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Segregation is a common problem for many European states where mass housing areas, constructed between 1960 and 1980, now have fallen into decay and stigmatisation and face alienation from the rest of the city. The paper was aimed to investigate how city authorities could cope with downsides of segregation and, more specifically, unify segregated districts with the remainder of the city. This taken as a general idea, it was scrutinised on the examples of three cities, sharing similar characteristics, e.g. population and industrial past. The counter-segregation policies implemented (or planned to be implemented) in Gellerup (Arhus, Denmark), Rosengard (Malmo, Sweden) and Herzogenried (Mannheim, Germany) were studied and eventually compared. The presented findings were based on the analysis of official documents and empirical data gathered via interviews and are restricted by certain limitations which occurred due to the lack of time and resources.

This study is a comprehensive investigation into the potential for gentrification in Norra Sorgenfri, a former industrial district in Malmö, Sweden. It takes a multifaceted approach that includes inhabitants' perceptions, going beyond the scope of traditional studies that focus on residential areas and track displacement through statistics. Our research incorporates a broader range of factors, such as changes in community socio-economic levels, to provide a comprehensive analysis suitable for understanding the complex nature of gentrification. Malmö, rebranded in the 21st century as a Knowledge City, has faced significant housing shortages, leading to new urban developments driven by neoliberal policies emphasizing market-driven approaches and privatization. Norra Sorgenfri, located in southeastern central Malmö, transitioned from an industrial zone to temporary housing for European immigrants in the early 21st century. This history provides a unique context for studying gentrification, marked by industrial decline, immigrants temporary housing, and urban renewal. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including qualitative questionnaires with inhabitants, an interview with an MKB housing company officer, a review of relevant literature, and mapping methods to illustrate socio-economic changes over a decade. The data analysis reveals two parallel findings: slight indications of gentrification potential based on residents' socio-economic levels from questionnaires, contrasted by statistics and MKB responses showing no gentrification potential. However, the lack of updated socio-economic statistics limits the study, as available data predates the occupation of new residential buildings, potentially skewing the current socio-economic snapshot. Despite these limitations, our study underscores the complexity of gentrification and the necessity of nuanced approaches to its investigation. Results show no specific potential for gentrification in this neighborhood. It aims to upgrade the current understanding of gentrification while emphasizing the necessity for ongoing observation and further research, which is crucial to understanding the long-term impacts of urban redevelopment on the social, economic, and cultural fabric of neighborhoods like Norra Sorgenfri and to ensure our findings remain relevant and accurate.

The world is observing unprecedented, devastating, yet growing effects of climate change. GDP has been slow for decades; Covid-19 has disturbed the economy; energy prices are rising; unemployment remains high; consumer debt and budget deficit are climbing; wealth inequality is at an all-time high. Still, 89% of the energy consumed in the United States comes from non-renewable sources. Amid this challenging time, the question this work tries to answer is how can we protect our climate and environment through innovative development policies and practices that concurrently promote social equity and preserve economic viability? To answer this question, I explore five sustainable housing goals: climate protection, policy innovation, environmental protection, social equity, and economic growth. I use data and empirical analysis to show sustainable development challenges and conflicts are significant. I share lessons learned from cities and states that act as pioneers of climate and environmental protection; I explore a balanced integration of economic, environmental, and social goals through zero-energy building in the traditionally siloed policy sector of low-income housing; I show that a lack of consideration for social equity can turn environmental initiatives into luxury goods that surrender equity to profitability; I show that a lack of consideration for economic viability can lead to underinvestment in environmental and social equity initiatives. The overall insights derived from this study suggest that state housing agencies and local governments, particularly in large cities and in communities that are more vulnerable to environmental risks, are in a unique position to stimulate and drive climate and environmental protection. Significant between-agency differences in housing policy innovation persist, and future policy innovation research should explore factors that impact the utility of policy innovation and barriers the environmental sustainability movement faces at the organization level and beyond. Existing challenges to distributed energy generation need further study. This research highlights the need for greater policy attention to affordable housing needs in core urban areas, neighborhood diversity, and costs of gentrification. / Doctor of Philosophy / The world is now observing unprecedented, devastating, yet growing effects of climate change. Covid-19 has slowed the economy; energy prices are rising; unemployment remains high; consumer debt and budget deficit are climbing, and wealth inequality has reached an all-time high. While renewable energy is rapidly growing in worldwide adoption, still 89% of the energy consumed in the United States comes from non-renewable sources. Sustainability thinking encourages integrated, interdisciplinary approaches and policies that holistically address multiple contemporary problems. Sustainable development requires a balanced integration of economic, environmental, and social justice goals with traditionally siloed policy sectors, such as housing, as a goal of governance. Policy integration is deemed necessary because some policy sectors – like environment and climate – alone are not capable of achieving all objectives and, thus, must work with other sectors. Despite the importance of sustainability to the future of the planet, there are inherent economic, environmental, and social justice conflicts involved in reaching sustainable development, and conflict resolution has not been easy. The overarching question in this work is how can we protect our climate and environment through innovative housing policies and practices that promote social equity and preserve economic viability? I explore five glocal sustainable housing goals, namely climate protection, policy innovation, environmental protection, social equity, and economic growth. The overall insights derived from this study suggest that state housing agencies and local governments, particularly in large cities and in communities vulnerable to environmental risks, are in a unique position to stimulate and drive climate and environmental protection. Significant between-agency differences in housing policy innovation persist, and future policy innovation research should explore factors that impact the utility of policy innovation and barriers the environmental sustainability movement faces at the organization level and beyond. This research highlights the need for greater policy attention to affordable housing needs in core urban areas, neighborhood diversity, and costs of gentrification. There are barriers to distributed energy generation that need to be studied.

