Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

No description available.

Réalisé en majeure partie sous la tutelle de feu le Professeur Paul Arminjon. Après sa disparition, le Docteur Aziz Madrane a pris la relève de la direction de mes travaux. / Après un bref rappel sur les équations hyperboliques et les méthodes numériques classiques qui serviront pour les calculs de base dans nos simulations (MCS -- Main Computation Scheme), nous revenons sur le principe de compression artificielle de A. Harten, et la construction de la méthode de compression artificielle (ACM -- Artificial Compression Method). Nous insistons dans cette partie sur la nécessité d'associer l'ACM à un détecteur de discontinuité (DoD -- Detector of Discontinuities). Le triplet MCS/DoD/ACM ainsi formé peut être optimisé module par module. Nous proposons ensuite plusieurs extensions de l'ACM à différents degrés et différents ordres, jusqu'à l'ACM(2,2). Nous formulons aussi une méthodologie de construction de ces extensions, notées ACM(d,r), pour un degré d et un ordre r. Ces extensions sont moins sensibles aux discontinuités des dérivées d'une solution continue et elles perturbent moins les calculs menés par le MCS hors des discontinuités. Ceci les rend plus modulaires et utilisables sur une plus grande variété de problèmes, même avec un DoD moins fiable. Puis, nous passons à l'extension bidimensionnelle de l'ACM(1,1). D'abord pour des maillages cartésien, nous explorons une approche utilisant la séparation en espace, et une autre utilisant une méthode amont classique, appelée DCU (Donor-Cell Upwind). Nous proposons aussi une approche originale, spécialement construite pour l'ACM, que nous qualifions de directionnelle. Les deux dernières approches (DCU et directionnelle) sont ensuite reprises pour un maillage triangulaire non-structuré, ou plus exactement sur les deux maillages duaux de Voronoï (cellules barycentriques et cellules en diamant) issus d'un maillage en triangles, avec pour MCS le schéma d'Arminjon-Viallon-Madrane. Enfin, nous abordons le problème de la détection des discontinuités et proposons un DoD basé sur une propriété physique des chocs: la production d'entropie. Les raisonnements mis en place dans cette partie font intervenir deux maillages complémentaires, pouvant être traités par deux unités de calcul différentes, tirant ainsi pleinement parti des nouvelles technologies de processeurs multi-coeurs. Cet outil est construit pour les maillages unidimensionnels ainsi que bidimensionnels cartésiens et triangulaires non-structurés. / After a short review about hyperbolic equations and the classical numerical methods that will be used as a basis for computations in our simulations (we call them MCS -- Main Computation Scheme), we come back to the principle of artificial compression, as defined by A. Harten, and the construction of the Artificial Compression Method (ACM). In this part, we insist on the necessity to associate the ACM with a Detector of Discontinuities (DoD). The trio MCS/DoD/ACM thus formed may be optimised one module at a time. Then we propose some extensions of ACM up to different degrees and different orders, ending with ACM(2,2). We also formulate a way to build these extensions, noted ACM(d,r), up to a degree d and an order r. These extensions are less sensitive to discontinuities in the derivatives of a continuous solution and they less perturbate the computations performed by the MCS outside of discontinuities. This makes them more modular and usable with a wider variety of problems, even with a less reliable DoD. We follow up with the extension in two space dimensions of the ACM(1,1). First for cartesian grids, we explore an approach using space-splitting, and another using the classical Donor-Cell Upwind scheme (DCU). We also propose an original approach, specially designed for the ACM, that we call directional. These two last approaches (DCU and directional) are then applied to triangular unstructured grids, and more precisely to the two dual Voronoï meshes (barycentric cells and diamond cells) built from the triangular elements, together with the Arminjon-Viallon-Madrane extension of the Nessyahu-Tadmor scheme as MCS. Last but not least, we turn our attention to the problem of detecting discontinuities, and propose a DoD based on a physical property of shocks: the entropy production. The ideas developped in this part imply the use of two complementary meshes, that can be treated independently by two computing units, thus taking full advantage of the new technology of multi-core processors. This tool is made available for one-dimensional meshes, as for two-dimensional cartesian and unstructured triangular grids.

