La thèse s’attache à mettre au jour la manière dont Descartes envisage le rapport de sa philosophie avec le christianisme, en montrant que l’articulation cartésienne de la raison et de la foi trouve son sens dans une séparation non contradictoire qui aboutit à un accord. Descartes apparaît soucieux d’instaurer des principes philosophiques novateurs qui, tout en prenant le contre-pied de ceux d’Aristote promulgués par la scolastique, s’accordent avec le christianisme.La thèse retient deux champs d’investigation pour étudier le sens d’un tel accord et le rapport au christianisme qu’il implique. D’une part, la théorie eucharistique cartésienne : Descartes élabore, à l’aune de ses propres principes physiques, deux explications du sacrement central de la foi chrétienne. Supplantant le modèle scolastique basé sur les principes aristotélico-thomistes, les explications sont destinées à se conformer aux décrets du Magistère (le concile de Trente), tout en protégeant le dogme catholique des attaques protestantes, en lui apportant un gain de rationalité. D’autre part, la morale cartésienne, tenue généralement pour absente du corpus cartésien : la thèse s’emploie à la reconstruire, par le prisme de la Correspondance et des Passions de l’âme. Nommée une « morale du contentement », de par la recherche philosophique de la vie heureuse ici-bas, la morale cartésienne se partage en deux axes : le souverain bien, résidant dans le bon usage du libre arbitre par lequel l’homme porte l’image et la ressemblance de Dieu, et la maîtrise des passions, dont la clef de voûte réside dans la passion-vertu de la générosité. Or, la morale manifeste, à un autre niveau que l’eucharistie, un effort d’articulation avec le christianisme qui se cristallise notamment dans plusieurs points forts, analysés par la thèse : la conception cartésienne de la providence, dans sa dimension générale et particulière, qui engage la soumission libre et joyeuse du sujet, illustrant une expérience proprement religieuse ; l’étendue de l’univers qui révoque l’anthropocentrisme tout en célébrant la gloire de Dieu ; l’immortalité de l’âme, ouvrant vers une autre vie, tout en étant dirigée vers la valorisation de la vie ici-bas ; l’image de Dieu qui rayonne dans le bon usage du libre arbitre, seule source d’une juste estime de soi ; la passion vertu de la générosité qui, incitant à préférer les autres à soi dans un amour d’amitié, peut tenir lieu de transposition philosophique de la charité chrétienne.Ainsi eucharistie et morale traduisent-elles deux grandes significations de l’accord, reflétant deux modalités d’articulation entre la philosophie cartésienne et le christianisme : d’un côté, la recherche d’une conformité au dogme ; de l’autre, la philosophie, se faisant plus ambitieuse, donne une compréhension du christianisme à partir de la manière dont elle interprète, selon ses propres présupposés, certains éléments partagés par la raison et la foi (Dieu et ses attributs, immortalité de l’âme, rapport à l’autre). A ce titre, la thèse entend renouveler les études sur la « pensée religieuse » de Descartes : le grand mérite de la pensée cartésienne est de mettre en oeuvre, sur la base d’une séparation préalable entre raison et foi, un accord qui ne se joue pas dans le même sens, tout en veillant à ne jamais outrepasser son domaine, en n’envisageant ni le salut ni la grâce, laissés à la théologie. / The thesis brings into light the manner in which Descartes considers the relationship between his philosophy and Christianity through showing that the Cartesian articulation of reason and faith finds its meaning in a non-contradictory separation which leads to an agreement. When analysing his work, Descartes appears as a philosopher who looks after to establish new concepts which conciliate with Christianity.The thesis focuses two fields of investigation to study the meaning of such an agreement and the relationship to Christianity that it involves. On one hand, there is the Cartesian