This thesis investigates the role of regional organizations in peacemaking and peacekeeping, particularly on the effects of peace agreement duration. This is important because the United Nations has been traditionally seen as the default international peacekeeping force but recently, more responsibility is being given to regional organizations. This study hypothesizes that regional organizations’ ability to clear commitment problems, create specific agreements, and willingness to enforce agreements make them the most effective third parties to deal with many conflicts. However, the study also hypothesizes that regional organizations are less fit to mediate conflicts based around ethnicity, identity, or religious disparities. By utilizing a mixture of logistic regression and case studies, the results illustrate that regional organizations are an essential asset to creating agreements that elongate the duration of peace. In testing for the partiality of regional organizations, the specifics of agreements made, the willingness and capabilities of enforcement, the reason for the conflict and the institutionalization of the organization, quantitative and qualitative results illustrate that regional organizations are a valid tool for conflict management

The modernization perspective of human development has hampered true growth in the countries known collectively as the Third World. With its roots in European colonialism in the late eighteenth century, the modernization perspective ethnocentrically holds that human development must occur in a unilinear manner, regardless of a society's history or culture. In colonial times, this view was used to justify the exploitation of entire peoples, claiming that colonization of overseas societies was a civilizing mission. This unilinear view of development was popularized by modernization theorists such as Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and Walt Whitman Rostow, with disastrous consequences for the developing world. The most vivid illustration of how the modernization perspective hurt the developing world is the evident in the politics of the Cold War, in which two opposing modernization theories fought a global battle for influence. From the ashes of the Cold War, capitalism emerged as the triumphant model of human development. Since then, neo-liberal institutions have sought to stimulate growth in the developing world by following this model of development. However, after decades of failed attempts, it is time for the world to reconsider its approach to development. This paper will illustrate the inadequacies of the modernization thought in three different case studies- Tanzania, Guinea-Bissau, and Burkina Faso. In each case, modernization thought in the form of colonialism. communism, and capitalism have hampered attempts at real development in these countries.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis will examine the emerging role of a sub-regional organization dealing with peacekeeping and peacemaking missions on the post-Cold-War period in West Africa. This examination will focus mainly on ECOWAS and ECOMOG, its military wing, as the most prominent sub-regional organization in conducting peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Africa. This thesis will focus on the first generation interventions of ECOWAS/ECOMOG in undertaking peacemaking and peacekeeping missions in Liberia (1990 - 1997), Sierra Leone, (1998 - 2000), and Guinea Bissau (1998 - 1999)), and the second generation of interventions in Liberia in 2003 and in CoÌ te d'Ivoire (2003-2004). This examination aimed at assessing ECOWAS' strengths and limitations and comparing to which the second generation interventions have benefited from the lessons of the first. / Commander, Royal Moroccan Navy

A presente Tese apresenta uma reflexão acerca do papel do intelectual de Angola e da Guiné-Bissau diante da retomada da memória coletiva dos seus países. Ao discutir marcas do passado literário e cultural de seus países, procura definir perspectivas de afirmação histórica e política, através de atitudes individuais e dos movimentos culturais que impulsionaram a revolução da independência. Tornou-se necessária, nessa perspectiva, uma abordagem multidisciplinar, para caraterizar a figura do intelectual como construção literária do imaginário que, simultaneamente, constrói no fluxo da fruição textual, o caudal histórico da vitoriosa conquista revolucionária, tal como essa imagem aparece em dois escritores paradigmáticos das literaturas angolana e guineense: Pepetela e Filinto de Barros. Pepetela e Filinto de Barros, onde se associam o ficcionista e o cidadão, favorecem a discussão do papel do intelectual em seus países e das estratégias do discurso artístico de que se valeram, tendo como matéria histórica a luta de libertação nacional de seus países e as vicissitudes do período pós-independência. Nesse sentido, são problematizadas na tese o sentido da práxis literária desses escritores, diante desses dois momentos históricos, como também a relação que esta práxis estabelece com as sociedades africanas atuais, sempre pondo em relevo os jogos de representações do intelectual. / The present thesis introduces a reflection around the intellectual role of Angola and Guinea-Bissau before the collective memory recovery of these countries. When discussing marks from the literary and cultural past of these countries, it tries to define perspectives of historical and political affirmation, through individual attitudes and cultural movements that pushed the independence revolution. It has became necessary, under this perspective, a multi disciplinary approach in order to characterize the figure of the intellect as literary construction of the imaginary that, simultaneously, builds in the flow of the textual fruition the historic caudal of the victorious revolutionary achievement. As well as this image is present in two paradigmatic writers of the Angolan and Guinean literature: Pepetela and Filinto de Barros, where we find associated the fictionist and the citizen, they favor the discussion of the intellects role in their countries and of the artistic discourse strategies they took advantage from, having as historic subject the fight for national emancipation of their countries and the ups and downs of the after independence period. Therefore, in the thesis it is problematized the literary praxis sense of these writers, before these two historical moments, as well as the relation that this praxis establishes with the todays African societies, always emphasizing the intellects representation games.

