Twenty-three years after the ground-breaking UN Resolution 1325, the goal of worldwide gender equality is still not achieved. This paper investigates how a government's political ideology is related to its Women, Peace and Security (WPS) approach. The research question is addressed by arguing that the political ideology of a government influences the quality of its WPS approaches and implementation attempts differently due to varying inherent institutional norms. The hypothesis and theoretical argument suggest that left-wing governments promote gender-friendly norms and support gender equality approaches, leading to better WPS implementation. To test this hypothesis, an Ordinal Logistic Regression is run for countries worldwide that have developed at least one National Action Plan (NAP) between 2006 and 2021. The empirical findings partially reject the hypothesis' expected direction, showing that leftist governments not only positively impact WPS quality when compared to rightist counterparts. Additionally, the research indicates that institutional norms are not a causal mechanism but another independent effect. The findings further suggest that gender inequality plays a role in WPS implementation, with greater inequality associated with better NAP quality. These contradicting findings call for future research, especially by focusing on finding new ways to measure the WPS implementation efforts.

Background: Marketing communication often uses gender-stereotyped messages to reach their target groups more effectively. Activities like this can have harmful consequences, especially when aimed towards children. Those effects have been found to also contribute to gender inequalities, among other aspects. Therefore, such practices have generated criticism and as a consequence the search for possible solutions. One of them being gender neutral marketing. Purpose: This thesis aimed to investigate gender-neutral marketing with a focus on the children’s toy industry. While taking into account customers’ acceptance, as well as companies’ economic interests, a potential solution for gender neutral marketing initiatives is presented as a result.  Methodology: To get an insight into the requirements of customers’ acceptance for GNM, their thoughts, opinions, and experiences where of high interest. For this reason, an inductive, qualitative approach has been chosen. An exploratory research design, with a sample consisting of German parents, teachers, and psychologist, have been used to answer the research question.  Main Findings: The color pink has been found as a particularly high barrier towards equal playing behavior amongst children and towards gender neutral marketing. Regarding the area of children’s toys, boys have been found to be more restricted than girls. Conducting small steps, while not moving away too far from socially accepted behavior, is the key to a successful implementation of GNM. Delimitations: This study is limited to only German participants. As the sample size is relatively small, different cultural backgrounds would have added further demographic differences and consequently would have complicated the analysis. Therefore the researcher decided to focus solely on respondents of one origin, in this case German. Due to time restraints, the sample size was limited to only 9 Interviews. The lack of willingness from other psychologists to collaborate in the research also limited the sample size. Not chosen as one of the focal points in this study is a differentiation based on educational background. As the area of marketing is too broad, and unreliable for the sample, the researcher furthermore narrowed the topic of this thesis down on the child’s toy industry. As the sample size is relatively small, the respondents were meant to be as similar as possible, in order to analyse and compare their answers. Therefore, divorced or same-sex couples have been excluded from the sample. Please turn to the author if you want access to the transcripts of the interviews (alina.steindl@yahoo.de).

The thesis studies gender inequality in interpreting studies. In specific, gender imbalances in European interpreting institutions such as the Institute of Translatology of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University. At the Institute of Translatology, it investigates the gender ratios among master's and doctoral graduates and the gender ratios in individual language programs from 1989 to the present. Through a survey, it traces the opinions of lecturers and students at the institute regarding gender issues and ascertains their views on the causes and consequences of the high proportion of women in the interpreting studies program.

