Twenty-three years after the ground-breaking UN Resolution 1325, the goal of worldwide gender equality is still not achieved. This paper investigates how a government's political ideology is related to its Women, Peace and Security (WPS) approach. The research question is addressed by arguing that the political ideology of a government influences the quality of its WPS approaches and implementation attempts differently due to varying inherent institutional norms. The hypothesis and theoretical argument suggest that left-wing governments promote gender-friendly norms and support gender equality approaches, leading to better WPS implementation. To test this hypothesis, an Ordinal Logistic Regression is run for countries worldwide that have developed at least one National Action Plan (NAP) between 2006 and 2021. The empirical findings partially reject the hypothesis' expected direction, showing that leftist governments not only positively impact WPS quality when compared to rightist counterparts. Additionally, the research indicates that institutional norms are not a causal mechanism but another independent effect. The findings further suggest that gender inequality plays a role in WPS implementation, with greater inequality associated with better NAP quality. These contradicting findings call for future research, especially by focusing on finding new ways to measure the WPS implementation efforts.

Background: Marketing communication often uses gender-stereotyped messages to reach their target groups more effectively. Activities like this can have harmful consequences, especially when aimed towards children. Those effects have been found to also contribute to gender inequalities, among other aspects. Therefore, such practices have generated criticism and as a consequence the search for possible solutions. One of them being gender neutral marketing. Purpose: This thesis aimed to investigate gender-neutral marketing with a focus on the children’s toy industry. While taking into account customers’ acceptance, as well as companies’ economic interests, a potential solution for gender neutral marketing initiatives is presented as a result.  Methodology: To get an insight into the requirements of customers’ acceptance for GNM, their thoughts, opinions, and experiences where of high interest. For this reason, an inductive, qualitative approach has been chosen. An exploratory research design, with a sample consisting of German parents, teachers, and psychologist, have been used to answer the research question.  Main Findings: The color pink has been found as a particularly high barrier towards equal playing behavior amongst children and towards gender neutral marketing. Regarding the area of children’s toys, boys have been found to be more restricted than girls. Conducting small steps, while not moving away too far from socially accepted behavior, is the key to a successful implementation of GNM. Delimitations: This study is limited to only German participants. As the sample size is relatively small, different cultural backgrounds would have added further demographic differences and consequently would have complicated the analysis. Therefore the researcher decided to focus solely on respondents of one origin, in this case German. Due to time restraints, the sample size was limited to only 9 Interviews. The lack of willingness from other psychologists to collaborate in the research also limited the sample size. Not chosen as one of the focal points in this study is a differentiation based on educational background. As the area of marketing is too broad, and unreliable for the sample, the researcher furthermore narrowed the topic of this thesis down on the child’s toy industry. As the sample size is relatively small, the respondents were meant to be as similar as possible, in order to analyse and compare their answers. Therefore, divorced or same-sex couples have been excluded from the sample. Please turn to the author if you want access to the transcripts of the interviews (alina.steindl@yahoo.de).

The thesis studies gender inequality in interpreting studies. In specific, gender imbalances in European interpreting institutions such as the Institute of Translatology of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University. At the Institute of Translatology, it investigates the gender ratios among master's and doctoral graduates and the gender ratios in individual language programs from 1989 to the present. Through a survey, it traces the opinions of lecturers and students at the institute regarding gender issues and ascertains their views on the causes and consequences of the high proportion of women in the interpreting studies program.

It is by now well known that the construction sector has challenges regarding reaching equal gender balances and despite various types of actions to increase the share of women, the industry remains one of the most gender-segregated industries in the world with hardly ten percent of women in the Swedish construction sector. However, the previous industry initiatives for gender equality solely focused on increasing the share of women have been criticized by research as it disregards what may lie behind the skewed gender balances. Consequently, this thesis has investigated what gender inequalities, barriers, and opportunities that are experienced within a construction company to identify improvement areas for gender change. This was done by interviewing four men and four women in a construction company from an interpretivism standpoint and the results were found to be contradictory where proequality could be opposed with inequalities. The findings from this study could be considered by construction companies that attempt to improve gender equality. Particularly as this study has found that it exists internal barriers linked to culture and gender that may impede gender change. / Det är vid det här laget känt att byggsektorn har utmaningar när det gäller att uppnå en jämn könsfördelning och trots olika typer av åtgärder för att öka andelen kvinnor är branschen fortfarande en av de mest könssegregerade branscherna i världen med knappt tio procent kvinnor i den svenska byggsektorn. Branschens tidigare jämställdhetsinitiativ endast med fokus på att öka andelen kvinnor har dock kritiserats av forskning eftersom de bortser från vad som kan ligga bakom den skeva könsfördelningen. Följaktligen har detta examensarbete undersökt vilka ojämställdheter, hinder och möjligheter som upplevs inom ett byggföretag för att identifiera förbättringsområden för jämställdhetsförändring. Detta gjordes genom att intervjua fyra män och fyra kvinnor på ett byggföretag med en tolkande ansats och resultaten visade sig vara motsägelsefulla, där positiv inställning till jämställdhet kunde motsägas av ojämställdheter. Resultaten från denna studie skulle kunna beaktas av byggföretag som försöker förbättra jämställdheten. Särskilt eftersom denna studie har hittat interna hinder kopplade till kultur och kön som skulle kunna hindra en förändring av könsstrukturen.