A União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) é uma organização de integração regional constituída por oito países da África Ocidental: Benim, Burkina Faso, Costa do Marfim, Guiné Bissau, Mali, Níger, Senegal e Togo. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos realizar: (a) a classificação climática segundo Köppen (1900) e Thornthwaite (1948), e (b) o zoneamento agrícola das culturas de milho e soja na região da UEMOA com base nos valores de (i) produtividade potencial (dióxido de carbono, temperatura, radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, fotoperíodo e genótipo), (ii) produtividade atingível, com elevado uso de insumos e tecnologia e (iii) produtividade real. A classificação climática de acordo com ambos os autores caracterizou a maior parte do território formado pela UEMOA como árido e em relação ao zoneamento agrícola, tem-se que a região da UEMOA é altamente indicada para o cultivo de milho e de soja, contudo, os valores médios de produtividade real referentes a esses cultivos são inferiores aos valores da produtividade atingível, indicando que o principal problema na região é o baixo nível de adoção tecnológica. / The West African Economic and Monetary Union (also known as UEMOA from its name in french: Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine) is an organization of eight West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. The following study has as main objectives: (a) climate classification by Köppen e Thornthwaite; and (b) agricultural zoning for maize and soybean in the UEMOA region based on (i) potencial yield (carbon dioxide, temperature, photosyntheticaly active radiation, photoperiod and genotype), (ii) attainable yield, under high inputs and technological adoption and (iii) actual yield. Climate classification according to both authors characterized most of the territory formed by UEMOA as arid and regarding to agricultural zoning, UEMOA region is highly suitable for growing maize and soybeans, however, average values of actual yield in relation to these crops are lower than those of attainable yield, indicating that the main problem in this region is the low level of technological adoption.

A presente Tese apresenta uma reflexão acerca do papel do intelectual de Angola e da Guiné-Bissau diante da retomada da memória coletiva dos seus países. Ao discutir marcas do passado literário e cultural de seus países, procura definir perspectivas de afirmação histórica e política, através de atitudes individuais e dos movimentos culturais que impulsionaram a revolução da independência. Tornou-se necessária, nessa perspectiva, uma abordagem multidisciplinar, para caraterizar a figura do intelectual como construção literária do imaginário que, simultaneamente, constrói no fluxo da fruição textual, o caudal histórico da vitoriosa conquista revolucionária, tal como essa imagem aparece em dois escritores paradigmáticos das literaturas angolana e guineense: Pepetela e Filinto de Barros. Pepetela e Filinto de Barros, onde se associam o ficcionista e o cidadão, favorecem a discussão do papel do intelectual em seus países e das estratégias do discurso artístico de que se valeram, tendo como matéria histórica a luta de libertação nacional de seus países e as vicissitudes do período pós-independência. Nesse sentido, são problematizadas na tese o sentido da práxis literária desses escritores, diante desses dois momentos históricos, como também a relação que esta práxis estabelece com as sociedades africanas atuais, sempre pondo em relevo os jogos de representações do intelectual. / The present thesis introduces a reflection around the intellectual role of Angola and Guinea-Bissau before the collective memory recovery of these countries. When discussing marks from the literary and cultural past of these countries, it tries to define perspectives of historical and political affirmation, through individual attitudes and cultural movements that pushed the independence revolution. It has became necessary, under this perspective, a multi disciplinary approach in order to characterize the figure of the intellect as literary construction of the imaginary that, simultaneously, builds in the flow of the textual fruition the historic caudal of the victorious revolutionary achievement. As well as this image is present in two paradigmatic writers of the Angolan and Guinean literature: Pepetela and Filinto de Barros, where we find associated the fictionist and the citizen, they favor the discussion of the intellects role in their countries and of the artistic discourse strategies they took advantage from, having as historic subject the fight for national emancipation of their countries and the ups and downs of the after independence period. Therefore, in the thesis it is problematized the literary praxis sense of these writers, before these two historical moments, as well as the relation that this praxis establishes with the todays African societies, always emphasizing the intellects representation games.