In this dissertation, the evolution of a pressure wave driven by a harmonic signal on the boundary during gas combustion is studied. The problem is modeled by a nonlinear, hyperbolic partial differential equation. Steady-state behavior is investigated using the perturbation method to ensure that enough time has passed for any transient effects to have dissipated. The zeroth, first and second-order perturbation solutions are obtained and their moduli are plotted against frequency. It is seen that the first and second-order corrections have unique maxima that shift to the right as the frequency decreases and to the left as the frequency increases. Dispersion relations are determined and their limiting behavior investigated in the low and high frequency regimes. It is seen that for low frequencies, the medium assumes a diffusive-like nature. However, for high frequencies the medium behaves similarly to one exhibiting relaxation. The phase speed is determined and its limiting behavior examined. For low frequencies, the phase speed is approximately equal to sqrt[ω/(n+1)] and for high frequencies, it behaves as 1/(n+1), where n is the mode number. Additionally, a maximum allowable value of the perturbation parameter, ε = 0.8, is determined that ensures boundedness of the solution. The location of the peak of the first-order correction, xmax, as a function of frequency is determined and is seen to approach the limiting value of 0.828/sqrt(ω) as the frequency tends to zero and the constant value of 2 ln 2 as the frequency tends to infinity. Analytic expressions are obtained for the approximate general perturbation solution in the low and high-frequency regimes and are plotted together with the perturbation solution in the corresponding frequency regimes, where the agreement is seen to be excellent. Finally, the solution obtained from the perturbation method is compared with the long-time solution obtained by the finite-difference scheme; again, ensuring that the transient effects have dissipated. Since the finite-difference scheme requires a right boundary, its location is chosen so that the wave dissipates in amplitude enough so that any reflections from the boundary will be negligible. The perturbation solution and the finite-difference solution are found to be in excellent agreement. Thus, the validity of the perturbation method is established.

The thesis presents a formal model of intertemporal decision problem of working on a task for distant reward which depends on the number of periods the subject actually spends working, where the subject faces varying opportunity costs of working each period before the deadline. Three psychologically plausible causes of procrastination are incorporated into the model as transformations of the decision problem. In order to assess a hypothesis that procrastination is an evolved and stable habit, the third transformation renders the model dynamic in that past decisions and circumstances affect the present. The model is first explored via qualitative analysis and simulations are performed to further reveal its functionality.

Este trabalho trata das medidas de máxima entropia para certos difeomorfismos em nilvariedades. Considere um difeomorfismo parcialmente hiperbólico f definido em T3, dinamicamente coerente com folheação central compacta. Suponha ainda que a aplicação induzida por f no espaço das folhas centrais é um homeomorfismo de Anosov transitivo em T2. Mostramos que o conjunto das medidas ergódicas hiperbólicas de máxima entropia é enumerável. Usando o princípio de invariância, mostramos que se o primeiro retorno de f à alguma folha periódica tem número de rotação irracional, então, f tem no máximo duas medidas ergódicas de máxima entropia e ter apenas uma medida de máxima entropia equivale a ser extensão de rotação. Se a aplicação de primeiro retorno à alguma folha central periódica é Morse-Smale, então existe um su-toro periódico, ou temos uma cota superior para o número de medidas ergódicas de máxima entropia que depende do número de atratores da dinâmica nessa folha. Além disso, estudamos a topologia da bacia das medidas ergódicas de máxima entropia para uma outra classe de difeomorfismos especiais que são genéricos no espaço dos difeomorfismos absolutamente parcialmente hiperbólicos e denotada por SPH1(M). / This work is about maximal entropy measures for certain diffeomorphisms on nilmanifolds. Consider a partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism f on T3 , C2 , dinamically coherent with compact center foliation which is a circle bundle. Assume that the map induced by f on the space of center leaves is a transitive Anosov homeomorphism. We show that the set of hyperbolic ergodic maximal entropy measures of f is countable. Using the invariance principle, we show that if the first return map to some periodic leaf has irrational rotation number then f has at most two ergodic maximal entropy measures and, in this case, if f has only one maximal entropy measure then f is a rotation extension. If the first return map to some periodic leaf is Morse-Smale then either there exists some periodic su-torus or an upper bound for the number of ergodic maximal entropy measure depending on the number of the attractors of the dynamics in this leaf. Moreover, we study the topology of basin of ergodic maximal entropy measures of another set of special diffeomorphisms that are generic in the space of absolutely partially hyperbolic systems and denoted by SPH1(M).

