Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact conjoint du creusement des inégalités de revenus et des effets de démonstration sur la demande de consommation. Tout particulièrement, ce travail s’attache à définir dans quelles mesures les inégalités de revenus engendrent- elles une demande de luxe et participent-Elles à la dynamique d’innovation. L’analyse s’inscrit dans le cadre des préférences non- homothétiques et traite des aspects sociologiques de l’acte de consommation. L’étude de la littérature macroéconomique sur les inégalités de revenu et la consommation de luxe, constitue le chapitre premier de la thèse. Elle permet de constater que ce champs d’analyse se heurte à l’absence d’une définition communément admise et précise de ce qu’est un bien de luxe. Ce chapitre met en avant l’intérêt d’analyser l’effet du désir de distinction social au sein d’un modèle dans lequel les biens répondant au désir de prestige ont non seulement une fonction sociale, mais aussi une utilité intrinsèque et puissent être le résultat d’une innovation technologique. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la notion de désirs et ses conséquences sur la demande, il propose, notamment, un mécanisme explicatif de l’émergence les désirs et de leur développement dans le temps. Il apporte également une représentation formelle de la croissance des normes de consommation dans un contexte social et montre dans quelle mesure la croissance des désirs participe au changement technologique via les demandes individuels de consommation. Ce chapitre apporte le socle théorique sur lequel est construit un modèle dynamique, proposé dans le troisième chapitre et dans lequel l’incitation à innover provient de la demande de consommation. / This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the joint impact of increasing income inequality and demonstration effects on consumer demand. In particular, it attempts to define to what extent income inequality generates luxury consumption and participates in innovation dy- namics. The analysis is part of non-Homothetic preferences framework and discusses sociological aspects of consumer behaviour. The first chapter reviews the macroeconomic literature on income inequality and luxury consumption. It shows that the analysis of luxury from demand point of view comes up against the absence of a commonly accepted and precise definition of luxury goods. The chapter puts forward the interest to analyze the effect of the desire of social distinction within a model in which goods an- swering the want for prestige have, not only a social function, but also an intrinsic utility and can be the product of a technological innovation. The second chapter examines the notion of wants and its consequences on demand. It establishes the mechanism by which wants appear and develop in time. It brings a formal representation of the growth of consumption standards in a so- cial context and shows to what extent the growth of wants participates in the dynamics of technical change through individual consumption demand. This chapter provides a theoretical framework on which is built a dynamical model, exposed in the third chapter, in which the incentive to innovate comes from the consumer demand. Using agent-Based modeling, this chapter explores the relation between conspicuous consumption and product innovation under various states of income inequality and different social influences.

O propósito da presente pesquisa é apresentar uma reconstrução dos elementos da história do Programa Avizinhar (1998 2007), sua origem, suas transformações e as circunstâncias de seu fim, e verificar a percepção dos atuais moradores da Favela São Remo, contígua ao câmpus Butantã da Universidade de São Paulo, os quais foram o público alvo deste projeto, a respeito das relações que se estabelecem entre a São Remo e o espaço universitário uspiano, compreendendo a variedade de olhares que lançam sobre essas interações a partir de suas memórias sobre os contextos que originaram o Avizinhar e outros elementos presentes nessa relação. Na primeira parte, foram analisados documentos diversos do Programa Avizinhar, como relatórios anuais oficiais do Programa; ofícios; cartas; e-mails; diários de campo dos educadores e estagiários; ocorrências internas da Guarda da Universidade de São Paulo (USP); entre outros, e realizadas entrevistas com profissionais da CECAE (Coordenadoria Executiva de Cooperação