläre Protein c-FLIP in HSV-1 infizierten iDCs reduziert ist. In dieser Arbeit wurde die c-FLIP Menge in iDCs erstmalig mit Hilfe von RNA Interferenz erfolgreich reduziert. Dies bestätigte die Bedeutung von c-FLIP für die Lebensfähigkeit von iDCs. Folglich könnte auch die Reduktion der c-FLIP Menge nach HSV-1 Infektion iDCs für Apoptose empfindlich machen. Die HSV-1 induzierte c-FLIP Reduktion erfolgte in späten Stadien der Infektion, abhängig von der ordnungsgemäßen Expression viraler „early“ und „leaky late“ Gene. Sie fand nicht auf RNA Ebene statt und war unabhängig vom Proteasom und der Bindung an den „death inducing signaling complex“. Stattdessen wurde c-FLIP wahrscheinlich von einer viralen oder zellulären Protease abgebaut. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals gezeigt, dass zusätzlich zu Veränderungen im zellulären Apoptosesignalnetzwerk der Mangel an einem antiapoptotischen viralen Faktor zur Apoptose von HSV-1 infizierten iDCs beiträgt. Eine Microarray Analyse der HSV-1 Genexpression ergab, dass HSV-1 Latenz-assoziierte Transkripte (LATs) in apoptotischen iDCs signifikant geringer exprimiert waren als in nicht-apoptotischen epithelialen Zellen. LATs besitzen in Neuronen und epithelialen Zellen eine antiapoptotische Aktivität. Diese könnte den Mangel an c-FLIP kompensieren. Übereinstimmend mit dieser Hypothese induzierte eine HSV-1 LAT-Deletionsmutante mehr Apoptose in iDCs im Vergleich zum Wildtyp-Virus. / Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen which belongs to the family Herpesviridae. HSV-1 encodes several genes, which serve to efficiently prevent apoptosis in most infected cell types, thereby ensuring successful virus replication. In contrast, HSV-1 infection of one central cell type of the immune system, immature dendritic cells (iDCs), results in apoptosis. This could be one aspect of HSV-1 immunevasion. So far, the mechanisms underlying apoptosis of HSV-1 infected iDCs were poorly defined. However, it has been shown that the antiapoptotic cellular protein c-FLIP is reduced in HSV-1 infected iDCs. In this work, the amount of c-FLIP was for the first time successfully reduced in iDCs by RNA interference. This confirmed the importance of c-FLIP for viability of iDCs. Therefore, it is likely that c-FLIP reduction after HSV-1 infection also sensitizes iDCs to apoptosis. HSV-1 induced c-FLIP reduction occurred at late stages of infection and was dependent on proper expression of early and leaky late virus genes. Furthermore, it was not operative at the RNA level and was independent from the proteasome and binding to the death inducing signaling complex. Rather, c-FLIP was presumably degraded by a viral or cellular protease. In this work it was shown for the first time, that in addition to changes in the cellular apoptosis signaling network, the lack of one antiapoptotic viral factor contributes to apoptosis of HSV-1 infected iDCs. HSV-1 latency-associated transcripts (LATs) were significantly lower expressed in apoptotic iDCs compared to non-apoptotic epithelial cells, determined by microarray analysis of HSV-1 gene expression. It is known that in neurons and epithelial cells, LATs possess a potent antiapoptotic activity. This could compensate the lack of c-FLIP. Consistent with this hypothesis, a LAT deletion mutant of HSV-1 induced more apoptosis in iDCs compared to the respective wild type virus.

