Considerando-se a trajetória sociocultural e política da constituição da entidade familiar, assiste-se a um aumento da visibilidade dos arranjos familiares configurados por casais do mesmo sexo/gênero e seus/suas filhos(as). A aceitação social e possível regulamentação jurídica que assegure os direitos dos membros das famílias homoparentais são questões prementes na atualidade. Estudos realizados no cenário brasileiro têm evidenciado que essas famílias convivem, nos mais variados contextos relacionais, com o estranhamento e enfrentam barreiras decorrentes de preconceitos e discriminação. Em face da necessidade de compreender essa realidade a partir de estudos que contemplem e deem voz aos/às integrantes das famílias homoparentais, depreende-se a relevância de conhecer como os casais formados por gays e lésbicas e seus/suas filhos(as) constituem suas vivências familiares nos âmbitos privado e social. Este estudo teve por objetivo conhecer as vivências de quatro famílias homoparentais a partir das vozes de quatro casais constituídos por dois homens e duas mulheres, e seus/suas quatro filhos(as). Os instrumentos e técnicas utilizados com os casais foram: Formulário de Dados Sociodemográficos, Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil, Entrevista Aberta, Genograma e Mapa de Rede; com os(as) filhos(as): Formulário de Dados Sociodemográficos, Entrevista Aberta e Mapa de Rede. A Entrevista Aberta, definida como a principal técnica de coleta, foi audiogravada, transcrita na íntegra e analisada de forma articulada com os dados extraídos dos demais instrumentos aplicados, a partir do referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise Fenomenológica Interpretativa (AFI). Os resultados apontaram que os casais compartilharam suas vivências relacionadas a ser lésbica/gay em uma sociedade marcada pela homofobia, contaram as histórias detalhadas de seus relacionamentos amorosos, destacaram a relação de companheirismo como base da vivência conjugal e refletiram sobre as vivências dos papéis de gênero no relacionamento conjugal, fazendo um contraponto entre o que é esperado socialmente e o que é realmente vivenciado em suas relações cotidianas. Encontrou-se uma pluralidade de vivências conjugais e parentais, assim como de modos de acesso à parentalidade, todavia a percepção de transformação pessoal com a transição para a maternidade/paternidade e o cuidado e a preocupação relativos à educação do(a) filho(a) perpassam todas as vivências familiares. A despeito das dificuldades enfrentadas no cotidiano, das experiências de preconceito social e familiar e dos percalços da aceitação por parte das famílias de origem, todos(as) os(as) participantes afirmaram viver bem em família. Compreende-se que as vivências do ser/viver família configuram percursos singulares no processo de construção da subjetividade de cada membro da família e, particularmente, para os(as) cônjuges representam um marco fundamental rumo à apropriação de quem cada um/uma é. O conhecimento gerado por esta pesquisa oferece subsídios que permitem aprofundar a compreensão do fenômeno investigado, e para o planejamento de estratégias que contribuam para fornecer cuidados às famílias homoparentais e que promovam condições para que elas possam ser reconhecidas e respeitadas na sociedade em que se inserem. A produção e divulgação de pesquisas nesta área podem fornecer elementos para novas reflexões que contribuam para transformar posturas preconceituosas e excludentes frente ao desenvolvimento e à pluralidade das organizações familiares existentes na contemporaneidade / In view of the sociocultural and political constitution of the family as an institution throughout the course of history, there is an increase in the visibility of the family arrangements made up of same-sex couples/gender and their children. Social acceptance and possible legal regulation that ensures the rights of members of same-sex/gender families are pressing issues today. Studies carried out in the Brazilian scenario have evidenced that these families coexist in the most varied relational contexts with strangeness and face barriers resulting from prejudice and discrimination. Given the need to understand this reality based on studies that contemplate and give voice to the members of same-sex/gender families, the relevance of knowing how couples formed by gays and lesbians and their children constitute their experiences in the private and social spheres. This study aimed to know the experiences of four same-sex/gender families from the voices of four couples consisting of two men and two women, and his/her four children. The instruments and techniques used with the couples were: The Sociodemographic Form, the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria, the Open-ended Interview, the Genogram and the Network Map; with the children: The Sociodemographic Form, the Open-ended Interview and the Network Map. The Open Interview, defined as the main collection technique, was audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed in an articulated way with the data extracted from the other instruments applied, based on the theoretical and methodological framework of the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The results showed that the couples shared their experiences related to being lesbian/gay in a society marked by homophobia, told the detailed stories of their love relationships, highlighted the relation of companionship as a basis for conjugal experience and reflected on the experiences of gender roles in the marital relationship, making a counterpoint between what is expected socially and what is actually experienced in their daily relationships. There was a plurality of conjugal and parental experiences, as well as ways of access to parenting, but the perception of personal transformation with the transition to motherhood/fatherhood and the care and concern regarding the education of the child permeate all family experiences. In spite of the difficulties faced in daily life, the experiences of social and family prejudice and the mishaps of acceptance by the families of origin, all the participants affirmed to live well with the family. It is understood that the experiences of being/living family constitute unique paths in the process of constructing the subjectivity of each member of the family and, in particular, for the spouses represent a fundamental landmark towards the appropriation of who each one is. The knowledge produced by this research provides support to deepen the understanding of the phenomenon investigated, offering subsidies for the planning of strategies that contribute to offer care to same-sex/gender families that promote conditions so that they can be recognized and respected in the society in where they are inserted. The production and dissemination of research in this area can provide elements for new reflections that contribute to transform prejudices and exclusionary postures in the face of the development and plurality of family organizations existing in the contemporary world