Eucharistic theory: Descartes elaborates, in the light of his own physical principles, two explanations of the central sacrament of the Christian faith. The thesis points out the original purpose of the explanations. In brief, they are not only intended to supplant the scholastic model based on the Aristotelian principles but also to conform to the decrees of the Magisterium (the Council of Trent), amid protecting the Catholic dogma from Protestant attacks, bringing it a gain of rationality. On the other hand, there is the Cartesian morality, which is considered traditionally as absent of the Cartesian corpus. The thesis reconstructs the Cartesian moral theory using the Correspondence and Passions of the soul. Described as a "moral of contentment", due to the Philosophical research of “the happy life” here below, the Cartesian moral theory is divided into two axes. The first being the Sovereign Good, which consists in the right use of free will, and the second being the mastery of passions, where the keystone is the passion-virtue of generosity. The Cartesian moral theory manifests an effort to articulate with Christianity, which is illustrated in particular in several strong points which are analysed by the thesis: the Cartesian conception of providence in its general and particular dimension, and how it implies the free and joyful submission of the subject; the extent of the universe, which revokes anthropocentrism while celebrating the glory of God; the topic of the immortality of the soul, which opens up another life while valorising the current life; the image of God, which shines in the right use of free will, only source of the self-esteem; the passion of generosity, which incites one to prefer other people rather than the self in a love of friendship and can be a philosophical transposition of Christian charity.Thus Eucharist and moral translate two great meanings of the agreement, reflecting two modalitiesof articulation between Cartesian philosophy and Christianity. From one side, the search for conformity with dogma. From the other, philosophy, becoming more ambitious over time, gives an understanding of Christianity based on its own interpretation of some elements shared by reason and faith (God and his attributes, immortality of soul, relationship to other). For this reason, the thesis intends to renew the studies on the Descartes' religious thought: the great merit of Cartesian thought is to institute, on the basis of a prior separation between reason and faith, an agreement which has a variable meaning, while taking care not to go beyond his domain, Descartes giving up the salvation and the grace to theology.

The thesis looks at the gift and at what kind of morality allows contemporary gift-giving. It is based on ethnographic research that focuses on a "generous social network" Hearth.net. This network was founded by the entrepreneur, philanthropist and buddhist Libor Malý. His goal is to fulfill the vision of improving interpersonal relationships and creating an economic system that is able to complement the existing market economy in the case of a crisis. This system also requires a change of paradigm into the paradigm of generosity and kindness. Adato Paradigma Group and the Ambassadors, who are the most active users of Hearth, help Libor Malý in fulfilling this goal. Hearth is a space where users can offer and receive gifts without an expectation of a counter-gift. The gift should be the tool that will allow the paradigm shift. The new paradigm of generosity and kindness is seen here as a cosmology based above all on the values of generosity and kindness, which is influenced mainly by the spirituality of Libor Malý. At the same time, this paradigm of generosity and kindness forms the moral basis for gift-giving within the Hearth network. Nevertheless, in the final form, the gift is determined by the moral assemblage of three moral dimensions (Zigon 2010). The thesis therefore is analyzing the...