Lors du tsunami de Tohoku en 2011, des relevés de terrain sur les côtes japonaises ont montré la fragilité des structures côtières, où le plus grand brise-lames du monde (brise-lames de Kamaishi) a été fortement endommagé dû à cet événement. Dans ce doctorat, l'objectif est d'étudier l'interaction entre les brise-lames , les structures côtières les plus communes protégeant les zones urbaines et les entrées des ports, et les vagues, en particulier les tsunamis.Dans la première partie de ce travail, la transformation du tsunami en bore ondulaire dans les zones côtières est étudiée numériquement avec le code de calcul BOSZ (modèle Boussinesq). Les résultats montrent que la deuxième vague générée par le tsunami de Tohoku s'est transformée en un bore ondulaire. En revanche, la première vague n'était pas assez cambrée pour permettre une telle transformation. Les forces et les moments dus aux vagues ainsi que la contrainte normale appliquée par la base arrière du caisson sur le sol de fondation sont calculés à l'aide de deux modèles numériques différents: BOSZ et THETIS (modèle Navier-Stokes). Les résultats de BOSZ sont comparés avec THETIS pour l'interaction tsunami-structure. L'étude d'impact est réalisée à relativement grande échelle dans le but d'obtenir une première estimation des efforts d'un tsunamiPar la suite, une expérience numérique utilisant le modèle THETIS a été réalisée pour étudier les impacts du type flip-through sur des brise-lames. Ces impacts de vagues sans air emprisonné sont considérés comme le type d'impact le plus extrême dans la littérature (e.g. Cooker & Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)). L'influence de l'inclinaison de l'interface sur la dynamique d'impact et les pressions générées sont analysées dans une configuration de brise-lames réelle. Le modèle d'onde solitaire est utilisé pour générer trois impacts caractéristiques du type flip-through: peu cambré, moyen et très cambré. Le champ de vitesses et la pression à l'intérieur de la fondation sont également étudiés dans cette partie. Les forces horizontales et verticales appliquées sur le caisson sont estimées en intégrant les distributions de pression données par THETIS.La dernière partie de ces travaux montre la stabilité des caissons de brise-lames soumis à des impacts du type flip-through, qui sont ici assimilés à un jet triangulaire (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). Cette approche simple permet de formuler un modèle semi-analytique pour prédire le mouvement des caissons dû à ce type d'impacts. Après validation avec des simulations numériques, la méthode du jet triangulaire permet d'obtenir des informations sur les forces, la durée du mouvement et le déplacement total en fonction des caractéristiques de la vague et des dimensions du caisson du brise-lames impacté. / During the Tohoku tsunami in 2011, field surveys of the east coast of Japan showed the weakness of coastal defences, as even the world largest tsunami breakwater (Kamaishi) almost completely collapsed due to this event. In this PhD, the aim is to investigate the interaction between breakwaters, the most common offshore coastal structures protecting urban areas and harbour entries, and waves and especially tsunami waves.In the first part of the work, the generation of undular bores in the near-shore area of Sendai during the Tohoku event is numerically investigated with the numerical model BOSZ (Boussinesq-type model). It is shown that the second wave, which stroke the coast during this event, transformed into an undular bore, whereas the first wave did not due to steepness differences. Tsunami loads, moments and bearing stress applied on the offshore breakwater of the Soma Port are calculated using two models: BOSZ and THETIS (Navier-Stokes VOF model). BOSZ results are compared to THETIS for the tsunami wave-breakwater interaction. The impact study is carried out at a relatively large scale aiming to have a first estimation of tsunami efforts. Then, a numerical experiment using THETIS is carried out to investigate flip-through impacts on vertical breakwaters. This non-aerated wave impact is considered as the most severe type of impact in the literature (e.g. Cooker & Peregrine (1992), Hofland et al. (2011)) in terms of maximum pressure generated. The influence of the front interface on the impact dynamics and the pressure induced is analysed in a realistic breakwater configuration. Solitary waves are used to obtain three characteristic flip-through impacts involving least steep, medium steep and steepest wave front. The flow field and pressure inside the porous rubble mound are then investigated as well as horizontal and uplift forces applied on the breakwater caisson. The last part of this study is devoted to the stability of breakwater caissons submitted to flip-through impacts. The latter are here assimilated to water wedges (e.g. Cumberbatch (1960), Kihara et al. (2015)). This simple approach allows to formulate a semi-analytical model to predict caisson motion due to this type of impacts. After validation with numerical results, the water wedge method gives rich informations about forces, motion duration and sliding distance depending on the wave impact characteristics and breakwater caisson dimensions.

No description available.

Disertační práce se zabývá simulací elektronických obvodů. Popisuje metodu kapacitorové substituce (CSM) pro převod elektronických obvodů na elektrické obvody, jež mohou být následně řešeny pomocí numerických metod, zejména Moderní metodou Taylorovy řady (MTSM). Tato metoda se odlišuje automatickým výběrem řádu, půlením kroku v případě potřeby a rozsáhlou oblastí stability podle zvoleného řádu. V rámci disertační práce bylo autorem disertace vytvořeno specializované programové vybavení pro řešení obyčejných diferenciálních rovnic pomocí MTSM, s mnoha vylepšeními v algoritmech (v porovnání s TKSL/386). Tyto algoritmy zahrnují zjednodušování obecných výrazů na polynomy, paralelizaci nezávislou na integrační metodě atp. Tento software běží na linuxovém serveru, který komunikuje pomocí protokolu TCP/IP. Toto vybavení bylo úspěšně použito pro simulaci VLSI obvodů, jejichž řešení pomocí CSM bylo značně rychlejší a spotřebovávalo méně paměti než state-of-the-art SPICE.