Universitária de Atividades Especiais) e do Avizinhar que ajudaram na interpretação dos dados obtidos nos documentos. Na segunda parte, foram realizadas entrevistas com moradores da São Remo, ex-participantes do Programa. Estas tiveram como objetivo, a partir das memórias desses participantes, compreender: sua perspectiva acerca dos sentidos de sua participação no Avizinhar, quais as relações que eles tinham com a Cidade Universitária antes e durante a participação, o que pensam sobre a forma como se estabelecem as relações entre a USP e a São Remo e que percepção eles têm de fatores que os aproximam e que os distanciam da USP enquanto universidade. Foi verificado que o Avizinhar pode ser compreendido em dois níveis, um do ponto de vista institucional e outro na perspectiva dos funcionários, ou seja, apesar dos inúmeros conflitos existentes em torno desta iniciativa no interior da universidade, a equipe que esteve envolvida com o seu desenvolvimento forjou uma maneira inovadora de relação estabelecida entre a USP e a favela vizinha ao câmpus. As entrevistas com os participantes trazem suas memórias sobre o Avizinhar, que destacam a importância da sociabilidade no Programa, revelam que o câmpus era entendido e frequentado principalmente como um espaço da lazer, no entanto eles eram recebidos de forma hostil pela guarda universitária. Ainda a partir das memórias dos jovens, foi possível identificar marcas que as interações entre a USP e a São Remo deixaram no território, bem como verificar a complexa percepção dos participantes com relação à USP, que é ao mesmo tempo ameaça e aliada e que se encontra perto mas ainda inacessível. / The proposal of this research is to present a reconstruction of the historical elements of the Avizinhar Program (1998-2007), its origin, its transformations and the circumstances of its ending, as well as to verify the perception of the current residents of São Remo Favela, adjacent to the Butantã campus of São Paulo University, who were the target public of this project, in relation to the relationships established between São Remo and the USP university space, taking into account the variety of views cast on these interactions through memories of contexts which gave origin to Avizinhar and other elements present in the relationship. In the first part, a wide range of documents were analysed, such as official annual reports of the program; official documents; letters; emails; the on-site diaries of the educators and internees; the São Paulo University (USP) Security guards internal occurrences; among others, and interviews were carried out with professionals from CECAE (Executive Coordination of University Cooperation of Special Activities) as well as those from Avizinhar, who helped with the interpretation of the data obtained through these documents. In the second part, interviews were carried out with the residents of São Remo, ex-participants of the program. The objective was to comprehend, through the memories of the participants: their perspective in relation to the meaning of their participation in Avizinhar, the kind of relationships they had with the University Campus before and during their participation, what they think about the way relations are established between the USP and São Remo and the perception they have of factors which bring them closer or distance them from the USP as a university. It was verified that Avizinhar can be comprehended on two levels: one from an institutional perspective, and the other from the perspective of the employees; through the numerous conflicts which take place surrounding this initiative, within the university; and the team which was involved with its development established an innovative way of building a relationship between the USP and the neighbouring favela to the campus. The interviews with the participants show their memories about Avizinhar, and bring to light the importance of society in the program, revealing that the campus was understood and frequented primarily as a leisure space; meanwhile they were received with hostility by the university security guards. Through the memories of the young people, it was possible to identify markers that the interactions between the USP and São Remo left on the territory, as well as to verify the complex perception of the participants in relation to the USP, which is at once a threat and an ally, and which although located nearby, is still inaccessible.

Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde indica que a prevalência do déficit de altura tem diminuído no planeta nas últimas décadas, pouco se sabe ainda sobre os fatores associados a este declínio ou sua associação com a desigualdade social. Objetivo: Descrever a evolução do déficit de altura e da desigualdade socioeconômica em diferentes regiões do mundo. Métodos: A pesquisa foi baseada em dados secundários provenientes do programa Demografic Health Surveys DHS de 6 sub-regiões do mundo representando 24 países em um total de 48 pesquisas na década de 90 e na primeira década do século 21 com 377.151 crianças menores de 5 anos. Foi considerada como variável de interesse o Déficit de altura para idade considerado como a ocorrência deste índice inferior a -2 escore Z da distribuição de referência WHO-2006. Foram imputados através de modelo de regressão os valores faltantes das variáveis água para beber, esgoto sanitário e escolaridade materna. Foi estimado o Índice de Concentração para as variáveis déficit de altura, educação materna deficiente, água para beber insegura, esgoto domiciliar deficiente e ocorrência de doenças, tendo como variável de ranqueamento o Índice de Riqueza. Dados do poder de paridade de compra fornecidos pelo Banco Mundial foram utilizados para verificar as diferenças na evolução da desnutrição. Resultados: Nessa análise acerca da evolução da desigualdade socioeconômica do déficit de altura para idade em países em desenvolvimento constatou-se que: a) a prevalência do déficit de altura para idade decresceu em 87 por cento dos países; b) apenas 8 países (33 por cento ) aumentaram a diferença entre prevalência do déficit de altura nos quintos extremos c) quatorze países (58 por cento ) evoluíram com diminuição do déficit de altura e aumento do índice de concentração; d) Dois países que diminuíram a o déficit de altura e a desigualdade tinham os menores valores de escolaridade materna deficiente; e) 13 países (93 por cento ) daqueles que diminuíram déficit mas aumentaram a desigualdade possuíam indicadores de vulnerabilidade infantil deficientes. Conclusões: Os países em desenvolvimento apresentam redução no déficit de altura em crianças menores de 5 anos. A diminuição da desigualdade na riqueza e na escolaridade materna deficiente explicaram maior parte da melhoria da desigualdade do déficit de altura para idade. / Introduction: The World Health Organization indicates that the prevalence of stunting has decreased in recent decades on the planet, little is known about the factors associated with this decline or its association with social inequality. Objective: Describe the evolution of the high deficit and inequality in different parts of the world. Methods: The study was based on secondary data from Program \"demografic Health Statics - DHS\" 6 sub-regions of the world representing 26 countries in a total of 52 surveys in the 90s and the first decade of the 21st century with 377,151 children under 5 years. Was considered as the variable of interest \"deficit height / age\" considered as the occurrence of this index below -2 SCOREZ WHO-2006 reference distribution. Were imputed using regression model the missing values of variables to drink water, sanitary sewer and maternal education. It has been estimated the concentration index for the variables height deficit, poor maternal education, water to drink unsafe, poor household sewage and disease occurrence, with the ranking of the variable Wealth Index. Data parity purchasing power provided by the World Bank were used to verify the differences in the evolution of malnutrition. Results: In this analysis about the evolution of socioeconomic inequality of age for height deficit in developing countries it was found that: a) the prevalence of height for age decreased in 87 per cent of countries; b) only 8 countries (33 per cent ) increased the difference between prevalence of height deficit at the extremes the 5th c) fourteen countries (58 per cent ) evolved with decreased high deficit and increased concentration index; d) Two countries which decreased the deficit in height and inequality had the lowest values of poor maternal education; e) 13 countries (93 per cent ) of those who fell deficit but increased inequality had disabled child vulnerability indicators. Conclusions: Developing countries have reduced the height deficit in children under 5 years. The reduction of inequality in wealth and poor maternal education explained most of the improvement in inequality of age for height deficit.

Ao nos referirmos às alterações que acontecem no espaço das grandes cidades, as que concernem ao sistema de transportes são emblemáticas. Com o surgimento das regiões metropolitanas, em que a concentração da produção e da população tornou-se uma realidade, a necessidade de deslocamento entre residência e trabalho transformou-se em um fator determinante da qualidade de vida e ambiental para grandes parcelas populacionais. Nesta dissertação procuramos observar que os parâmetros que condicionam as relações sociais são os mesmos que condicionam a construção do espaço de trocas e convivência de uma sociedade; assim, quanto mais igualitária a sociedade, mais generalizado o acesso aos equipamentos e serviços, e, portanto, às infra-estruturas que possibilitam o deslocamento até eles. Observando a história da cidade de São Paulo pudemos inferir características importantes da sociedade em que nos encontramos. Com base nelas, elaboramos um estudo de caso em que avaliamos as intervenções ora realizadas no Largo da Batata que, no momento, é um ambiente da cidade que evidencia essas características sociais. / When we refer to the transformations that occur in the urban space of big cities, the ones regarding the transport system are emblematic. With the rise of metropolitan regions - in which concentrated production and population have become a reality - the need for dislocation between house and work has turned into a determinant factor regarding quality of life and environment for great portions of the population. In this dissertation we sought to observe that the parameters which determine social relations are the same that determine the exchange and interaction space in a society; thus, the more equalitarian a society, the broader will be the access to the facilities and services and, therefore, to the infrastructures that allow dislocation to them. By observing the history of São Paulo, we could infer important characteristics from the society in which we live. Based on them, we elaborated a case study in which we evaluated the interventions being carried out in Largo da Batata, a location in the city that currently points out these social aspects.