Recent research has uncovered a new phenomenon in some distressed areas, black gentrification. Black gentrification follows the same pattern as mainstream gentrification with one notable exception: In black gentrifying neighborhoods both the poor and working class residents who resided in the neighborhood prior to its “gentrification” and the new residents of greater economic means are black. An additional hallmark of black gentrification that distinguishes it from traditional gentrification is that black gentrifiers in black gentrifying neighborhoods often feel a responsibility or obligation to their lower income black neighbors. Prior to the economic downturn in the United States, some in-town Atlanta neighborhoods were undergoing black gentrification. Amidst the current mortgage foreclosure epidemic facing the U.S., distressed urban areas like the ones under study, which began to gentrify in the last ten to twenty years, can easily fall prey to mortgage fraud and/or further decline. Sustained revitalization efforts require that the neighborhoods maintain a critical density level; therefore, neighborhoods cannot afford to lose more citizens. My dissertation focuses on two historic, black gentrifying in-town Atlanta neighborhoods: the Old Fourth Ward and the West End. The Old Fourth Ward is the location of the birth home of one of Atlanta’s most celebrated sons, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The West End, once a center of black consciousness in the city, now boasts one of the highest mortgage fraud rates in the nation. Revitalization efforts in both communities are in jeopardy. This dissertation explores ways to strengthen social and economic cohesion in these gentrifying black communities. Specifically, I argue that attachment to the neighborhood space (something I term “place affinity”) has the potential to obviate social tensions in gentrifying black communities and bind residents to each other and the social space they all occupy.

Depuis les années 1990 et dans un contexte de forte concurrence interurbaine à l'échelle planétaire, il apparait une tendance à promouvoir la réalisation de grands projets culturels comme stratégie de marketing territorial dans plusieurs villes européennes. Cette recherche s'intéresse aux flagship projects, des grands équipements culturels qui ont été conçus a priori pour catalyser un processus de développement ou de régénération urbaine. Cette recherche vise à évaluer l'impact territorial de ces projets dans des villes appartenant à des rangs différents au sein du système de villes européen et dans des contextes territoriaux différents. L'hypothèse c'est que les flagship projects entraînent la transformation de l'imaginaire, le déclenchement et/ou le renforcement du processus de rénovation et de réhabilitation urbaine, l'accélération de la gentrification et l'attraction d'entreprises transnationales. La diffusion verticale par imitation au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine de ce type d'initiatives à caractère monumental fragilise leur prétendue unicité en les banalisant et en mettant en question leur viabilité. Une démarche comparative est développée afin d'analyser les études de cas de la Bibliothèque F. Mitterrand à Paris, la Cidade da Cultma de Galicia à Santiago de Compostela, la Casa da Mùsica à Porto et l'Operahuset à Oslo. Les résultats montrent la variation de l'impact territorial en fonction de leur intégration dans des projets urbains plus larges et de l'engagement de la population dans les activités de ces équipements culturels. Des alternatives urbanistiques et stratégiques proposées pour ces projets restent des objets de discussion pour les études urbaines. / In a context of interurban competence at the world level, there is a trend in European cities, since the 90's of promoting building large cultural projects as an urban marketing strategy. In this context, this study focuses on the analysis of flagship projects, i.e. large cultural facilities that have been conceived a priori to be the catalysers of urban (re)development and/or regeneration. This research seeks to evaluate the territorial impact of these projects at different levels of the European city-system and in different territorial contexts. The hypothesis is that flagship projects lead to transformations on imaginary, urban renewal and/or rehabilitation processes, gentrification acceleration and attraction of transnational companies. Diffusion of these type of monumental initiatives at the different levels of urban hierarchy implies a paradox due to the sought uniqueness of these projects and their banalization due to imitation, generating doubts about the viability of these initiatives. A comparative approach is applied for studying the cases of France National Library - Mitterrand in Paris, Galicia, Cidade da Cuttura in Santiago de Compostela, Casa da Mùsica in Oporto and Operahuset in Oslo. Results show that variations in the impact of these projects depend on their integration in larger urban projects and users engagement in the activities that these facilities offer. Urban planning alternatives and strategies proposed by these projects are still a discussion subject in Urban studies, so it is the continuity of these types of projects after the world economic crisis.