Nesta dissertação, definimos a geometria hiperbólica usando o disco de Poincaré (D2) e o semiplano superior (H2) com as respectivas propriedades. Além disso, apresentamos algumas funções e relações importantes da geometria hiperbólica; conceituamos as superfícies de Riemann, analisando suas propriedades e representações; estudamos o espaço de Teichmüller com a devida decomposição em calças. Esses temas são ferramentas necessárias para atingir o objetivo da dissertação: definir as coordenadas de Fenchel Nielsen como um sistema de coordenadas locais do espaço de Teichmüller Tg. / In this dissertation, we defined the hyperbolic geometry using the Poincares disk (D2) and upper half-plane (H2) with its properties. Besides, we presented some functions and important relations of the hyperbolic geometry; we conceptualize the Riemann surfaces, analyzing its properties and representations; we studied the Teichmüller Space with proper decomposition pants. These themes are essential tools to reach the goal of the work: The definition of the Fenchel Nielsen coordenates as local coordinate system of the Teichmüller space Tg.

Neste trabalho nós estudamos os expoentes de Lyapunov de aplicações f : Td → Td homotópicas a uma aplicação Anosov linear e a continuidade absoluta de folheações. Nós mostramos para algumas classes de homotopia de aplicações que a soma dos expoentes de Lyapunov está limitado pela soma dos expoentes de Lyapunov da aplicação Anosov linear. Além disso, admitindo uma propriedade conhecida como densidade uniformemente limitada (UBD) nas folheações, mostramos uma igualdade entre a soma dos expoentes de Lyapunov de f e do Anosov linear. Também construímos um conjunto C1 aberto de difeomorfismos parcialmente hiperbólicos do toro T4, preservando volume, com folheação central bidimensional não compacta e não absolutamente contínua. Ainda construímos um exemplo parcialmente hiperbólico com folhas centrais bidimensionais, não compactas onde a desintegração do volume ao longo da folheação central não é nem Lebesgue nem atômica. / In this work we study the Lyapunov exponents of maps f : Td → Td homotopic to a linear Anosov map. We proof for some homotopic classes of maps which the sum of Lyapunov exponents is bounded by the sum of the Lyapunov exponents of the linear Anosov map. Moreover, by assuming a property known as uniformly bounded density (UBD) in the foliations, we show an equality between the sum of the Lyapunov exponents of f and the linear Anosov. We also construct an C1 open set of volume preserving partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms with non compact two dimensional center foliation and non absolutely continuous. We still build an example of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphism with non compact bidimensional center leaves where the disintegration of volume along the center foliation is neither Lebesgue nor atomic.