Introducción: Diferentes publicaciones encuentran mayor prevalencia de depresión o ansiedad en LGTBI, asociada a distintos factores. El Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI), realizó la primera encuesta a personas lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, transgénero, travestis e intersexuales (LGBTI) de manera virtual, preguntando diversas características de esta población. El objetivo es evaluar los factores asociados al auto-reporte de depresión y ansiedad en personas LGBTI en Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico basado en la Primera Encuesta Virtual en población LGTBI en Perú 2017. La población estudiada fueron personas LGTBI residentes en todo el Perú, las cuales fueron contactadas vía las asociaciones LGTBI del país para contestar un cuestionario virtual, cuya data fue recabada por el INEI.. Se obtuvieron razones de prevalencias (RP) en forma cruda y ajustada usando regresión de Poisson. Resultados: El 23,4% auto-reportó haber sufrido depresión o ansiedad en los últimos 12 meses; encontrándose asociación con edad (RP 0,97 por cada año adicional), sexo femenino al nacer (RP 1,19), ser bisexual respecto a ser gay (RP 1,26), ser no binario respecto a ser cis-género (RP 1,23), no tener pareja (RP 1,39), no tener trabajo (RP 1,18), haber sufrido alguna vez violencia/discriminación (RP 1,89), no haber tenido aceptación familiar (RP 1,15), y haber realizado labor sexual forzada (RP 1,84). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de depresión y/o ansiedad en la población LGTBI fue alta. Se identificaron factores asociados a más depresión y/o ansiedad. Esta información servirá para visibilizar los problemas de salud mental en esta población, además diseñar posibles intervenciones dirigidas a los factores modificables identificados. / Introduction: Different publications report a higher prevalence of depression or anxiety among the LGTBI population, associated to the different factors. The Peruvian National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) carried out the first survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transvestite and intersex people (LGBTI) using a virtual questionnaire. The objective is to evaluate the factors associated with self-reported depression and/or anxiety among LGBTI people in Peru. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study based the First Virtual Survey of LGTBI population in Peru 2017. The population included people resident throughout Peru, who were contacted via LGTBI associations in order to answer a virtual questionnaire, whose data was collected by the INEI. Prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained in crude and adjusted form using Poisson regression. Results: 23.4% self-reported having suffered depression or anxiety in the 12 months prior to the survey; finding association with age (PR 0.97 for each additional year), female sex at birth (PR 1.19), being bisexual with respect to being gay (PR 1.26), being non-binary with respect to being cis-gender (PR 1.23), not having a partner (PR 1.39), not having a job (PR 1.18), having suffered violence/discrimination at some time (PR 1.89), not having had family acceptance (PR 1.15) , and having carried out forced sexual labor (PR 1,84). Conclusions: The prevalence of depression and/or anxiety in the LGTBI population was high. Factors were found associated with self-report of depression and/or anxiety. This information can be used to highlight the mental health problems among the LGTBI population, and design interventions that address the modifiable factors. / Tesis

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sexual minority individuals demonstrate disparate rates of substance use. Research suggests that bisexual women are vulnerable to substance use disorders when compared to other sexual minority groups. This study explored differences in prevalence of past-year alcohol use disorder (AUD) with and without concurrent past-year opioid and/or benzodiazepine misuse. METHODS: The present study utilized responses from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) public dataset between the years 2015-2019 (N = 16,002) to examine the association between sexual orientation and concurrent misuse of opioids and/or benzodiazepines among individuals with past-year AUD, stratified by sex. RESULTS: Bisexual females demonstrated higher rates of concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use compared to all other groups. Although there was no association between sexual orientation and concurrent substance use patterns among males, female respondents with past-year AUD endorsing past-year misuse of opioids and benzodiazepines, both alone and in combination, were more likely to be bisexual compared to heterosexual. Lesbians were less likely to endorse concurrent misuse of opioids and benzodiazepines compared to bisexual females. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In a national sample, bisexual females demonstrated higher odds of risky concurrent substance use patterns. Identifying sexual minority individuals who exhibit elevated risk of co-occurring alcohol, opioid, and/or benzodiazepine misuse is an important step to targeted prevention efforts and allocation of resources to combat rising overdose deaths. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: For the first time, this study explored risky concurrent alcohol, opioid, and benzodiazepine misuse patterns among individuals of different sexual orientations.