It is by now well known that the construction sector has challenges regarding reaching equal gender balances and despite various types of actions to increase the share of women, the industry remains one of the most gender-segregated industries in the world with hardly ten percent of women in the Swedish construction sector. However, the previous industry initiatives for gender equality solely focused on increasing the share of women have been criticized by research as it disregards what may lie behind the skewed gender balances. Consequently, this thesis has investigated what gender inequalities, barriers, and opportunities that are experienced within a construction company to identify improvement areas for gender change. This was done by interviewing four men and four women in a construction company from an interpretivism standpoint and the results were found to be contradictory where proequality could be opposed with inequalities. The findings from this study could be considered by construction companies that attempt to improve gender equality. Particularly as this study has found that it exists internal barriers linked to culture and gender that may impede gender change. / Det är vid det här laget känt att byggsektorn har utmaningar när det gäller att uppnå en jämn könsfördelning och trots olika typer av åtgärder för att öka andelen kvinnor är branschen fortfarande en av de mest könssegregerade branscherna i världen med knappt tio procent kvinnor i den svenska byggsektorn. Branschens tidigare jämställdhetsinitiativ endast med fokus på att öka andelen kvinnor har dock kritiserats av forskning eftersom de bortser från vad som kan ligga bakom den skeva könsfördelningen. Följaktligen har detta examensarbete undersökt vilka ojämställdheter, hinder och möjligheter som upplevs inom ett byggföretag för att identifiera förbättringsområden för jämställdhetsförändring. Detta gjordes genom att intervjua fyra män och fyra kvinnor på ett byggföretag med en tolkande ansats och resultaten visade sig vara motsägelsefulla, där positiv inställning till jämställdhet kunde motsägas av ojämställdheter. Resultaten från denna studie skulle kunna beaktas av byggföretag som försöker förbättra jämställdheten. Särskilt eftersom denna studie har hittat interna hinder kopplade till kultur och kön som skulle kunna hindra en förändring av könsstrukturen.

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Ce mémoire vise à identifier ce que les mères haïtiennes transmettent à leurs filles en matière de perspectives de genre et féministes. En analysant le processus de socialisation et de transmission et en documentant la perception des mères sur le modèle familial et éducationnel, mon objectif est de mieux comprendre les dynamiques de genre au sein des familles haïtiennes. Ces mères transmettent à la fois ce qu’elles « sont », ce qu’elles « font » et ce qu’elles « disent » explicitement à leurs filles. Cette recherche s’intéresse aux pratiques et aux mécanismes, mis de l’avant par les femmes haïtiennes, pour résister au pouvoir patriarcal au sein de leur propre famille et à l’extérieur de celle-ci. Les postures féministes et émancipatrices des femmes haïtiennes trouvent leurs sources au pays d’origine, bien avant l’immigration au Québec et le contact avec les valeurs occidentales. Cette étude explore où s’enracine et s’exprime la posture féministe des femmes haïtiennes de première génération au Québec. C’est ainsi que le mémoire met l’accent sur la question d’égalité des genres telle qu’elle se présente en Haïti, tout en étudiant son évolution et sa reconfiguration en contexte migratoire. Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés auprès d’un échantillon de neuf mères haïtiennes résidant dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal. Les résultats indiquent que les mères haïtiennes, à travers ce qu’elles transmettent à leurs filles, contribuent à promouvoir une plus grande égalité entre les hommes et les femmes et que leur agentivité est susceptible d’améliorer la condition féminine. Le caractère exploratoire de cette recherche ne permet pas de généraliser les résultats. Le mémoire offre néanmoins un regard inédit sur la socialisation et la transmission dans une perspective féministe et interculturelle peu explorée à ce jour. / This thesis aims to identify what Haitian mothers pass on to their daughters in terms of gender and feminist perspectives. By analyzing the socialization and transmission process and documenting mothers' perceptions of the Haitian family model and educational, my aim is to better understand gender dynamics within Haitian families. These mothers pass on what they "are", what they "do" and what they explicitly "say" to their daughters. This research focuses on the practices and mechanisms put forward by Haitian women to resist patriarchal power within and outside their own families. The feminist and emancipatory stance of Haitian women has its roots in the country of origin, long before immigration to Quebec and contact with Western values. This study explores how the feminist stance of first-generation Haitian women in Quebec is rooted and expressed. The thesis thus focuses on the issue of gender equality as it presents itself in Haiti, while studying how it evolves and reconfigures itself in a migratory context. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of nine Haitian mothers living in the Montreal metropolitan area. The results indicate that Haitian mothers, through what they transmit to their daughters, contribute to promoting greater equality between men and women, and that their agentivity is likely to improve the status of women. The exploratory nature of this research means that the results cannot be generalized. Nevertheless, the research offers a fresh look at socialization and transmission from a feminist and intercultural perspective that has been little explored to date.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los factores determinantes de la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres en el mercado laboral peruano: 2014 – 2018. Para lograr dicho objetivo, se usó la base de datos del INEI correspondiente a la ENAHO sobre condiciones de vida y pobreza y se utilizó la encuesta panel para los años correspondientes de la investigación, dentro de esta base datos se escogió a las personas que respondieron durante estos cinco años. La base de datos fue divida en dos grupos, una correspondiente a los hombres y la otra a las mujeres para luego ser estimadas por separado mediante el método de Oaxaca – Choe (2016) para panel de datos, los resultados muestran que las mujeres ganan 25.76% menos que los hombres. Por lo tanto, se encontró que los factores determinantes de la brecha salarial entre grupos son el nivel educativo, las horas trabajadas, la experiencia, el tamaño de la empresa, la edad, la edad elevada al cuadrado. Sin embargo, en el modelo se incluyeron otros variables como es el caso del estado civil, el estar embarazada o no (en el caso de las mujeres), las limitaciones para moverse (discapacidad física), el tiempo de residencia en el distrito o si es perteneciente a un pueblo indígena o no, las cuales no fueron significativas. / The objective of this research was to analyze the determining factors of the salary gap between men and women in the Peruvian labor market: 2014 - 2018. To achieve this objective, the INEI database corresponding to the ENAHO on living conditions and poverty was used. and the panel survey was increased for the corresponding years of the investigation, within this database the people who responded during these five years were chosen. The database was divided into two groups, one corresponding to men and the other to women, to later be estimated separately using the Oaxaca - Choe (2016) method for data panel, the results show that women earn 25.76 % less than men. Therefore, it was found that the determining factors of the wage gap between groups are educational level, hours worked, experience, company size, age, age squared. However, other variables are included in the model, such as marital status, being pregnant or not (in the case of women), limitations to movement (physical disability), length of residence in the district or whether belongs to an indigenous people or not, which were not significant.