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fatima Cristina Leister.pdf: 7649157 bytes, checksum: 36c1cf1ad0ee28bfee66d7927867aae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-25 / In spite of the publication of Law 10.369 in 2003, which made the teaching of the history and culture of Africa and African Brazilians compulsory, there is still much to be done to reduce the defects in the national curriculum and offer better guidance for the study of the Africas and of Africans. There are still many avenues that need to be explored in order to fill the gaps that the colonial legacy has left. To this end, in order to broaden historical horizons and contribute to the historiographical debate already under way, the focus of the present work is directed at the area occupied by current Guinea-Bissau, especially during the period of the Imperial Colonial Portuguese Empire. This area has been almost totally neglected in Brazil, but the culture of Guinean people has been described in the annals of the Boletim Cultural da Guiné Portuguesa. This colonial periodical, published between 1946 and 1973 is now available online as the Projeto Memória de África e Oriente. Coordinated by the Fundação Portugal-Africa, the aim of this project is to collect, collate and digitalize documents at present scattered among the documentation centers of various Portuguese-speaking countries and make them available to researchers on the internet. The Boletim Cultural is a varied source made up of 110 editions published uninterruptedly three times a year. There are over 20,000 pages, whose main emphasis is on articles concerning ethnographics, which, although often seen from an undesirably European perspective, offer the opportunity to study these little-known cultures, which have been mostly handed down by oral tradition, and despite the cultural bias they display, these articles are nevertheless well worth reading. In fact, paradoxically, this alien perspective serves to highlight certain cultural features and the very characteristic language used in them expresses quite pointedly the colonial logic upon which political and scientific studies were based. In this way, this scientific knowledge, despite its subtexts, has enabled a dialog to take place with various actors who made their own history, despite this remaining restricted even until today, by others who sought to control it. Thus, despite being strongly influenced by scientific colonial attitudes, these studies published in the pages of Boletim Cultural, did allow the first approaches to be made to Guinea-Bissau and its constituent elements in the 20th century / Não obstante a promulgação da Lei 10.639, que desde 2003 tornou obrigatório o ensino de História, Cultura Africana e Afro-Brasileira, ainda há muito que avançar para minimizar deficiências curriculares nacionais e reorientar reflexões sobre as Áfricas e os africanos. Há, ainda, um vasto campo a ser explorado para preencher os vazios que a marca colonial legou. Nesse sentido, a fim de ampliar horizontes históricos e contribuir com debates historiográficos já formulados, o foco do presente trabalho dirige-se para a região da atual Guiné-Bissau, especialmente no período em que compunha o Império Colonial Português. Praticamente ausente da historiografia disponível no Brasil, as culturas de povos guineenses foram destacadas dos registros contidos no Boletim Cultural da Guiné Portuguesa. Esta revista colonial, publicada entre 1946 e 1973, encontra-se hoje disponibilizada através da página eletrônica do Projeto Memória de África e Oriente. Coordenado pela Fundação Portugal-África, este projeto tem como objetivos coletar, tratar, digitalizar documentos espalhados pelos centros de documentação de países lusófonos, disponibilizando-os aos pesquisadores através da internet. O Boletim Cultural é uma fonte variada composta por 110 edições publicadas quadrimestralmente de forma ininterrupta. São mais de 20 mil páginas, das quais foram priorizados os artigos de cunho etnográfico, os quais, embora permeados pelos filtros desqualificadores europeus, ofereceram a oportunidade de fazer contato com culturas pouco conhecidas, majoritariamente constituídas na tradição oral. A intermediação realizada pelos articulistas não inviabilizaram o processo. Ao contrário, através de seus estranhamentos, a diferença foi evidenciada e ganhou uma linguagem escrita publicada nas páginas da revista, que expressava, materialmente, a lógica colonial construída sob a interação entre política e ciência. Nessa medida, esse conhecimento científico proporcionou, apesar de intenções subjacentes, um canal de diálogo com vários atores que construíram histórias próprias, contudo encapsuladas, até hoje, por outras que lhes foram impostas. Assim, orientados pela política colonial científica , os trabalhos publicados nas páginas do Boletim Cultural permitiram as primeiras aproximações com a Guiné-Bissau e seus elementos constituintes de meados do século XX