[pt] As questões de gênero sempre foram um tema de grande relevância dentro da Psicologia. A busca por compreensão desse conceito encontra explicação em diversas teorias. Podemos dizer que gênero está associado a uma categorização social. A orientação de gênero diz respeito a como as pessoas se delimitam em função dos papéis de gênero que assumem. As delimitações de orientação de gênero podem variar do extremo acordo com o sexo biológico até o extremo desacordo com o sexo biológico. Considerando-se assim a orientação de gênero foi possível elaborar um instrumento para mensuração desse construto. O presente trabalho foi divido em dois estudos. O primeiro buscou a elaboração e busca por evidências de validade da Escala de Orientação de Gênero baseada nos sete fatores da sexualidade humana (Escala OriGen). O instrumento apresentou dois fatores: Tipificado e Misto. O fator Tipificado afere o quanto as pessoas consideram que representam e desempenham papeis na sociedade de uma pessoa típica do seu sexo biológico. O fator Misto afere o quanto as pessoas consideram que representam e desempenham papeis na sociedade de ambos os possíveis sexos de nascimento. Além de uma estrutura fatorial ajustada ao modelo teórico, o instrumento apresentou outras evidências de validade satisfatórias, como relações conforme o esperado com os cinco grandes fatores de personalidade, papéis de gênero e apego adulto. O segundo estudo testou a orientação de gênero e a depressão como preditores do risco de suicídio, e investigou relações entre essas variáveis e a homofobia internalizada. Destacam-se as correlações negativas entre risco de suicídio e o fator Tipificado da orientação de gênero e idade; e correlações positivas entre o risco de suicídio e o fator Misto da orientação de gênero, depressão e homofobia internalizada. Conduziu-se uma análise de equações estruturais com as variáveis fator Tipificado da OriGen, fator misto da OriGen, homofobia internalizada explicando depressão, e depressão explicando o risco de suicídio. Esse modelo explicou, aproximadamente, 8% da variância da depressão e 33,8% da variância do risco de suicídio. As análises de equações estruturais indicaram que a orientação de gênero não impacta significativamente o risco de suicídio. Ou seja, a depressão e a homofobia internalizada são mais explicativas do risco de suicídio do que a orientação de gênero. Conclui-se essa tese contribui para a Psicologia como um ponto de partida. Um ponto para maior entendimento das questões de gênero e seu impacto nas vidas dos indivíduos, independente de qual grupo social eles pertençam. / [en] Gender issues have always been a topic of great relevance within Psychology. The search for understanding this concept finds explanations in several theories. We can say that gender is associated with social categorization. Gender orientation concerns how people define themselves according to the gender roles they assume. Gender orientation boundaries can range from extreme agreement with the biological sex to extreme disagreement with the biological sex. Thus, considering gender orientation, it was possible to develop an instrument to measure this construct. The present work was divided into two studies. The first sought to elaborate and search for evidence of the validity of the Gender Orientation Scale based on the seven factors of human sexuality (OriGen Scale). The instrument presented two factors: Typified and Mixed. The Typified factor measures how much people consider that they represent and play roles in society as a typical person of their biological sex. The Mixed factor measures how much people consider that they represent and play roles in society of both possible biological sexes. In addition to a factor structure adjusted to the theoretical model, the instrument presented other satisfactory evidence of validity, such as relationships as expected with the big-five personality factors, gender roles, and adult attachment. The second study tested gender orientation and depression as predictors of suicide risk and investigated relationships between these variables and internalized homophobia. The negative correlations between suicide risk, the Typified factor of gender orientation and age; and the positive correlations between suicide risk, the Mixed factor of gender orientation, depression, and internalized homophobia are highlighted. A structural equation analysis was conducted with the variables the Typified factor of OriGen, the Mixed factor of OriGen, and internalized homophobia explaining depression, and depression explaining the risk of suicide. This model explained 8% of the variance in depression and 33.8% of the variance in suicide risk. Structural equation analyzes indicated that gender orientation does not significantly impact suicide risk. That is, depression and internalized homophobia are more explanatory of suicide risk than gender orientation. We concluded that this thesis contributes to Psychology as a starting point. A point for greater understanding of gender issues and their impact on the lives of individuals, regardless of which social group they belong.