The study was conducted in Harare as regards Zimbabwe’s mobile telecommunications sector, examining the influence of a selected factors on consumers’ awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the effects that CSR awareness has on consumers. The practice of CSR influences a number of business aspects including firm financials, corporate image, corporate reputation and market share. This study has been ignited by the fact that little evidence exist in studies covering the precursors and effects of CSR awareness from the consumers’ perspective. More so, that Zimbabwe’s mobile telecommunications sector is currently the fastest growing sector accompanied with numerous CSR activities. The present study therefore sought to answer the questions which includes; (i) does ethical consumerism, consumer rights awareness, socio-environmental awareness and consumer generosity culture influence consumer awareness of CSR in the mobile telecommunications sector? (ii) what is the effect of age, gender and level of education on consumer awareness of CSR in the mobile telecommunications sector? (iii) what is the influence of consumer awareness of CSR on corporate image, consumer attitude, purchase intention and actual purchase behaviour in the mobile telecommunications sector? (iv) what is the effect of corporate image on consumer attitude in the mobile telecommunications sector? (v) what is the effect of consumer attitude on purchase intention in the mobile telecommunications sector? (vi) what is the effect of purchase intention on actual purchase behaviour in the mobile telecommunications sector? A mixed research study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire on 1,100 mobile telecommunications sector consumers in Harare, Zimbabwe. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS with AMOS while qualitative data was analysed using NVIVO. The study results indicate that ethical consumerism, consumer rights awareness, socio-environmental awareness and consumer generosity positively influence consumer CSR awareness while age, gender and level of education do not influence consumer CSR awareness. CSR awareness proves to have a direct influence on corporate image, consumer attitude, purchase intention and not on actual purchase behaviour. The study findings show a direct positive relationship among corporate image, consumer attitude, purchase intention and actual purchase behaviour. The study recognized that respondents are aware of CSR in the form of firm donations, assistance towards social causes, improving the environment, building or renovating facilities, good services, affordable prices and promotional programs. Study results points out that respondents are aware of CSR through platforms such as advertising, sending text messages, firms’ ethical or professional conduct, campaigns and exhibitions. / Business Management / D. B. L.(Business Leadership)

近年來有很多關於退休金計畫的研究主要在探討從確定給付計畫(defined benefit plan)轉向確定提撥計畫(defined contribution plan)趨勢的影響。而這些早期的研究(Clark and McDermed(1990 and 1993), Gustman and Steinmeier(1992), Ippolito(1985, 1986, 1993, and 1997), and Kruse (1995); Papke(1994, 1996)and Papke, Petersen and Poterba(1996)主要是利用計畫個數的改變或者是計畫參與者人數的增減來作為衡量此一趨勢影響力的指標。然而，這兩項指標從退休收入多寡的觀點來看，卻無法反應此一趨勢對於員工福利的影響程度。Wang andVanDerhei(2000)利用了「雇主退休金成本」的新概念，探討此一趨勢的影響。而本篇論文將要延續Wang and VanDerhei(2000)的研究，藉由衡量雇主慷慨程度的改變，進一步分析此一趨勢對於員工未來退休收入的影響程度。為了檢視雇主退休金慷慨度是否有隨著時間以及環境變化而有所不同，我們利用OLS迴歸模型來分析在兩段期問中（1985年與1996年）雇主退休金慷慨度的變化。結果發現在確定給付計畫及401(k)計畫之下，退休金計畫存在的時間愈長以及工會的支持對於雇主慷慨程度都有正面的影響。在財務變數方面，我們則是發現不論哪一種型態的退休金計畫，稅前收入金額的多寡對於雇主慷慨程度均具有正面的影響。此外，利用Chow Test，我們發現確定給付計畫在1985年和1996年的確具有結構上的改變，進一步分析之後，發現退休金計畫存在時間愈長、工會的支持、金融相關產業、固定資產佔總資產的比例以及稅前收入金額的多寡對於1996年確定給付計畫下之雇主退休金慷凱度的正向影響遠大其對於1985年的確定給付計畫。在員工退休福利上，我們則是發現401(k)計畫的雇主相對提撥率在過去20年有明顯地成長，這意味著401(k)計畫下的員工在過去20年裡的退休福利有明顯的增加。 關鍵字：退休金趨勢、雇主退休金慷慨度、確定給付計畫、確定提撥計畫、401(k)計畫 / Much debate has devoted in recent pension literature to discuss the impacts of current pension trend toward defined contribution(DC) plans, especially the substitution effect between 401(k) and other pension plans. However, the“generosity”of the employer pension plan deserves little attention. This paper analyzes the impacts of the effects of this trend on workers' future retirement income by measuring the changes of employers' pension generosity. We construct a panel data of firms that sponsor at least one pension plan in 1985 and compare the changes of their pension generosity for DB, DC and 401(k) plans between 1985 and 1996. OLS Regression Models are adopted to analyze the generosity of