During the course of this study we have been inspired by Carin Holmbergs essay ’It’s Called Love’ (1993). Our purpose with this study has been to examine how gender works among young Swedish heterosexual couples without children. This was done by examining how couples distribute housework among themselves, with certain focus on how class interacts with gender. We asked three questions: 1). How is gender made in relation to expected characteristics of how women and men should be? 2). How is gender made with distribution of household work within the couples? 3). In what way does class play a role in distribution of domestic work? Qualitative method was used in order to answer our purpose and questions. We interviewed ten couples, five whom had a university degree and five whom had secondary education. Our theoretical framework consists of the perspective of symbolic interactionism, Yvonne Hirdman's theory of the gender system, asymmetric role-taking and class. The analysis of our empirical material showed that the individuals within the couples attribute themselves and each other with properties that are in line with the traditional gender distribution in society, regardless of which class the couples belong to. When it came to all housework activities women were initiators. The distribution of household work took place according to what the men thought was interesting, regardless of class. Class, on the other hand, plays a role in the distribution of domestic work that took place on the basis of what was natural or not. Couples with upper secondary education distribute household work based on what is natural for the sexes in relation to the traditional gender roles, while those with an academic degree carry out household work that is not tied to the traditional gender roles to a greater extent. We found that women's and men's genders contribute to the maintenance and reproduction of the woman as subordinate and the man as superior, which contributes to an uneven distribution of labour in the home where the woman still has the main responsibility for the care work.

Text in English / In Zimbabwe, women are concentrated in rural areas where there are limited resources. For human development to be achieved, the welfare of women needs to be taken into consideration. Some NGOs operating in the country aim at advancing and improving the status of women and promote gender equality through socio-economic empowerment programmes. This study aimed at determining the impact of three selected local NGO’s programmes at grassroots level. The study revealed that progress has been made in transforming the general livelihoods of the women who are members of these organisations at grassroots level but there are various issues which these NGO’s have to consider so as to improve their effectiveness. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

La région MENA est aujourd’hui, au centre d’ambitieux enjeux économiques essentiellement en matière d’intégration régionale et de transformation structurelle. Toutefois, les Etats Arabes de cette région ont présenté des défaillances et une vulnérabilité importante dans le système économique et productif au lendemain des mouvements et des bouleversements politiques, économiques, sociales et populaires de très grande ampleur. Ces chocs apportent un lot de nouveaux défis à relever. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier les nouvelles dynamiques du processus de transformation structurelle afin de proposer de nouvelles trajectoires de développement pour ces pays. Dans cette optique, nous abordons les questions liées aux déterminants et aux effets spatiaux de ce processus, à la relation entre d’une part la complexité économique et la pollution de l’air, et d’autre part, la complexité économique et les inégalités de genre en éducation. Pour cela, nous considérons un panel dynamique de 133 pays qui couvre une période longue et récente (1984 à 2014). En utilisant des données récentes et en intégrant des paramètres jusque-là peu utilisés, nous mettons en évidence des caractéristiques particulières du processus de complexification des systèmes productifs. D’un point de vue général, les résultats révèlent que les performances en matière de complexification des systèmes productifs sont très hétérogènes au sein des pays MENA et que leurs déterminants dépendent des caractéristiques des économies. Les fortes disparités observées s’expliquent, au-delà de l’effet significatif du revenu par habitant, par une carence dans le système institutionnel, éducatif en particulier dans l’accès à l’innovation, mais aussi à l’abondance des ressources naturelles ou encore à l’attractivité des investissements directs étrangers. Au-delà des caractéristiques individuelles des économies, l’analyse spatiale montre que des facteurs géographiques tels que le taux d’urbanisation, les accords commerciaux, et la localisation spatiale jouent un rôle très important dans le processus de transformation structurelle. Nous apportons également, grâce aux outils tirés de la mécanique classique, des réponses aux limites des modèles économiques traditionnels qui peinent à démontrer l’existence d’un processus d’accélération du développement économique. / MENA countries is today, at the center of ambitious economic stakes mainly in regional integration and structural transformation. However, the Arab States of this region have suffered great shortcomings and vulnerability in the economic and productive system in the aftermath of massive political, economic, social and popular upheavals and upheavals. These shocks present a number of new challenges. The main objective of this thesis is to study the new dynamics of the structural transformation process in order to propose new development trajectories for these countries. In this context, we address issues related to the spatial determinants and effects of this process, the relationship between economic complexity and air pollution on the one hand, and economic complexity and inequalities on the other education. For this, we consider a dynamic panel of 133 countries covering an important and recent period (1984 to 2014). Using recent data and integrating previously little used parameters, we highlight particular characteristics of the process of complexification of productive systems. From a general point of view, the results reveal that the productivity performance of productive systems is very heterogeneous within MENA countries and that their determinants depend on the characteristics of the economies. The large disparities observed are explained, beyond the significant effect of per capita income, by a deficiency in the institutional system, particularly in terms of access to innovation, but also to the abundance of natural resources or the attractiveness of foreign direct investment. Beyond the individual characteristics of economies, spatial analysis shows that geographical factors such as urbanization rate, trade agreements, but especially spatial location play a very important role in the process of structural transformation.We also bring, thanks to the tools derived from classical mechanics, answers to the limits of traditional economic models which are difficult to demonstrate the existence of a process of accelerating economic development.