The objective of the proposed research is to design, implement, and characterize low-cost, lightweight front-end components and subsystems in the microwave domain through innovative packaging architectures for remote sensing applications. Particular emphasis is placed on system-on-package (SoP) solutions implemented in organic substrates as a low-cost alternative to conventional, expensive, rigid, and fragile radio- frequency substrates. To this end, the dielectric properties of organic substrates RT/duroid 5880, 6002 and 6202 are presented from 30 GHz to 70 GHz, covering most of the Ka and V radar bands, giving also a thorough insight on the uncertainty of the microstrip ring resonator method by means of the Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. Additionally, an ultra-thin, high-power antenna-array technology, with transmit/ receive (T/R) functionality is introduced for mobile applications in the X band. Two lightweight SoP T/R array panels are presented in this work using novel technologies such as Silicon Germanium integrated circuits and microelectromechanical system switches on a hybrid organic package of liquid crystal polymer and RT/duroid 5880LZ. A maximum power of 47 dBm is achieved in a package with a thickness of 1.8 mm without the need of bulky thermal management devices. Finally, to address the thermal limitations of thin-film substrates of interest (liquid crystal polymer, RT/duroid 6002, alumina and Aluminum Nitride), a thermal assessment of microstrip structures is presented in the X band, along with the thermal characterization of the dielectric properties of RT/duroid 6002 from 20 ºC to 200 ºC and from 30 GHz to 70 GHz. Additional high-power, X-band technologies presented in this work include: a novel and compact topology for evanescent mode filters, and low-profile Wilkinson power dividers implemented on Aluminum Nitride using Tantalum Nitride thin-film resistors.

Abstract ACCURATE METHODOLOGY FOR MONITORING BIOMEMBRANE EVENTS By Christine A. Winschel, Ph.D. A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Chemistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2012 Major Director: Dr. Vladimir A. Sidorov ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY This study describes the synthesis and characterization of a new receptor (cyclen 1) capable of strong selective binding of pyrene-based anionic dyes under near-physiological conditions. This receptor comprises four naphthylthiourea groups tethered to a cyclen core via an ester linkage. The most important finding was the ability of cyclen 1 to bind efficiently to a pH-sensitive pyranine dye, a dye that is commonly used in various biomembrane assays. The high affinity of cyclen 1 to pyranine, its impermeability to the lipid bilayer membrane, fast kinetics of binding, and ability to quench pyranine’s fluorescence were used as a basis for a new membrane leakage assay. This membrane leakage assay is fully compatible with the commonly applied pH-stat transport assay, and therefore it allows for differentiation of ion transport and nonselective leakage mechanisms within a single set of experiments. In the second part of this study a new methodology for the detection of lipid flip was developed. This methodology relies on the quenching of the fluorescence of a newly synthesized cascade-blue-labeled lipid through complex formation with cyclen 1. This receptor-dye complexation also has high affinity for binding at micromolar concentrations and can be reversed by either competitive displacement of the lipid probe or by enzymatic degradation of the receptor leading to the label release and fluorescence dequenching. This new methodology is suitable for the study of lipid flip in both model spherical bilayer membranes and in-vitro experiments, and is less invasive to the model and cell membranes than the commonly utilized 7-nitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl (NBD)-dithionite methodology. Lastly, new pH-sensitive lipids were synthesized and utilized in the formulation of liposomes suitable for controlled drug release. These liposomes contain various amounts of internal NaCl and undergo internal acidification upon the exogenous addition of an HCl co-transporter in a physiologically relevant NaCl solution. Therefore, acidification ultimately leads to the hydrolysis of the pH-sensitive lipids and subsequent contents release. These liposomes were found to be insensitive to physiological concentrations of human serum albumin and to be non-toxic to cells at concentrations exceeding pharmacological relevance. These results render this new drug release model potentially suitable for in vivo applications.