employers' primary plan and supplemental plan and Chow test is conducted to test the structural changes between 1985 and 1996. Our results find that plan age and union status have positive impacts on employers' generosity ofDB and 401(k) plans. For financial variables, pretax income is an important consideration to employers' generosity disregarding the type of plan. In addition, we find that there was a structure change ofDB plans between 1985 and 1996 and that union status,plan age, financial etc. industry, proportion of fixed assets and pretax income have greater positive impacts on employers' generosity ofDB plans in 1996 than in 1985. For employees' retirement income, the matching rates have grown over the last two decades and this stands for that employees covered by 401(k) plans have received better retirement benefit over the last two decades. Key words: Pension trends; Employers' generosity; Defined benefit plan; Defined contribution plan; 401(k) plan

De nombreux travaux académiques se sont penchés sur les facteurs influençant le niveau de générosité des bénéfices du soutien financier minimal dans les pays de l’OCDE dans les vingt dernières années. Les études ont ainsi découvert que la générosité des prestations pouvait être positivement liée avec un PIB élevé, un haut de degré de centralisation du régime d’assistance sociale et le développement d’un régime d’assurance sociale de type universel. De même, l’approche budgétaire comme méthode de détermination du niveau minimal des prestations d’assistance sociale a attiré davantage l’attention du monde académique dans les dernières années et on semble redécouvrir les vertus d’une approche budgétaire basée sur les besoins des prestataires. Toutefois, aucun chercheur ne semble avoir vérifié si l’utilisation de l’approche budgétaire comme déterminant du niveau de bénéfices d’aide financière de dernier recours était positivement ou négativement corrélée avec le niveau de générosité des bénéfices accordés. C’est cette vérification que ce travail s’est appliqué à faire. La conclusion principale de cette recherche est qu’en soi, l’utilisation d’une approche basée sur les besoins des prestataires pour établir le niveau des prestations d’assistance sociale n’est pas suffisante pour assurer un haut niveau de générosité des bénéfices. Il faut qu’un État fasse le choix de se baser sur un standard budgétaire qui permette d’atteindre un niveau de vie raisonnable ou décent pour garantir un degré de générosité de soutien financier minimal élevé. Les cas du Québec et de la Suède démontrent d’ailleurs comment le recours, pour le premier, à un budget de référence dit « de subsistance » peut influencer à la baisse la générosité des bénéfices, alors que celui d’un budget « raisonnable », pour le second, a influencé à la hausse le niveau de générosité des prestations. / In the last two decades, many academics have studied factors that have an impact on the generosity level of minimum income protection in OECD countries. Studies have shown, for example, that benefit generosity was positively linked with high GDP, a high level of centralisation of social assistance schemes, and the presence of universal social insurance programs. Likewise, in recent years, academics have shown a rising interest about the budgetary approach based on beneficiaries’ needs as a mean of determining the minimum social assistance benefit level. However, no important study has verified if the use of reference budgets for determining and adjusting social assistance benefits was correlated with a high or low benefits level. This correlation is what this paper attempts to ascertain. The main conclusion of this research is that the simple use of reference budgets is not directly linked with a high level of benefit generosity. However, if a state uses a budgetary model that allows to achieve a decent and reasonable standard of living, it is very probable that the generosity of assistance to the able-bodied poor will be high. The case of Quebec shows moreover that the use of a reference budget aiming to reach a minimum level of subsistence can contribute to a decrease of benefit generosity. The Swedish case, however, demonstrates that the use of a reference budget allowing a decent living standard and social participation has influenced positively the generosity of social assistance benefits. This study also shows that political and economic concerns and pressures have had important, and generally negative, impacts on the generosity level of social assistance benefits over time.