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Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los factores determinantes de la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres en el mercado laboral peruano: 2014 – 2018. Para lograr dicho objetivo, se usó la base de datos del INEI correspondiente a la ENAHO sobre condiciones de vida y pobreza y se utilizó la encuesta panel para los años correspondientes de la investigación, dentro de esta base datos se escogió a las personas que respondieron durante estos cinco años. La base de datos fue divida en dos grupos, una correspondiente a los hombres y la otra a las mujeres para luego ser estimadas por separado mediante el método de Oaxaca – Choe (2016) para panel de datos, los resultados muestran que las mujeres ganan 25.76% menos que los hombres. Por lo tanto, se encontró que los factores determinantes de la brecha salarial entre grupos son el nivel educativo, las horas trabajadas, la experiencia, el tamaño de la empresa, la edad, la edad elevada al cuadrado. Sin embargo, en el modelo se incluyeron otros variables como es el caso del estado civil, el estar embarazada o no (en el caso de las mujeres), las limitaciones para moverse (discapacidad física), el tiempo de residencia en el distrito o si es perteneciente a un pueblo indígena o no, las cuales no fueron significativas.

In recent times, the incidence of single-parent families has increased rapidly with the principle cause being the rising divorce rate. The vast majority of these single-parent families are headed by women and a predominantly common factor in these households is the extent to which they are financially impoverished after divorce. This situation has given rise to the phenomenon known as the feminisation of poverty, where women are seen to make up the majority of the poor. This study examines the many varied factors contributing to this phenomenon and discusses some of the general solutions offered world-wide to address these poverty-stricken households. An assessment is then made of those legal solutions most appropriate for South Africa / Law / LL.M.

Text in English / In Zimbabwe, women are concentrated in rural areas where there are limited resources. For human development to be achieved, the welfare of women needs to be taken into consideration. Some NGOs operating in the country aim at advancing and improving the status of women and promote gender equality through socio-economic empowerment programmes. This study aimed at determining the impact of three selected local NGO’s programmes at grassroots level. The study revealed that progress has been made in transforming the general livelihoods of the women who are members of these organisations at grassroots level but there are various issues which these NGO’s have to consider so as to improve their effectiveness. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

時至今日女性教育程度提高，但女性在勞動力市場獲得的職位並沒有因此提升，大部分的女性仍然傾向集中在以女性居多的劣勢職業，並且薪資明顯低於男性居多的職業。相關研究提醒我們注意接觸工作出缺訊息的管道在進入勞動力市場前就已經出現性別化的現象，男女性的社會網絡並不相同，並且不同性別的求職者傾向動員不同性別的中介人。但究竟是原因使得女性求職者持續進入待遇較差的女性主導職業？Lin(1999)認為男性之所以比女性在勞動力市場的職業獲得更具有優勢，是因為女性求職者存在資本欠缺與回報欠缺，所以只能動員到較劣勢的女性中介人、獲得較差的工作。但從資料分析顯示，女性求職者並不存在資本欠缺，女性求職者擁有的社會資本量並不比男性求職者少，真正導致女性承受回報欠缺的原因在於兩點勞動力市場對於女性的貶值與性別化社會資本的差異。由於勞動力市場對女性求職者本身的歧視，即使女性求職者動員到擁有較多資源的男性中介人也無法有效的脫離求職劣勢。其次，女性求職者透過性別化社會資本尋職而承受回報欠缺的因素在於女性化可觸及社會資本，女性化可觸及社會資本直透過接與間接的效果同時限制女性求職者獲得較好的、女性比例較低職業。但女性化可觸及社會資本對男性求職者只能產生間接影響，且男性求職者擁有的女性化可觸及社會資本比女性求職者來得少很多，女性化可觸及社會資本能發揮的效果並不多。 總結來說，對於女性求職者而言，回報欠缺主要來自於性別化可觸及社會資本以及雇主對女性能力的貶值、統計歧視等，即使接觸到男性中介人也無助於女性跳脫求職劣勢。對於男性而言則是性別化可動員社會資本才是主要直接影響獲得職業女性比例的關鍵因素。

During the course of this study we have been inspired by Carin Holmbergs essay ’It’s Called Love’ (1993). Our purpose with this study has been to examine how gender works among young Swedish heterosexual couples without children. This was done by examining how couples distribute housework among themselves, with certain focus on how class interacts with gender. We asked three questions: 1). How is gender made in relation to expected characteristics of how women and men should be? 2). How is gender made with distribution of household work within the couples? 3). In what way does class play a role in distribution of domestic work? Qualitative method was used in order to answer our purpose and questions. We interviewed ten couples, five whom had a university degree and five whom had secondary education. Our theoretical framework consists of the perspective of symbolic interactionism, Yvonne Hirdman's theory of the gender system, asymmetric role-taking and class. The analysis of our empirical material showed that the individuals within the couples attribute themselves and each other with properties that are in line with the traditional gender distribution in society, regardless of which class the couples belong to. When it came to all housework activities women were initiators. The distribution of household work took place according to what the men thought was interesting, regardless of class. Class, on the other hand, plays a role in the distribution of domestic work that took place on the basis of what was natural or not. Couples with upper secondary education distribute household work based on what is natural for the sexes in relation to the traditional gender roles, while those with an academic degree carry out household work that is not tied to the traditional gender roles to a greater extent. We found that women's and men's genders contribute to the maintenance and reproduction of the woman as subordinate and the man as superior, which contributes to an uneven distribution of labour in the home where the woman still has the main responsibility for the care work.