Nors sportininkių skaičius nuolat auga, sportas vis dar yra suvokiamas kaip vyrams aktuali veikla, todėl natūralu, kad moterys, norėdamos sulaukti pripažinimo ir populiarumo, susiduria su eile apribojimų. Šio darbo tikslas yra išsiaiškinti, ar egzistuoja lyčių nelygybė sporte ir pastarosios įtaką kolektyvinio tapatumo formavimuisi komandinėje sporto šakoje, kaip būdui, siekiant sugriauti lytiškumu (sexism) paremtas struktūras. Teorinėje darbo dalyje remiantis socialinio pripažinimo, lyties kaip struktūros, galios sampratomis bei sportininkių/ sportininkų vaizdavimo ypatumais žiniasklaidoje parodoma, kad sportas dar tebėra vyrų dominavimo sritis. Aptariama teisinė bazė (Tarptautinių „Moterų ir sporto“ konferencijų principai, Title IX (JAV)), reglamentuojanti moterų teises sporte. Apžvelgiamos A.Melucci, V.Taylor ir N.Whittier kolektyvinio tapatumo sampratos leidžia suvokti, kaip grupė apibrėžia, kas ji yra, kaip konstruoja grupės sąmonę, bei kaip mobilizuojasi kovai prieš nusistovėjusį lyčių status quo. Tuo pačiu, pristatomas kolektyvinio tapatumo ryšys su lauko, socialinio pripažinimo sampratomis. Aptariamos sąlygos, sukeliančios kolektyvinio veiksmo atsiradimą. Pristatomas C.F. Pelak atliktas lyčių nelygybės ledo ritulyje tyrimas. Empirinės darbo dalies pagrindą sudaro atvejo – VU merginų krepšinio komanda – analizė, kurioje siekiama pažiūrėti, ar moteriškos lyties atstovės susiduria su lyčių nelygybė sporte ir kokia forma ji reiškiasi. Tuo pačiu, C.F.Pelak merginų ledo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Although the number of sportswomen grows, however the sport is conceptualized as exclusively male domain. For this reason, women, who want to be sport leaders have to confront with a lot of boundaries. The aim of this work is to find out whether gender inequality exists in sport and if it does, to show the role that collective identity plays in contesting sexism structures in team sports. According to conceptions of social recognition, gender as a social structure, power and presentation of sportsmen/sportswomen in media, the theoretical part of this work reveals that the sport is not just the male domain. In this part is described the legal basis (the principles of international “Women and sports” conferences Title IX (USA)) that regulates women‘s rights in sports. A.Melucci, V.Taylor and N.Whittier collective identity concepts allow us to examine the processe of how groups define who they are, contruct the group consciousness and mobilize against perceived injustices. Here are also discussed the circumstances that cause the rise of collective action. The research of gender differences in ice hockey by C.F. Pelak is presented. The empirical base of this work is a case study – VU women‘s basketball team – analysis, which helps to find out whether female confront gender inequality in sports and if they do, how it shows. The same indicators were adapted in making the interviews with the VU basketball players as in C.F.Pelak female ice hockey players research, in order to... [to full text]