La maladie soit un mal dont il faille guérir, c’est ce que déjà l’instinct nous dicte, mais il s’agit de savoir si l’instinct suffit à rendre raison de l’évidence, autrement dit si la raison peut même rendre raison de ce qui résiste à son emprise de rationalité. En bref s’il est possible de tenir un discours “raisonnable” sur une question qui d’emblée met en jeu le sujet.Ce travail s’inscrit dans une perspective de phénoménologie herméneutique. Il questionne cette occurrence critique du vivre qui est la confrontation à la “grande maladie”, c’est-à-dire celle que la “nature” ne suffit pas à guérir, et recherche ce que l’effort fait pour entreprendre de guérir nous apprend sur notre humanité. A distance d’une perspective qui voudrait saisir “l’essence de la guérison,” mon propos est d’interpréter ce qui se joue dans la dynamique du sujet qui entreprend de guérir autrement dit de garder le sens de l’engagement, indépendamment des conditions objectives de sa guérison. Car la prise en compte de l’exigence individuelle et collective de santé pourrait occulter la part subjective du rapport à la santé dans la part croissante accordée à la conception du soin et du bon soin. Avec les meilleures intentions du monde la recherche de la santé pourrait faire l’économie de la question de la participation du sujet au projet de bien vivre et se traduire par une nouvelle entreprise de normalisation de l’humanité. Je choisis d’examiner les conditions de possibilité et de maintien de notre résistance en tant que sujet car la confrontation à la maladie nous dessaisit de notre pouvoir et nous assigne à prendre position pour la vie, pour un sens de la vie, malgré l’exposition à la mort. Moment de vérité – et en ce sens événement - où l’être du sujet, est mis en jeu. Ainsi, à contre-courant de l’évidence qui est que la maladie est l’épreuve, nous explorerons l’hypothèse d’une épreuve de la guérison même. Je tente alors d’éclairer de biais à quel sujet s’adresse la pratique médicale pour susciter un questionnement et si possible ouvrir un champ de ressources pour les personnes en charge de guérison. Un champ de ressources qui invite à réinvestir autrement notre rapport au sensible et à l’illusion de sa maîtrise compassionnelle. Un champ de ressources qui tisse et retisse le lien à la vie, dont la première épreuve pour nous est toujours “affective,” convaincue que si seul le sujet décide de sa guérison, nul ne peut guérir seul.Le déploiement de mon argumentation explore l’enracinement ou non du sujet dans l’affectivité du vivre, réinterroge le lien contingent ou nécessaire de l’affectivité et de la liberté ainsi que le rapport du même et de l’autre dans la responsabilité.Je voudrais montrer que le phénomène de la résilience ne permet pas de fonder l’hypothèse d’une possibilité d’intégrité du sujet. J’émets l’hypothèse sans doute épineuse que la culpabilité chemine en complice du mal physique et moral et altère ainsi la possibilité d’engagement d’un sujet résistant. Qu’une intégrité affective, au cœur du sujet a toujours précédé le mal et affirme avant toute destructivité et tout négativité une générosité de soi.Je m’engage enfin à explorer la faculté d’aimer comme une réalité de premier ordre pour penser l’intégrité d’un sujet, animé de joie de vivre qui entreprend de porter le bien. De ce dont procède cette générosité, c’est ce que nous appelons dans le cadre de notre recherche guérison. / Instinct tells us that sickness is an ill from which we must recover, but we must know if instinct is enough to explain what is evident, in other words, if reason can even account for what resists its hold on rationality. In short, if it's possible to argue "with reason" on a question which, from the outset, involves the subject. This work falls within the scope of hermeneutic phenomenology. It questions the critical life experience of confronting "serious illness", meaning an illness that "nature" cannot cure, and looks at what the effort required to recover teaches us about our humanity. Separate from the perspective which seeks to identify “the essence of the cure,” my aim is to interpret what is at play in the subject's personality, who undertakes to recover, in other words maintains their commitment, independently of the objective conditions for recovery. As taking into consideration both individual and collective health