In dieser Arbeit wird eine detaillierte Analysis des konsistenten kinetischen Modells zum Kornwachstum von Fradkov durchgeführt. Dieses Modell beschreibt - basierend auf dem von Neumann--Mullins Gesetz - die Flächenänderung eines Korns abhängig von seiner Topologieklasse, d.h. der Anzahl der Kanten. Topologieänderungen werden durch Kopplungsterme zwischen den Gleichungen für die Anzahldichten der verschiedenen Topologieklassen beschrieben. Daraus resultiert ein unendlich-dimensionales System von Transportgleichungen mit tridiagonaler Kopplungsstruktur. Durch eine spezielle Wahl des Kopplungsgewichts, welche die Gleichungen nichtlinear und räumlich nichtlokal macht, wird das Modell konsistent. Nach einer Einführung wird das Modell von Fradkov im zweiten Kapitel hergeleitet; formale Rechnungen zeigen die Konsistenz des Modells auf. Im dritten Kapitel wird das Kopplungsgewicht a priori beschränkt. Dadurch kann im ersten Teil des vierten Kapitels Existenz und Eindeutigkeit von Lösungen für endlich-dimensionale Systeme gezeigt werden. Weitere Schranken an die Anzahldichten im fünften Kapitel ermöglichen den Grenzübergang hinsichtlich der Anzahl der Gleichungen im zweiten Teil des vierten Kapitels. Die Existenz von Lösungen des unendlich-dimensionalen Systems wird somit über eine geeignete Approximation gezeigt. Energiemethoden liefern Eindeutigkeit und stetige Abhängigkeit von den Daten. Im sechsten Kapitel wird das Langzeitverhalten untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf stationären Lösungen eines reskalierten Systems als Kandidaten für selbstähnliche Lösungen. Abschließend wird das Lewis''sche Gesetz asymptotisch verifiziert. / The subject matter of this thesis is a detailed analysis of the self--consistent kinetic model for grain growth introduced by Fradkov. The model is based on the von Neumann--Mullins law describing the change of area of grains according to their topological class, i.e. the number of edges they have. Topological events are performed by coupling terms between equations for the number densities of different topological classes. The resulting system of transport equations is infinite-dimensional with a tridiagonal coupling structure. Self-consistency of this kinetic model is achieved by introducing a coupling''s weight making the equations nonlinear and nonlocal in space. We start with an introduction in the first chapter. Afterwards in the second chapter we derive Fradkov''s model and carry out formal calculations to illustrate self-consistency. In the third chapter we present a priori calculations mainly allowing us to bound the nonlinearity. This enables us to prove existence and uniqueness of solutions to finite-dimensional systems in the first part of the fourth chapter. Further bounds on the number densities established in the fifth chapter allow for passing to the limit concerning the number of equations in the second part of the fourth chapter. Therefore we prove existence of solutions to the infinite-dimensional system by a suitable approximation procedure. Uniqueness and continuous dependence on the data is then provided by energy methods. The sixth chapter focusses on long-time behaviour and mainly on stationary solutions of a rescaled system as candidates for self-similar solutions. Finally we prove Lewis'' law asymptotically.