Bakgrund: Icke-heterosexuella ungdomar har ökad risk att drabbas av psykisk ohälsa. Forskning om icke-heterosexuella ungdomars psykiska hälsa i svensk kontext är dock begränsad. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan sexuell läggning och psykisk ohälsa respektive psykiskt välbefinnande bland ungdomar på Gotland.  Metod: Tvärsnittsstudiedesign med befolkningsenkäten Liv och Hälsa Ung i Region Gotland användes. Psykisk ohälsa mättes med Strenghts and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Psykiskt välbefinnande mättes med Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). Chi2-tester, t-tester och logistiska regressioner användes för att analysera data.  Resultat: Jämfört med heterosexuella ungdomar hade icke-heterosexuella ungdomar signifikant högre odds för både psykisk ohälsa och nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande i ojusterade regressioner. Dessa samband var dock inte signifikanta i justerade regressioner. Däremot påvisades högre odds för psykisk ohälsa respektive nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande bland tjejer, ungdomar med hög stressnivå, ungdomar som kände sig ensamma eller som inte hade någon att prata med. Risken för nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande minskade även med bättre upplevd familjeekonomi och ökad social status i skolan.  Slutsats: De justerade resultaten påvisade inga signifikanta samband mellan sexuell läggning och psykisk ohälsa respektive psykiskt välbefinnande bland ungdomar på Gotland. Sexuell läggning kunde därmed inte direkt associeras med en ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa respektive nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande. Signifikanta samband påvisades mellan stress, ensamhet och att inte ha någon att prata med och psykisk ohälsa samt nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande. Inkluderingsinsatser och riktade stödjande insatser kan möjligen minska upplevelsen av stress, ensamhet och utanförskap. Studien visade också hög förekomst av nedsatt psykiskt välbefinnande i hela studiepopulationen. Breda åtgärder för att stärka ungdomars psykiska välbefinnande, såsom insatser i skolan, skulle kunna förbättra hälsan för många ungdomar, inklusive de med icke-heterosexuell läggning. / Background: Non-heterosexual adolescents are at higher risk of mental health problems than heterosexual adolescents. Research on the mental health among non-heterosexual adolescents in the Swedish context is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sexual orientation and mental health problems and mental well-being in adolescents on Gotland.  Method: A cross-sectional design including the population survey Life and Health Youth in Region Gotland was utilized. The survey included the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for assessing mental health problems, and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) for assessing mental well-being. Chi2 tests, t-tests and logistic regressions were used to analyze the data.  Results: In unadjusted regressions, non-heterosexual adolescents had significantly higher odds for both mental health problems and decreased mental well-being compared to heterosexual adolescents. These associations were no longer significant in adjusted regressions. Significantly higher odds for mental health problems and decreased mental well-being was demonstrated in girls, adolescents with high levels of stress, and adolescents who felt lonely or who had no one to talk to. The risk of decreased mental well-being was also reduced with better perceived family finances and increased social status at school.  Conclusion: Adjusted regressions showed no significant associations between sexual orientation and mental health problems or mental well-being among adolescents on Gotland. Therefore, sexual orientation could not be directly associated with an increased risk of mental health problems or decreased mental well-being. The results showed significant associations between stress, loneliness and not having anyone to talk to and mental health problems and decreased mental well-being. Inclusive interventions and targeted support efforts could possibly reduce the experience of stress, loneliness and exclusion. The study also showed a high prevalence of decreased mental well-being in the entire study population. Interventions to strengthen adolescents’ well-being, e.g. school-based interventions, could improve the health of adolescents, including those with a non-heterosexual orientation.