Cette recherche traite des modes de régulation du bruit et des perceptions habitantes dans un quartier animé du centre ancien de Paris. Par bruit, il est question des sources sonores humaines et non mécaniques. L’analyse porte à la fois sur les négociations autour de l’espace public que de l’espace privé. Le point de départ de ce travail de thèse est la mise à l’agenda politique de la lutte contre les nuisances sonores nocturnes à Paris. Il intervient dans un débat sur l’aménagement des centres-villes, entre attractivité et résidentialité, qui est généralisable aux espaces festifs de la jeunesse dans les villes globalisées. Nous proposons d’étudier la politique de lutte contre le bruit à l’échelle de la ville mais plus particulièrement à l’échelle de quelques rues dites « festives » et à la façon dont les habitants se comportent vis-à-vis de leur environnement sonore. Compte tenu de la complexité du phénomène sonore et de la spécificité du terrain, notre démarche s’inscrit dans une approche pluridisciplinaire au carrefour de l’urbanisme, de la sociologie de l’action publique, de la sociologie de la gentrification, de l’histoire sociale, de l’anthropologie et de la psycho-acoustique. La méthodologie, elle-même plurielle, s’appuie notamment sur une campagne d’entretiens auprès des différents acteurs locaux (habitants, commerçants, élus etc.) sur la pratique des archives et sur des observations microsociologiques. / This study deals with the different modes of noise control in a bustling neighbourhood of historical Paris city centre, busy by day and night, and with its resident’s perception of noise. Our definition of noise is restricted to human and non mechanical sound sources. Our analysis is concerned both with public and private space related arrangements. This thesis research started as a campaign against nighttime noise pollution was brought onto Paris political agenda. Our work comes up within a debate on city centre planning, between urban attractivity and residential comfort issues, which could be generalised to any lively nightlife areas attracting young crowds in globalised cities. We offer to examine the anti-noise pollution policy at the city level, and more specifically at the level of a few bustling streets, and to analyse the way the residents of these streets react to their sound environment. With regards to the complexity of the sound phenomenon and because of the specificity of the fieldwork, we have opted for a cross-circular approach at the intersection between urbanism, public action sociology, gentrification studies, social history, anthropology and psychoacoutics. Our methodology also relied on a number of tools such as a set of interviews with different local agents (residents, shopkeepers, elected representatives, etc.), archival research and micro-sociological observations.

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des populations homosexuelles masculines dans les processus de gentrification. Elle se propose de construire une sociologie des processus de gaytrification, c’est-à-dire des cas des gentrification impliquant significativement les gays, et s’inscrit au croisement de la sociologie urbaine et d’une sociologie des homosexualités. Le cadre d’enquête retenu est constitué par le quartier du Marais à Paris et le quartier du Village à Montréal, ces deux quartiers offrant des exemples de gaytrification depuis la fin des années 1970. Une première partie permet de montrer l’intérêt d’un tel objet et de construire un programme de recherche novateur qui mobilise des matériaux empiriques variés (statistiques, entretiens, archives, observations ethnographiques). La seconde partie montre comment différentes formes d’investissement de la part des gays ont favorisé, accentué ou accompagné la gentrification depuis la fin des années 1970 : émergence d’un secteur commercial gay, valorisation symbolique de certains lieux par la presse gay et investissement résidentiel du quartier par les ménages gays. Une troisième partie s’interroge précisément sur le cas des gays venus habiter le Marais et le Village. L’analyse de leurs trajectoires socio-résidentielles montre comment ils ont profondément renouvelé le paysage sociologique local et permet de comprendre le sens que le quartier prend dans leur trajectoire. On peut alors décrire des modes de vie et des pratiques du quartier qui contribuent à sa gentrification d’une manière néanmoins propre aux gays. Une quatrième et dernière partie renverse la perspective : si les gays ont profondément transformé le Village et le Marais, ces deux quartiers contribuent aussi à transformer ce que sont les individus. On examine alors l’hypothèse d’une socialisation gay par le quartier en montrant que l’espace urbain et le quartier constituent des instances de socialisation aux effets variés et plus ou moins puissants et durables à l’échelle des trajectoires individuelles. / This research is focused on the role of gay men towards gentrification. The word “gaytrification” refers to process of gentrification that involves, by different ways, gay men. In french sociology, the role of this “gay factor” has been much neglected and very rarely studied. This research deals with urban sociology but also with sociology of homosexuality. Considering different empirical datas based on statistics, interviews, archives and observations, we can understand the way that gay men improved the value of urban space and the quality of local lifestyles in two different contexts: le Marais (Paris) and le Village (Montreal). These questions are explored since the end of the 60’s. The first part of our dissertation is focused on theoretical issues and methodology about gaytrification: how can we analyze this specific form of “urban renaissance”? The second step of this research articulates different forms of gay involvement towards gentrification of le Marais and le Village since 70’s: gay business and pink economy, lifestyles and symbolic presence of gay men in the neighborhood, housing market and residential issues. The third part analyzes daily life of gay men that lives, or have lived, in these neighborhoods. We show how they gentrify urban space by different ways: social and life trajectories, social and local relations, habits and lifestyles. The last part of the research introduces the reverse of previous results. A new question appears because gaytrification deals not only about how people transform urban spaces but also about how urban space can transform people and identities. In fact, interviews with gay men show how le Marais and le Village can socialize them in a special way.