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-14T18:16:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael João Dias.pdf: 1704235 bytes, checksum: e2df6e1cac0122c4bdbec9cad09f1e94 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T18:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael João Dias.pdf: 1704235 bytes, checksum: e2df6e1cac0122c4bdbec9cad09f1e94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-04 / Conselho Nacional de Procuradores-Gerais / The global economic transformations that have occurred in the last decades, especially in the post-Cold War, are fundamental to understand the dynamic and expanding phenomenon that comprehend the formation of regional economic blocs as strategic alternatives to develop country areas. The challenge of globalization has forced African countries to look for integration as a viable path to sustain the development zone process. The African continent shows fragile and vulnerable aspects that aggravate several challenges such as logistical infrastructure, network transport system and the persistent situation of poverty and misery, resultant of a long colonial period, political failures occurred during the post-independence period and imperialists polices. This research analyzes the state of regional integration, focusing on the commercial, economic and financial policies in regional schemes, especially on the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). The economic and monetary integration offers advantages in terms of monetary stability, growth, competitiveness, financial markets development and stronger participation in the global economic scenario. The integration can benefits the financial and commercial market, although it needs a minimum level of regional regulatory activities to define and naturally promote the intended development. The member States must organize and implement the regional activities. Particularly, the integration process is being important for the African development, however the distribution of benefits is unequal / As transformações econômicas mundiais ocorridas nas ultimas décadas, sobretudo no pós-guerra fria, são fundamentais para entender as dinâmicas e expansão do fenômeno da formação de blocos econômicos regionais como ferramentas estratégicas para os países em desenvolvimento. O desafio da globalização imposta aos países africanos impusera a necessidade da integração como alternativa viável para sustentar o processo de desenvolvimento da região. O continente Africano mostra aspectos frágeis e vulneráveis que agravam a vários desafios, tais como infraestrutura logística, sistema de rede de transporte e à situação persistente de pobreza e miséria, resultante de um longo período colonial, à qual se soma erros políticos cometidos no período pós-independência e as políticas exercidas pelos imperialistas. Este trabalho analisa o estado da integração regional no que diz respeito às relações comerciais, políticas econômicas e financeiras em regimes regionais, principalmente, União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA). No decorrer da pesquisa constatamos que, em especial, a integração econômica e monetária regional oferece vantagens em termos de estabilidade monetária, o crescimento, a competitividade, o aprofundamento dos mercados financeiros e maior participação na economia global. Apesar dos benefícios que a integração pode trazer ao comercio e as finanças são necessárias um nível mínimo de atividades regulatórias para definir e naturalmente, promover o desenvolvimento almejado. Os Estados Membros necessitam organizar e implementar as atividades regionais. Particularmente, embora o processo de integração esteja sendo importantes para o desenvolvimento dos países membros, as distribuições dos benefícios são desiguais

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4621.pdf: 10468707 bytes, checksum: c38c3ca9cf60dac2e6bad351d4f51f79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-11 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The study describes and analyzes sociologically, from a qualitative approach, the social representations of the people of the island of Formosa Bijagó about possible threats related to climate change, its consequences in terms of the form of territorial occupation and way of life characteristic of that group. For this, we adopted the following methodological procedures: a) A review of the state of the art about the concepts of vulnerability related to climate change, the increasing vulnerability, risk and social representations, b) documentary research and fieldwork. For Bijagó the natural and the social are inextricably linked, to the extent that a crisis in the social system would have negative effects on natural sistem. Thus, the adverse changes that are occurring in nature around them, would be signs of displeasure from their ancestors about the differences and crises with the community, which are in power to control and manipulate the events of nature. / A pesquisa descreve e analisa sociologicamente, a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, as representações sociais do povo Bijagó da ilha de Formosa acerca das possíveis ameaças relacionadas às mudanças do clima, seus desdobramentos em relação ao lugar, isto é, em termos da forma de ocupação territorial e correspondente modo de vida característico do referido grupo. Para isso, foram adotados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: a) uma revisão do estado da arte acerca dos conceitos de vulnerabilidade relacionados às mudanças climáticas, à vulnerabilização, ao risco e às representações sociais; b) uma pesquisa documental e o trabalho de campo. Para os Bijagó o meio natural e o meio social são indissociáveis, na medida em que uma crise no sistema social teria reflexos negativos no sistem natural. Conclui identificando que, nas representações dos Bijagó, as mudanças adversas que vêm ocorrendo no meio natural, seriam sinais de desagrado de seus ancestrais com relação as divergências e crises dentro da comunidade, sendo estes os detentores do poder de controlar e manipular os eventos da natureza.