requirements could mask the subjective element of the relationship to health in the growing importance accorded to the concept of care and ‘’good’’ care. With the best intentions in the world health research could avoid the question of the subject's participation in defining "living well" and transform itself into a new attempt to normalize humanity. I have chosen to examine the conditions for the possibility of and upholding of our resistance as a subject for the confrontation with illness strips us of our power and obliges us to make a stand for life, for a meaning to life, despite being exposed to death. The moment of truth – and in this sense an event – where the self of the subject, is at stake. Faced with illness, the subject experiences an ordeal which is intimately bound to their attitude to life, which itself is no longer evident. I try to throw some light on which subject medical practice addresses to elicit interrogation and if possible to open a new area of resources for people responsible for healing. Resources which lead to a rethinking of our relationship to sensitive subjects and the illusion of one’s compassionate control. Resources which reconsider the subject’s capacity to resist “the way things are”. Resources which make and remake the vital link to life, of which the primary test for us is always “emotional,” convinced that if the subject alone decides their recovery, none can heal alone.My reasoning will explore the entrenchment, or not, of the subject in the affectivity of life, look again at the potential or necessary link between affectivity and liberty as well as the connection between the one and the other to responsibility.This will lead us to question the paradigm of resilience to consider the subject's capacity for integration, to question guilt as the norm which regulates the moral conscience and disaffection with love in order to remain master of one's self.I want to show that the phenomenon of resilience does not permit the hypothesis of a possible integrity of the subject; resilience can also be considered as an artifact produced by an individual who assembles an attitude to the disaster residing in them and destroying them bit by bit.I put forward the, without doubt thorny, hypothesis, that guilt is an accomplice of the physical and moral ill and thereby alters a resistant subject's ability to confront the situation. That emotional integrity, “at the heart of the subject” has always preceded the ill and affirms before any destructiveness and negativity a “generosity of self.”Lastly, I will explore the ability to love as a reality of the highest importance to consider the integrity of a subject, filled with the love of life who undertakes to spread "good". From this, comes this generosity, this is what, in the framework of our research, we call “healing.”

This study evaluates the efficacy of a self-guided, low-intensity curriculum, Marriage Moments, based on Fowers' (2000) virtues model of marital quality that emphasizes friendship, generosity, justice and loyalty. The Marriage Moments program consists of a guidebook and a video that were designed to strengthen marriages during the transition to parenthood and is used in the context of a home visitation program for first-time parents. Participants in the study included 119 married couples who had recently given birth to their first child. They were assigned to either a treatment, comparison or control group. The treatment group received the Marriage Moments curriculum as well as the Welcome Baby home visitation curriculum, the comparison group only received the Welcome Baby curriculum and the control group received neither program. Data were gathered through a battery of self- and spouse-report measures given at 3-months, 4-months, and 9-months postpartum. Relationship outcome measures included in this study were the Marital Virtues Profile, Revised-Dyadic Adjustment Scale, RELATE Satisfaction subscale, Transition Adjustment Scale, Father Involvement Scale, Household Labor Scale, and Maternal Depression Scale. Despite positive evaluations of the program from participants, analyses revealed a lack of significant, positive effects for members of the treatment group. Further research is needed before reliable conclusions can be drawn about the value of a marital virtues model as a guide for low intensity intervention.