The reasons why African women become engaged in sex work have received little attention in academic research. While it is largely acknowledged that there exists a connection between entering the sex trade and poverty, not all women who are poor enter sex work. Through the use of life histories with 21 women between the ages of 18 and 42, this thesis explores the combination of factors that lead women and girls to become commercial sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. This method provides a detailed look at initiation into sex work as it occurs over the life course for women and girls in this context. Additionally, this thesis examines how structural violence impinges on their lives, thereby increasing vulnerability to engagement in sex work. Examining the larger socio-political and economic contexts illustrates how issues such as HIV/AIDS, migrant labour, changing gender roles, the erosion of existing familial structures and gender inequities structure risk for suffering for women. These issues result in many girls losing caregiver support by being orphaned, while additionally, women are burdened with providing total economic and social support for the family in a society that has gendered economic opportunities. Both girls and women are left with few options other than the sex trade to survive.

The reasons why African women become engaged in sex work have received little attention in academic research. While it is largely acknowledged that there exists a connection between entering the sex trade and poverty, not all women who are poor enter sex work. Through the use of life histories with 21 women between the ages of 18 and 42, this thesis explores the combination of factors that lead women and girls to become commercial sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya. This method provides a detailed look at initiation into sex work as it occurs over the life course for women and girls in this context. Additionally, this thesis examines how structural violence impinges on their lives, thereby increasing vulnerability to engagement in sex work. Examining the larger socio-political and economic contexts illustrates how issues such as HIV/AIDS, migrant labour, changing gender roles, the erosion of existing familial structures and gender inequities structure risk for suffering for women. These issues result in many girls losing caregiver support by being orphaned, while additionally, women are burdened with providing total economic and social support for the family in a society that has gendered economic opportunities. Both girls and women are left with few options other than the sex trade to survive.

In recent times, the incidence of single-parent families has increased rapidly with the principle cause being the rising divorce rate. The vast majority of these single-parent families are headed by women and a predominantly common factor in these households is the extent to which they are financially impoverished after divorce. This situation has given rise to the phenomenon known as the feminisation of poverty, where women are seen to make up the majority of the poor. This study examines the many varied factors contributing to this phenomenon and discusses some of the general solutions offered world-wide to address these poverty-stricken households. An assessment is then made of those legal solutions most appropriate for South Africa / Law / LL.M.