La surface de Bolza est la surface hyperbolique orientable compacte la plus symétrique de genre 2. Pour tout genre supérieur à 2, il existe une surface orientable compacte construite de manière similaire à la surface de Bolza et ayant le même type de symétries. Nous appelons ces surfaces des surfaces hyperboliques symétriques. Cette thèse porte sur le calcul des triangulations de Delaunay (TD) de surfaces hyperboliques symétriques. Les TD de surfaces compactes peuvent être considérées comme des TD périodiques de leur revêtement universel (dans notre cas, le plan hyperbolique). Une TD est pour nous un complexe simplicial. Cependant, les ensembles de points ne définissent pas tous une décomposition simpliciale d'une surface hyperbolique symétrique. Dans la littérature, un algorithme a été proposé pour traiter ce problème avec l'utilisation de points factices : initialement une TD de la surface est construite avec un ensemble de points connu, puis des points d'entrée sont insérés avec le célèbre algorithme incrémental de Bowyer, et enfin les points factices sont supprimés, si la triangulation reste toujours un complexe simplicial. Pour la surface de Bolza, les points factices sont spécifiés. L'algorithme existant calcule une DT de la surface de Bolza comme une DT périodique du plan hyperbolique, ce qui nécessite de travailler dans un sous-ensemble approprié du plan hyperbolique. Nous étudions les propriétés des TD de la surface de Bolza définies par des ensembles de points contenants l'ensemble proposé de points factices, et nous décrivons en détail une implémentation de l'algorithme incrémentiel pour cette surface. Nous commençons par définir un représentant canonique unique qui est contenu dans un sous-ensemble borné du plan hyperbolique pour chaque face d'une TD de la surface. Nous donnons une structure de données pour représenter une TD de la surface de Bolza via les représentants canoniques de ses faces. Nous détaillons les étapes de la construction d'une telle triangulation et les opérations supplémentaires qui permettent de localiser les points et de retirer des sommets. Nous présentons également les résultats sur le degré algébrique des prédicats nécessaires pour toutes les opérations. Nous fournissons une implémentation entièrement dynamique pour la surface de Bolza, en offrant l'insertion de nouveaux points, la suppression des sommets existants, la localisation des points, et la construction d'objets duaux. Notre implémentation est basée sur la bibliothèque CGAL (Computational Geometry Algorithms Library), et est actuellement en cours de révision pour être intégrée dans la bibliothèque. L'intégration de notre code dans CGAL nécessite que tous les objets que nous introduisons soient compatibles avec le cadre existant et conformes aux standards adoptés par la bibliothèque. Nous donnons une description détaillée des classes utilisées pour représenter et traiter les triangulations hyperboliques périodiques et les objets associés. Des analyses comparatives et des tests sont effectués pour évaluer notre implémentation, et une application simple est donnée sous la forme d'une démonstration CGAL. Nous discutons une extension de notre implémentation à des surfaces hyperboliques symétriques de genre supérieur à 2. Nous proposons trois méthodes pour engendrer des ensembles de points factices pour chaque surface et présentons les avantages et les inconvénients de chaque méthode. Nous définissons un représentant canonique contenu dans un sous-ensemble borné du plan hyperbolique pour chaque face d'une TD de la surface. Nous décrivons une structure de données pour représenter une telle triangulation via les représentants canoniques de ses faces, et donnons des algorithmes pour l'initialisation de la triangulation. Enfin, nous discutons une implémentation préliminaire dans laquelle nous examinons les difficultés d'avoir des prédicats exacts efficaces pour la construction de TD de surfaces hyperboliques symétriques / The Bolza surface is the most symmetric compact orientable hyperbolic surface of genus 2. For any genus higher than 2, there exists one compact orientable surface constructed in a similar way as the Bolza surface having the same kind of symmetry. We refer to this family of surfaces as symmetric hyperbolic surfaces. This thesis deals with the computation of Delaunay triangulations of symmetric hyperbolic surfaces. Delaunay triangulations of compact surfaces can be seen as periodic Delaunay triangulations of their universal cover (in our case, the hyperbolic plane). A Delaunay triangulation is for us a simplicial complex. However, not all sets of points define a simplicial decomposition of a symmetric hyperbolic surface. In the literature, an algorithm has been proposed to deal with this issue by using so-called dummy points: initially a triangulation of the surface is constructed with a set of dummy points that defines a Delaunay triangulation of the surface, then input points are inserted with the well-known incremental algorithm by Bowyer, and finally the dummy points are removed, if the triangulation remains a simplicial complex after their removal. For the Bolza surface, the set of dummy points to initialize the triangulation is given. The existing algorithm computes a triangulation of the Bolza surface as a periodic triangulation of the hyperbolic plane and requires to identify a suitable subset of the hyperbolic plane in which to work. We study the properties of Delaunay triangulations of the Bolza surface defined by sets of points containing the proposed set of dummy points, and we describe in detail an implementation of the incremental algorithm for it. We begin by identifying a subset of the hyperbolic plane that contains at least one representative for each face of a Delaunay triangulation of the surface, which enables us to define a unique canonical representative in the hyperbolic plane for each face on the surface. We give a data structure to represent a Delaunay triangulation of the Bolza surface via the canonical representatives of its faces in the hyperbolic plane. We detail the construction of such a triangulation and additional operations that enable the location of points and the removal of vertices. We also report results on the algebraic degree of predicates needed for all operations. We provide a fully dynamic implementation for the Bolza surface, supporting insertion of new points, removal of existing vertices, point location, and construction of dual objects. Our implementation is based on CGAL, the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library, and is currently under revision for integration in the library. To incorporate our code into CGAL, all the objects that we introduce must be compatible with the existing framework and comply with the standards adopted by the library. We give a detailed description of the classes used to represent and handle periodic hyperbolic triangulations and related objects. Benchmarks and tests are performed to evaluate our implementation, and a simple application is given in the form of a CGAL demo. We discuss an extension of our implementation to symmetric hyperbolic surfaces of genus higher than 2. We propose three methods to generate sets of dummy points for each surface and present the advantages and shortcomings of each method. We identify a suitable subset of the hyperbolic plane that contains at least one representative for each face of a Delaunay triangulation of the surface, and we define a canonical representative in the hyperbolic plane for each face on the surface. We describe a data structure to represent such a triangulation via the canonical representatives of its faces, and give algorithms for the initialization of the triangulation with dummy points. Finally, we discuss a preliminary implementation in which we examine the difficulties of having efficient exact predicates for the construction of Delaunay triangulations of symmetric hyperbolic surfaces