Preschool attendance is widely recognized as a key ingredient for later socioeconomic success, mothers' labor market participation, and leveling the playing field for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, the empirical evidence for these claims is still relatively scarce, particularly in Europe. Using data from the 2011 Austrian European Union Statistics of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we contribute to this literature by studying the effects of having attended preschool for the adult Austrian population. We find strong and positive effects of preschool attendance on later educational attainment, the probability of working full time, hourly wages, and the probability that the mother is in the labor market. Full time workers at the bottom and the top of the distribution benefit less than those in the middle. Women in particular benefit more in terms of years of schooling and the probability of working full time. Other disadvantaged groups (second generation migrants; people with less educated parents) also often benefit more in terms of education and work.

This thesis examines inequality of educational opportunities (IEO) in the transition to higher education. IEO measures the difference in higher education entry rates across social groups. The theoretical framework lays on Boudon's decomposition of IEO into primary and secondary effects of stratification. Furthermore, the theoretical propositions of Maximally Maintained Inequality (MMI) and Effectively Maintained Inequality (EMI) were also assessed to gain further understanding of IEO. The longitudinal data for the empirical analysis was created for a student cohort by linking administrative records of Chile's national student register, standardised tests and higher education enrolment. The student cohort was followed through the 12-years of compulsory education up to the transition to higher education, a year after completing secondary education. The results from the empirical analysis showed that secondary effects were consistently predominant over primary effects, driving the overall IEO. On the other hand, controlling for school characteristics increased the relative importance of secondary effects. However, primary effects explained a large extent of IEO in the transition to traditional (most prestigious) universities, by the same token, in the transition to undergraduate programmes. Differences in parental education levels between secondary education completion and higher education transitions proved to be consistent with MMI. Likewise, the higher likelihood of less advantaged students to enrol in vocational colleges or vocational programmes, and the higher likelihood of advantaged students to enrol in traditional universities or undergraduate programmes, evidenced support for EMI. The modelling setting was based on non-linear mediation modelling, accounting for sample-selection in the student cohort, two-level cross-classification between primary and secondary schools, and multinomial outcomes for type of institution and programme. This thesis contributes to the educational attainment literature by finding evidence that, in emerging economies like Chile, educational inequality persists despite the sustained expansion of the educational system.

On November 25, 2008, the Federal Reserve initiated what came to be the largest Asset Purchase Program in history1, the Large-Scale Asset Purchase Program, widely known a quantitative easing (QE). When the Federal Reserve in October 29, 2014, announced the end of the program, they held $4.5 trillion worth of assets. This rather unconventional monetary policy came in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and since its implementation, critics have argued that the policy increases inequality in terms of income and wealth. Studies on the impact of QE on income inequality lead to divergent conclusions, but the close link between QE and the stock markets, as explained by the Portfolio Rebalancing Effect, suggests that QE should increase wealth inequality. This hypothesis however, relies on a crucial assumption, namely that richer households hold a larger portion of their wealth in stocks. As other assets of a household, such as the primary residence, are likely to increase less than proportionally with wealth, I find it plausible that the portion allocated to direct or indirect stock holdings increases with wealth, resulting in a higher exposure to stocks for the very rich. Statistics from the Survey of Consumer Finances, presented in this paper, confirm that richer households indeed have the higher exposure to stocks. I use a difference-in-difference model to estimate the causal impact of QE on wealth inequality in the United States and my results suggests that wealth inequality attributable to QE) increased with at least 25 percent, measured as a change in the wealth-ratio between the 9th decile of households and the artificial middle-income household constructed in accordance with the Synthetic Control Method.