In recent times, the incidence of single-parent families has increased rapidly with the principle cause being the rising divorce rate. The vast majority of these single-parent families are headed by women and a predominantly common factor in these households is the extent to which they are financially impoverished after divorce. This situation has given rise to the phenomenon known as the feminisation of poverty, where women are seen to make up the majority of the poor. This study examines the many varied factors contributing to this phenomenon and discusses some of the general solutions offered world-wide to address these poverty-stricken households. An assessment is then made of those legal solutions most appropriate for South Africa / Law / LL.M.

Text in English / In Zimbabwe, women are concentrated in rural areas where there are limited resources. For human development to be achieved, the welfare of women needs to be taken into consideration. Some NGOs operating in the country aim at advancing and improving the status of women and promote gender equality through socio-economic empowerment programmes. This study aimed at determining the impact of three selected local NGO’s programmes at grassroots level. The study revealed that progress has been made in transforming the general livelihoods of the women who are members of these organisations at grassroots level but there are various issues which these NGO’s have to consider so as to improve their effectiveness. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

時至今日女性教育程度提高，但女性在勞動力市場獲得的職位並沒有因此提升，大部分的女性仍然傾向集中在以女性居多的劣勢職業，並且薪資明顯低於男性居多的職業。相關研究提醒我們注意接觸工作出缺訊息的管道在進入勞動力市場前就已經出現性別化的現象，男女性的社會網絡並不相同，並且不同性別的求職者傾向動員不同性別的中介人。但究竟是原因使得女性求職者持續進入待遇較差的女性主導職業？Lin(1999)認為男性之所以比女性在勞動力市場的職業獲得更具有優勢，是因為女性求職者存在資本欠缺與回報欠缺，所以只能動員到較劣勢的女性中介人、獲得較差的工作。但從資料分析顯示，女性求職者並不存在資本欠缺，女性求職者擁有的社會資本量並不比男性求職者少，真正導致女性承受回報欠缺的原因在於兩點勞動力市場對於女性的貶值與性別化社會資本的差異。由於勞動力市場對女性求職者本身的歧視，即使女性求職者動員到擁有較多資源的男性中介人也無法有效的脫離求職劣勢。其次，女性求職者透過性別化社會資本尋職而承受回報欠缺的因素在於女性化可觸及社會資本，女性化可觸及社會資本直透過接與間接的效果同時限制女性求職者獲得較好的、女性比例較低職業。但女性化可觸及社會資本對男性求職者只能產生間接影響，且男性求職者擁有的女性化可觸及社會資本比女性求職者來得少很多，女性化可觸及社會資本能發揮的效果並不多。 總結來說，對於女性求職者而言，回報欠缺主要來自於性別化可觸及社會資本以及雇主對女性能力的貶值、統計歧視等，即使接觸到男性中介人也無助於女性跳脫求職劣勢。對於男性而言則是性別化可動員社會資本才是主要直接影響獲得職業女性比例的關鍵因素。