This thesis presents the results of an ethnographic study conducted in a hospital corridor of high complexity, emphasizing the perceptions of health professionals in this context. It accepts the prospect of Health Sociology and Anthropology of Health to analyze and interpret the field taking into account its dynamics. The locus of the research was the General Hospital of the State of Alagoas, Maceió located in the capital. The overall goal of the research was to understand through the discourses of nurses and nursing assistants about their perceptions of professional practices and relations of hierarchy that is waged daily in the workplace. The study subjects were women working in a hospital corridor on the first floor of the hospital, known as green area. The authors conducted an analysis of the distribution of occupations between the sexes in the labor market and the Brazilian state of Alagoas, in the health field, highlighting points of inequality and social prestige in some professions, such as nursing, Medicine and Nursing Assistant. Analysis of Brazilian health policy took from the review of health manuals with special interest how the organization has given the networks of high complexity care in hospitals emergency. Given the multiple social relations that are waged in a hospital emergency emphasized other interactions that are presented through the statements of nursing assistants, involving new subjects: medical and general service providers. From the analysis of issues such negotiations (exchange on duty), the insulation, the representation of the coat. The survey points for maintaining a standard of the health traditional hierarchical relationship, where the role of the physician is still central to the growth of new categories in the art, as is the case of the nursing staff. The discourses of nursing aides pointed to a claim of professional recognition against the persistence of gender inequalities in relation to the occupation of jobs in health, manifest in the wage gap between men and women. Overall, the perceptions of informants revealed their perceptions of the social space where they exercised their crafts and how they experienced their daily work practices. / FAPEAL - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Esta dissertação traz os resultados de uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada em um corredor hospitalar de alta complexidade, enfatizando as percepções das profissionais de saúde nesse contexto. Foi aceita a perspectiva da Sociologia da Saúde e Antropologia da Saúde para analisar e interpretar o campo levando em consideração a sua dinâmica. O lócus da pesquisa foi o Hospital Geral do Estado de Alagoas, localizado na capital Maceió. O objetivo geral da investigação foi compreender por meio dos discursos das enfermeiras e auxiliares de enfermagem suas percepções acerca das práticas profissionais e das relações de hierarquia que se travavam cotidianamente no ambiente de trabalho. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram mulheres que trabalham em um corredor de internação localizado no primeiro andar do hospital, denominado área verde. Procedeu-se a uma análise da distribuição de profissões entre os sexos no mercado de trabalho brasileiro e no Estado de Alagoas, no campo da saúde, destacando pontos de desigualdade e prestígio social em algumas profissões, como Enfermagem, Medicina e Auxiliar de Enfermagem. A análise da política de saúde brasileira se deu a partir da revisão dos manuais de saúde, com especial interesse a forma como tem se dado a organização das redes de atendimentos de alta complexidade nos hospitais de emergência. Tendo em vista, as múltiplas relações sociais que se travam em um ambiente hospitalar de emergência, enfatizei outras interações que se apresentaram, por meio das falas das auxiliares de enfermagem, envolvendo novos sujeitos: médicos e prestadores de serviços gerais. A partir da análise de questões como negociações (troca de plantão), os isolamentos, a representação do jaleco. A pesquisa aponta para a manutenção de um padrão de relação hierárquica tradicional na saúde, onde o papel do médico ainda é central, frente ao crescimento de novas categorias na área, como é o caso da equipe de enfermagem. Os discursos das auxiliares de enfermagem apontaram para uma reivindicação de reconhecimento profissional frente à persistência das desigualdades de gênero com relação à ocupação dos postos de trabalho na saúde, manifesto nas diferenças salariais de homens e mulheres. De modo geral, as percepções das informantes revelavam suas percepções sobre o espaço social onde exerciam seus ofícios e, a maneira como vivenciavam diariamente suas práticas de trabalho.

This thesis examines, characterizes and quantifies how women and men are being presented on Czech and Slovak Wikipedia and further elaborates on their possible differences. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the current state of Wikipedia and media in general and draws attention to gender inequality within its editorial base, which is linked to the general trend in free culture communities, where there is also a visible inequality. Furthermore, the theoretical part of the thesis also deals with the issue of gender in general and summarizes current state of knowledge and methods of studying the issue of gender on Wikipedia. The practical part of this thesis partly replicates the study First Gender, Second Sex: Gender Bias on Wikipedia (Graells- Garrido, Lalmas and Menczer, 2015) using RStudio programme to do basic text mining and quantitative analysis of biographical texts of men and women in both languages, tracking word frequencies from selected word categories, namely Gender, Reference to the opposite sex, Family and family status and Career. Overall, we have analysed 24 510 Slovak biographical articles and 110 866 Czech biographical articles, and our findings have confirmed an imbalance and stereotyping in the presentation of women on Wikipedia in both languages.

The dissertation thesis "The role of mediation in pre-divorce and post-divorce care in the Czech Republic" is about identification possibilities that the mediation brings to families, husbands and wives, and partners with solving difficult life situations like a divorce or a break up between partners. After it describes the impact of these interpersonal conflicts. Theoretical base of this thesis is: family crisis theory, individualized society theory, theory of gender inequality, but for all concept of harmonizing working and family life and changes on labor market. Main source of information was qualitative research of mediation clients and interviews with experts. In my thesis I analyze causes and consequences of conflicts in a partner life and through mediation I suggest a solution of consequences in the incurred situation, which seems like desired in wide society context.