O turismo é um fenômeno social e econômico que possibilita a reprodução do capital por meio do uso e da apropriação do espaço, no sentido de que é através do consumo do lugar que a atividade turística se consolida. A mercantilização do lugar é parte do processo de reprodução do capital e, neste sentido, os lugares são ressignificados. Nesta pesquisa, buscamos entender como ocorreu o desenvolvimento do turismo sexual e sua consolidação no Nordeste do Brasil. No geral, nos países periféricos do sistema capitalista, o turismo sexual vem encontrando um amplo espaço para seu desenvolvimento, onde viajantes de países economicamente mais desenvolvidos buscam encontrar um atrativo mercado sexual. Neste caso, esta pesquisa trata o turismo sexual como um conceito caracterizado pela viagem motivada pela busca de sexo. Em nosso estudo específico busca entender como e porquê o Nordeste brasileiro tornou-se locus deste tipo de turismo. O turismo sexual tem se desenvolvido pela correlação de diversos fatores, de ordem socioeconômica, histórica e cultural. Nessa pesquisa, buscamos abordar cada um desses fatores, a fim de encontrar um ponto de convergência que nos apontasse o porquê de o Nordeste brasileiro ter sido inserido na geografia do turismo sexual. A partir da década de 1990, na região Nordeste, algumas cidades começaram a receber incentivos para maior desenvolvimento do turismo conhecido como sol e praia. Nesse momento, políticas e planos estruturaram o mercado de turismo na região, fazendo com que essas cidades recebessem maiores investimentos em infraestrutura, a fim de incrementar seu potencial turístico. Como consequência, o segmento do turismo sexual também começou a crescer nessas cidades. De uma forma menos estruturada da presente em cidades tailandesas, por exemplo, as cidades nordestinas terminaram por se inserir na geografia do turismo sexual internacional. / Tourism is a social and economic phenomenon that provides the reproduction of capital through the use and appropriation of space, for it is through the consumption of a place that touristic activities are consolidated. The commodification of the place is part of the process of reproduction of capital, and thus places are resignified. For this research, it was sought to understand how does sex tourism develops and consolidates in the Northeast of Brazil. Generally, sex tourism has found a broad space for its development within the countries on the periphery of capitalism, in which travelers from developed countries seek to find an attractive sex market. In this case, this research adresses sex tourism as a concept, defined by a trip motivated by the search for sex. Our particular study aims to understand how and why the Brazilian Northeast has become a locus for this type of tourism. Sex tourism has been developing by the correlation of several factors regarding socio-economic, historical and cultural order. In this research, it was sought to address each of these factors, in order to find a point of convergence that might lead us to the reason why Brazilian Northeast has been included in the geography of sex tourism. From the early 90\'s, in the northeastern region, some cities had began to receive financial incentives for the further development of a tourism known as \"sun and beach\". By that moment, policies and plans had structured tourism market in that area, through providing those cities greater investments in infrastructure, in order to increase their touristic potential. As consequence, the segment of the sex tourism had simultaneously began to grow within those cities. In a less structured way than what is seen in Thai cities, Northeastern cities, as a matter of fact, ended up being a part of international sex tourism geography.

Este trabalho está centrado na análise dos fenômenos socioespaciais que envolvem a criminalidade violenta no meio urbano. Busca-se investigar a relação entre o aumento da violência letal e os elevados índices de desigualdade social nos últimos 30 anos. O trabalho trata respectivamente das causas da violência urbana, das relações do crime e da violência com o espaço, além da participação dos jovens nas ações violentas e no trabalho do tráfico de drogas como fator decisivo na elevação das taxas de letalidade juvenil. Selecionamos o bairro Santa Tereza, por tratar-se de uma região conflituosa no município de Porto Alegre - RS, como objeto de estudo de caso, visto que concentra características de uma sociabilidade violenta. Investigamos as relações de pertencimento nas comunidades e o medo dos lugares em virtude do aumento da criminalidade nos centros urbanos. Da mesma forma, consideramos as causas do aumento da violência como sendo um dos fatores de repulsão dos espaços de uso comum e promotor de novas territorialidades a partir do esgarçamento do tecido sócio espacial. / This work focuses on the analysis of socio-spatial phenomena involving violent crime in urban areas. The aim is to investigate the relationship between the increase in lethal violence to high levels of social inequality in the last 30 years. The work deals respectively of the causes of urban violence, crime and violence relations with the space on the participation of young people in violent actions and the work of drug trafficking as a decisive factor in the rise of juvenile mortality rates. We selected Santa Tereza district, because it is a conflictive region in the city of Porto Alegre - RS, as a case study object as it focuses characteristics of a violent sociability. We investigated the relationships of belonging in communities and the fear of places due to the increase of crime in urban centers. Similarly we consider the causes of increasing violence as one of repulsion factors of spaces for common use and promoter of new territoriality from the fraying of the socio-spatial fabric.

O turismo é um fenômeno social e econômico que possibilita a reprodução do capital por meio do uso e da apropriação do espaço, no sentido de que é através do consumo do lugar que a atividade turística se consolida. A mercantilização do lugar é parte do processo de reprodução do capital e, neste sentido, os lugares são ressignificados. Nesta pesquisa, buscamos entender como ocorreu o desenvolvimento do turismo sexual e sua consolidação no Nordeste do Brasil. No geral, nos países periféricos do sistema capitalista, o turismo sexual vem encontrando um amplo espaço para seu desenvolvimento, onde viajantes de países economicamente mais desenvolvidos buscam encontrar um atrativo mercado sexual. Neste caso, esta pesquisa trata o turismo sexual como um conceito caracterizado pela viagem motivada pela busca de sexo. Em nosso estudo específico busca entender como e porquê o Nordeste brasileiro tornou-se locus deste tipo de turismo. O turismo sexual tem se desenvolvido pela correlação de diversos fatores, de ordem socioeconômica, histórica e cultural. Nessa pesquisa, buscamos abordar cada um desses fatores, a fim de encontrar um ponto de convergência que nos apontasse o porquê de o Nordeste brasileiro ter sido inserido na geografia do turismo sexual. A partir da década de 1990, na região Nordeste, algumas cidades começaram a receber incentivos para maior desenvolvimento do turismo conhecido como sol e praia. Nesse momento, políticas e planos estruturaram o mercado de turismo na região, fazendo com que essas cidades recebessem maiores investimentos em infraestrutura, a fim de incrementar seu potencial turístico. Como consequência, o segmento do turismo sexual também começou a crescer nessas cidades. De uma forma menos estruturada da presente em cidades tailandesas, por exemplo, as cidades nordestinas terminaram por se inserir na geografia do turismo sexual internacional. / Tourism is a social and economic phenomenon that provides the reproduction of capital through the use and appropriation of space, for it is through the consumption of a place that touristic activities are consolidated. The commodification of the place is part of the process of reproduction of capital, and thus places are resignified. For this research, it was sought to understand how does sex tourism develops and consolidates in the Northeast of Brazil. Generally, sex tourism has found a broad space for its development within the countries on the periphery of capitalism, in which travelers from developed countries seek to find an attractive sex market. In this case, this research adresses sex tourism as a concept, defined by a trip motivated by the search for sex. Our particular study aims to understand how and why the Brazilian Northeast has become a locus for this type of tourism. Sex tourism has been developing by the correlation of several factors regarding socio-economic, historical and cultural order. In this research, it was sought to address each of these factors, in order to find a point of convergence that might lead us to the reason why Brazilian Northeast has been included in the geography of sex tourism. From the early 90\'s, in the northeastern region, some cities had began to receive financial incentives for the further development of a tourism known as \"sun and beach\". By that moment, policies and plans had structured tourism market in that area, through providing those cities greater investments in infrastructure, in order to increase their touristic potential. As consequence, the segment of the sex tourism had simultaneously began to grow within those cities. In a less structured way than what is seen in Thai cities, Northeastern cities, as a matter of fact, ended up being a part of international sex tourism geography.