Estimating others characteristics from facial cues plays an important role in our everyday lives. People usually agree in these estimates well and many of these estimates correlate. Majority studies consider one or few character- istics only and their respondents usually are in narrow ranges of ages. This study is partly based on rating of 13 characteristics of 80 men's and women's faces by respondents of various ages. These data were originally collected within yet unpublished study of Jaroslav Flegr, Amy E. Blum and Šebastian Kroupa. In this study I most strikingly found out that: i) older respondents of both genders rates photos of women as more attractive, ii) respondents spend more time by rating faces considered by themselves as more attractive or nice, iii) men rate people with different eye color as more attractive and women rate others with the same eye color as nicer, iv) preferences computed by two methods do not differ much. 1

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’analyse des configurations du lien social naissant au sein de systèmes alternatifs d’échange local, afin d’y retrouver la trace du « don maussien ».<p>L’enquête porte sur un échange de biens, parallèle à l’échange marchand et localement accompli dans le contexte d’un monde globalisé, perspective qui inscrit la recherche dans le champ de l’anthropologie économique des mondes contemporains.<p>Le phénomène de la mondialisation, associé au progrès des techniques de communication, permettant d’observer des procédés analogues, engendrés par des causes communes dans différentes parties du monde, le terrain, tel que défini ci-dessus, fut réalisé sur deux sites socio-culturellement différents puisque implantés en Colombie pour l’un, et en France, pour l’autre. Ces deux sites furent traités comme un seul terrain multi-local dont le croisement des données recueillies a enrichi l’analyse. <p>Avant de passer à la partie descriptive des ethnographies réalisées, le travail évoque des théories et des expériences antérieures qui ont permis de reconnaître la différence entre les expérimentations monétaires et les systèmes d’échange multilatéral ou dispositifs comptables centralisés employant une unité de compte pour faciliter les échanges. La production et la consommation sont stimulées par un type de monnaie qui joue un rôle complémentaire à la devise officielle et permet des transactions multilatérales. <p>Devant la diversité des systèmes alternatifs à l’échange marchand, un choix s’imposait pour déterminer ceux qui seraient l’objet de l’enquête de terrain. Les initiatives sélectionnées pour une observation directe furent les foires de multi-troc colombiennes et les systèmes d’échange local (SEL) français. <p>Les deux monographies décrivent le déroulement des investigations en Colombie et en France, ainsi que les constats qui s’imposèrent à leur issue.<p>Il apparaît qu’au-delà de la raison économique d’échanger biens et services sans se soumettre à l’usage de l’argent comme fin en soi, les adhérents à ces expériences de micro-économie y trouvent un milieu propice à cultiver de nouvelles relations sociales. Les raisons de participer sont multiples mais s’alignent souvent sur des valeurs communes telles que la confiance, l’entraide, le respect de l’autre, la tolérance ou la solidarité, autant de logiques qui font de ces groupements, des espaces de création de liens sociaux favorables à l’émergence du don moderne. Tel qu’il a été développé et actualisé par Jacques T. Godbout, Alain Caillé et les exposants du Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales –M.A.U.S.S.- ./ABSTRACT <p>The main objective of this thesis is the analysis of configurations of the social link emerging within alternate systems of local exchange, in order to find traces of the “maussian gift”.<p>The investigation covers the exchange of property which is parallel to trade exchange and is locally accomplished in the context of a global world, a perspective which integrates our research within the field of economic anthropology of contemporary worlds.<p>The phenomenon of the globalization, coupled with advances in communication technology, allows us to observe similar processes around the world, engendered by common causes. The fieldwork, as mentioned above, was realized on two socio - culturally different sites, one in Colombia, the other one in France. These two sites were treated as a single multi-local fieldwork, and their combined information enriched our analysis. <p>Before proceeding to the descriptive part of the conducted ethnographic research, the document evokes theories and previous experiences which allowed us to recognize the difference between monetary experiments and multilateral trading systems or devices using a centralized accounting unit to facilitate the exchanges. The production and the consumption are stimulated by a type of exchange that is complementary to the official currency and allows multilateral transactions. <p>Considering the variety of alternative systems in the exchange market, a choice was necessary to determine, who would be the object of the fieldwork. The initiatives selected for direct observation were the Colombian multi-barter fairs and the French systems of local exchange (SEL).<p>Both monographs describe the progress of investigations in Colombia and in France, as well as the resulting reports. <p>It seems that, apart from the economic reason for exchanging goods and services without being subject to the use of money, which is an end in itself, those who take part in such experiences of microeconomics find a convenient environment to cultivate new social relationships.<p>The reasons for participating are numerous, but often aligned on common values such as trust, mutual aid, respect for the others, tolerance or solidarity, which all contribute to transform these gatherings into spaces mean to create social links favourable to the emergence of the modern gift. This theory was developed and updated by Jacques T. Godbout, Alain Caillé and the members of the Anti-Utilitarian Movement in Social Science -M.A.U.S.S.-. <p><p> / Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation anthropologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished