<p>This master thesis investigates the principal capability of artificial evolution to produce tool use behavior in adaptive agents, excluding the application of life-time learning or adaptation mechanisms. Tool use is one aspect of complex behavior that is expected from autonomous agents acting in real-world environments. In order to achieve tool use behavior an agent needs to identify environmental objects as potential tools before it can use the tools in a problem-solving task. Up to now research in robotics has focused on life-time learning mechanisms in order to achieve this. However, these techniques impose great demands on resources, e.g. in terms of memory or computational power. All of them have shown limited results with respect to a general adaptivity. One might argue that even nature does not present any kind of omni-adaptive agent. While humans seem to be a good example of natural agents that master an impressive variety of life conditions and environments (at least from a human perspective, other examples are spectacular survivability observations of octopuses, scorpions or various viruses) even the most advanced engineering approaches can hardly compete with the simplest life-forms in terms of adaptation. This thesis tries to contribute to engineering approaches by promoting the application of artificial evolution as a complementing element with the presentation of successful pioneering experiments. The results of these experiments show that artificial evolution is indeed capable to render tool use behavior at different levels of complexity and shows that the application of artificial evolution might be a good complement to life-time approaches in order to create agents that are able to implicitly extract concepts and display tool use behavior. The author believes that off-loading at least parts of the concept retrieval process to artificial evolution will reduce resource efforts at life-time when creating autonomous agents with complex behavior such as tool use. This might be a first step towards the vision of a higher level of autonomy and adaptability. Moreover, it shows the demand for an experimental verification of commonly accepted limits between qualities of learned and evolved tool use capabilities.</p>

Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the past century, for a variety of reasons, more people have been crossing national and cultural borders than ever before. This, along with constantly developing communication technology, has seen to it that clear-cut distinctions, divisions and borders are no longer as easily definable as they once were. This process, now commonly referred to as ‘globalisation,’ has led to a rising trend of ‘multiculturalism’ and ‘cultural hybridity,’ terms often connected with celebratory views of our postmodern, postcolonial world as a colourful melting pot of cultures. However, what these celebratory views conveniently avoid recognising, is that the increasing occurrence of hybridity places a growing number of people in a painful space inbetween identities where they are “neither just this/nor just that” (Dayal 47), “neither the One… nor the Other… but something else besides” (Bhabha Commitment 41). Perhaps in an effort to combat this ignorance, a new breed of authors – who have experienced the rigours of migration first-hand – are giving voice to this pain-infused space on the periphery of cultures and identities through a developing genre of transcultural literature. This literature typically deals with issues of identity closely related to globalisation and multiculturalism. In my thesis I will be looking at three such novels: Jamal Mahjoub’s The Drift Latitudes, Kiran Desai’s Inheritance of Loss, and Caryl Phillips’ A Distant Shore. These authors move away from an idealistic, celebratory view of hybridity as the effortless blending of cultures to a somewhat disenchanted approach to hybridity as a complex negotiation of split subjectivity in an ever-fracturing world. All three novels lend themselves to a psychoanalytic reading, with subjects who imagine themselves to be unitary, but end up having to face their repressed fractured subjectivity in a moment of crisis. The psychoanalytic model of the split between the conscious and the unconscious, then, resonates well with the postcolonial model of the intrinsically fractured hybrid identity. However, while psychoanalysis focuses on internal processes, postcolonialism focuses on external processes. Therefore, I will be making use of a blend of psychoanalytic and postcolonial concepts to analyse and access discursive meanings in the texts. More specifically, I will use Homi Bhabha’s concept of ‘hybridity’, Freud’s concept of the ‘uncanny’, and Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of ‘the stranger’ as distinctive, yet interconnected conceptual lenses through which to view all three of these transcultural novels. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die afgelope eeu het meer mense as ooit vantevore, om ‘n verskeidenheid redes, lands- en kultuurgrense oorgesteek. Tesame met die voortdurende vooruitgang van kommunikasietegnologie, het dit tot gevolg dat afgebakende grense, skeidings en verskille nie meer so maklik definieerbaar is as wat hulle eens was nie. Hierdie proses, waarna in die algemeen verwys word as ‘globalisering’, het gelei tot die groeiende neiging van ‘multikulturalisme’ en ‘kulturele hibriditeit’. Dit is terminologie wat dikwels in verband gebring word met feestelike beskouings van ons postmoderne, post-koloniale wêreld as ‘n kleurryke smeltkroes van kulture. Wat hierdie feestelike beskouings egter gerieflikheidshalwe verkies om te ignoreer, is die feit dat die toenemende voorkoms van hibriditeit ‘n groeiende aantal mense in ‘n pynlike posisie tussen identiteite plaas waar hulle nòg vis nòg vlees (“neither just this/nor just that” [Dayal 47]), nòg die Een… nòg die Ander is… maar eerder iets anders buiten.. (“neither the One… nor the Other… but something else besides” [Bhabha Commitment 41]). Miskien in ‘n poging om hierdie onkunde die hoof te bied, is ‘n nuwe geslag skrywers – wat die eise van migrasie eerstehands ervaar het – besig om met ‘n ontwikkelende genre van transkulturele literatuur ‘n stem te gee aan hierdie pynlike ‘plek’ op die periferie van kulture en identiteite. Hierdie literatuur handel tipies oor die kwessies van identiteit wat nou verwant is aan globalisering en multikulturalisme. In my tesis kyk ek na drie sulke romans: Jamal Mahjoub se The Drift Latitudes, Kiran Desai se Inheritance os Loss en Caryl Phillips se A Distant Shore. Hierdie skrywers beweeg weg van die idealistiese, feestelike beskouing van hibriditeit as die moeitelose vermenging van kulture na ‘n meer realistiese uitbeelding van hibriditeit as ‘n ingewikkelde vergestalting van verdeelde subjektiwiteite in ‘n verbrokkelende wêreld. Al drie romans leen hulle tot die lees daarvan uit ‘n psigo-analitiese oogpunt, met karakters wat hulself as eenvormig beskou, maar uiteindelik in ‘n krisis-oomblik te staan kom voor die werklikheid van hul onderdrukte verbrokkelde subjektiwiteit. Die psigo-analitiese model van die breuk tussen die bewuste en die onbewuste weerklink welluidend in die post-koloniale model van die intrinsiek verbrokkelde hibriede identiteit. Terwyl psigo-analise egter op interne prosesse toegespits is, fokus post-kolonialisme op eksterne prosesse. Derhalwe gebruik ek ‘n vermenging van psigo-analitiese en post-koloniale konsepte om uiteenlopende betekenisse in die onderskeie tekste te analiseer en hulle toeganklik te maak. Meer spesifiek gebruik ek Homi Bhabha se konsep van hibriditeit, Freud se konsep van die ‘geheimsinnige / onheilspellende’ en Zygmunt Bauman se konsep van ‘die vreemdeling’ as kenmerkende, maar steeds onderling verwante konseptuele lense waardeur aldrie transkulturele romans beskou word.

Zimbabwean rural women make significant contribution to agriculture and are the mainstay of the farm labour. Although women do the majority of agricultural work, men, for the most part continue to own the land, control women‟s labour and make agricultural decisions supported by patriarchal social systems. Thus, rural women faced difficulties than men in gaining access to land under Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP). Women‟s relationship with land is therefore through husbands, fathers, brothers or sons. Therefore, this study has undertaken with the objective of assessing the impact of land distribution programme with respect to its contribution to women‟s empowerment in the study area. The Gender and Development approach was employed to assess women access to land under the FTLRP. Such an approach to rural development can help in reducing the gender gap between women and men in order to achieve gender-balanced development. The study used qualitative research methodology where semi-structured interviews gather data from women in Mutasa District. Findings indicate that there are a number of challenges and constraints that are experienced by rural women under the Fast Track Land Reform Programme which include male land registration, no access to credit, inadequate government input support, lack of government laws and policies awareness on women land rights, shortage of farm implements and irrigation water supply and lack of agriculture training. On the other hand, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household. It was generally assumed that the programme did not improve women access to land. To improve women access to land, in future, the study recommends that a serious intervention by the state should occur coupled with the revitalization of the programme and a paradigm shift towards an effective food security programme which emphasizes women and their important role in agriculture.

This study explores women’s access to land under the customary tenure system. It examines how the changes in land tenure, access and rights to land as a consequence of HIV/AIDS are affecting agricultural productivity, food security and poverty, with a specific focus on women who have lost their husbands to HIV/AIDS in Zvimba. Zvimba is a village community located in Zvimba District in the Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. The study also discusses policy responses designed to cushion the impact of HIV/AIDS on local communities especially women living with HIV/AIDS. The study highlights the vulnerability of widows to land rights violations, mainly inflicted by relatives but sometimes by the wider community. The main form of abuse encountered included the use of abusive language, threats of evictions and at times, beatings. The legal route for seeking redress was rarely used. Fear of witchcraft, low educational levels and fear of causing conflict between children and their paternal relatives also led widows to abandon the fight for their rights. The study further reveals that widows are heavily exposed to dispossession of their land rights. HIV/AIDS has increased the vulnerability of widows and other women to threats and dispossession of their land and other property rights. Dispossession of arable fields was observed in the four wards. The dispossessions and threats to livelihoods were directly related to the HIV positive status of the widows. The findings from this study illustrate the predominant role that male members of the household or family have over land. Thus, culture and traditional practices still affect women in other cases, disadvantaging them in favour of men, as in inheritance of land and property in the household.

Presented thesis deals with the popularization of monuments of regional character and its potential use in the educational system in the form of worksheets for primary education sector. Specifically the castle ruins Pořešín in South Bohemia which in recent years was expensively conserved. The theoretical part covers a brief history of the aforementioned cultural monument, but also the issue of the worksheet as a form of teaching aid. The practical part describes the design and implementation proces of worksheets of Castle Pořešín including the partial verification of their functionality in practice and evaluation of completed lessons. The work finished product sheets inspired workbooks made available by the Centre for the presentation of cultural heritage.

The problem with which this study is concerned is that of determining the optimal transfer of property from a decedent to his surviving spouse. A secondary problem addressed is whether equity between common law states and community property states in the application of the estate tax provisions has been achieved through the allowance of the marital deduction. From this analysis decision criteria were developed to aid taxpayers and their advisors in determining optimal property transfers to a surviving spouse. Conclusions of the study were the following: (1) The primary concern when formulating an estate plan should be to determine whether any property should be transferred to the surviving spouse. The literature has stressed qualifying transfers for the marital deduction while giving minimal consideration to the wisdom of doing so. This study indicates that in a majority of estates optimal results are obtained by making no transfers to the surviving spouse. (2) Relative after-tax rates of return of the surviving spouse and other beneficiaries are the most important factors in determining optimal transfers to the spouse. This again conflicts with the literature which has emphasized relative estate sizes as the dominant factor. (3) Rates of inflation have minimal influence in determining the size of the optimal transfer. (4) Citizens of common law states are generally favored as opposed to citizens of community property states in the application of the estate tax laws. Citizens of these states have more flexibility in. planning transfers to beneficiaries and may generally do so at a lower tax cost through use of the marital deduction.

Introdução: A maioria das doenças lisossômicas são herdadas como traços recessivos, mas a mucopolissacaridose tipo II (MPS II) é de herança ligada ao cromossomo X. As doenças ligadas ao cromossomo X possuem um importante impacto para as famílias devido ao risco que as heterozigotas apresentam em ter um filho afetado. A maioria das heterozigotas para as doenças ligadas ao cromossomo X são clinicamente assintomáticas. Em relação à MPS II somente dez mulheres afetadas foram relatadas na literatura. Entretanto, nenhum estudo foi realizado para a avaliação da presença de sinais sutis da doença nessas heterozigotas. Objetivo: o objetivo principal desse estudo foi a identificação de sinais clínicos sutis e bioquímicos relacionados à MPS II nas heterozigotas para essa doença e adicionalmente estabelecer a associação desses achados com o padrão de inativação do cromossomo X. Métodos: esse foi um estudo observacional e transversal. Essas mulheres foram classificadas como heterozigotas e não heterozigotas baseadas na análise molecular do gene da iduronato sulfatase (IDS). Ambos grupos foram comparados com relação às seguintes variáveis: dados clínicos, achados do exame físico, cariótipo, padrão de inativação do cromossomo X (ensaio HUMARA), atividades da IDS em leucócitos e plasma, níveis de glicosaminoglicanos na urina, tomografia computadorizada de abdomen e coluna e ressonância magnetica de crânio. Resultados: Quarenta mulheres pertencentes a 24 famílias foram avaliadas. De acordo com a análise do DNA 22 foram classificadas em heterozigotas e 18 em não heterozigotas. Não foi encontrada nenhuma anormalidade no exame físico (n=40), cariótipo (n=31/40) ou na TC de coluna (n=31/40). A incidência de abortamento também não apresentou diferenças entre essas mulheres. Entretanto, a atividade da IDS em plasma (p<0,001) e em leucócitos (p<0,001) apresentaram níveis inferiores nas heterozigotas. A correção de Bonferroni foi aplicada e não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença entre os grupos dentre as variáveis analisadas. Também em relação ao padrão de inativação do cromossomo X não foi observada diferença esntre as heterozigotas e não heterozigotas. Conclusões: Esse é o primeiro estudo sistemático realizado em heterozigotas para MPS II. Não foi encontrada nenhuma evidência de manifestações clínicas sutis ou sinais radiológicos da doença MPS II nessas mulheres. Nossos achados sugerem que não existe relação entre a ausência dos sinais clínicos nessas mulheres e a ocorrência de um padrão favorável de desvio da inativação do cromossomo X. Esses dados sugerem que a MPS II apresenta uma baixa penetrância nas heterozigotas. / Introduction: Most lysosomal diseases are inherited as recessive traits, but muchopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) presents X-linked inheritance. The X-linked disorders have an important impact for families because the risk heterozygous present of having an affected child. Most heterozygotes for X-linked disorders are clinically asymptomatic. Regarding MPS II only ten affected females have been reported in the literature. However, none study has been taken in order to evaluate subtle signs of the disease in heterozygotes. Objective: The main objective of this study was to identify subtle clinical and biochemical signs of MPS II in heterozygotes for this disease, and to correlate the findings with the pattern of X chromosome inactivation presented by these women. Methods: This was an observational, transversal and controlled study. The women were classified as heterozygote or non-heterozygote based on molecular analysis of the iduronate sulfatase (IDS) gene. Both groups were compared between regarding clinical data, physical exam findings, karyotype, pattern of X inactivation (HUMARA assay), IDS activity in leukocytes and plasma, glycosaminoglicans levels in urine, computadorized tomography scans of abdomen and spine, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Forty women from 24 families were evaluated. According to DNA analysis, 22 women were classified as heterozygote and 18 as non-heterozygotes. We did not found any abnormality in physical examination (n=40), karyotype (n=31/40) or spine CT scans (n=31/40). The incidence of miscarriage also did not differ between these females. However, IDS activities in plasma (p<0.001) and in leukocyte (p<0.001) were lower in heterozygotes. Applying the Bonferroni’s correction, we did not find any difference between the groups regarding the variables analyzed. Also the pattern of X chromosome inactivation was not different between heterozygotes and non-heterozygotes. Conclusion: This is the first systematic study performed in heterozygotes for MPS II. We did not find any evidence of subtle clinical manifestations or radiological signs of MPS II disease in these females. Our findings suggest that there is no relation between the absence of clinical signs in these women and the occurrence of a favorable skewing pattern of X chromosome inactivation. This data suggests that MPS II is a disease which shows low penetrance in heterozygotes.

VIEIRA, Roberto Cesar Cavalcante. Reprodução e manipulação de personagens virtuais. 2012. 173 f. Tese (Doutorado em ciência da computação)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-20T12:58:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_rccvieira.pdf: 30143588 bytes, checksum: 511b1ee55b952226f7674aab036f2abb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rocilda Sales (rocilda@ufc.br) on 2016-07-25T12:10:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_rccvieira.pdf: 30143588 bytes, checksum: 511b1ee55b952226f7674aab036f2abb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-25T12:10:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_rccvieira.pdf: 30143588 bytes, checksum: 511b1ee55b952226f7674aab036f2abb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Many virtual reality applications and games need a large number of virtual characters. Some of these applications require, in addition to quantity, the simulation of kinship and evolution, not only of human character models but also of di erent types of animals, toon models or other creatures. Some applications also require interactions between isolated populations with well-de ned ethnic characteristics. The identi cation of similar traits between individuals of the same family is crucial to providing increased realism to many of these systems. The main di culty in these situations is to generate models automatically, in real time, which are physically similar to a given population or family. Other realistic desirable features are the automatic body variations due to epigenetic factors and the application of facial expressions as the character interacts with the environment. In those cases, the di culty lies in nding a simple mesh adaptation system for di erent creatures with big di erences in shape. In this work, the reproduction of diploid beings is mimicked to produce character models that inherit genetic characteristics from their ancestors, with the possibility to map all genes identifying the origin of each gene. Unlike morphing techniques and other existing approaches, in our method, it is possible for a genetic characteristic from an ancestor to be manifested only after a few generations. After character generation, it is possible to apply custom body variations and facial expressions to the new models. With the same adaptation system used in all methods, it is possible to generate caricatures of characters, inserting a comic atmosphere to the application. With this solution it is possible to create interactive evolution and life-simulation games, genetics educational applications, and many other possibilities. / Muitas aplicações de realidade virtual e jogos necessitam de um grande número de personagens virtuais. Algumas dessas aplicações requerem, além da quantidade, a simulação de parentesco e evolução, não só de modelos de personagens humanos, mas também de diferentes tipos de animais, modelos caricaturados ou outras criaturas. Algumas aplicações também requerem interações entre populações isoladas, com características étnicas bem definidas. A identificação de características semelhantes entre os indivíduos de uma mesma família é fundamental para proporcionar maior realismo a muitos desses sistemas. A principal dificuldade nessas situações é gerar modelos automaticamente, em tempo real, que são fisicamente semelhantes a uma dada população ou família. Outra característica de realismo desejável nessas aplicações seria a possibilidade de variações automáticas do corpo por fatores epigenéticos e aplicação de expressões faciais à medida que o personagem interage com o ambiente. Nesses casos, a dificuldade reside em encontrar um sistema simples de adaptação de malha para criaturas com grandes diferenças na forma. Nesse trabalho, a reprodução de seres diploides é simulada para produzir modelos de personagens que herdam características dos seus ancestrais, com a possibilidade de mapear todos os genes, identificando a origem de cada um deles, e aplicar variações corporais e expressões faciais aos novos modelos. Com o mesmo sistema de adaptação utilizado em todos os métodos é possível gerar caricaturas de personagens, inserindo uma atmosfera de humor à aplicação. Com esta solução é possível criar jogos interativos de evolução e simulação de vida, aplicações educativas de genética e muitas outras possibilidades. Ao contrário de técnicas de morphing e de outros enfoques existentes, no método aqui proposto, é possível que uma característica genética de um ancestral se manifeste somente depois de algumas gerações.

The present thesis deals with, and elaborates on, the concept of sense inheritance (particularly with respect to suffixation in Czech). Drawing on more general remarks on lexical meaning, polysemy, and the semantic relatedness of a derived word and its base, the theoretical part of the thesis delineates the notion of sense inheritance, originating within the framework of construction grammar. It is shown that the idea of sense inheritance has at least implicitly been present in Czech lexicology (cf. the derivational criterion for identifying senses of polysemous words) and lexicography. It is argued that the traditional Czech theory of word formation relies on the assumption of the semantic transparency or even compositionality of motivated words, which can hardly be squared with empirical evidence concerning sense inheritance, nevertheless. In the empirical part of the thesis semantic relations are analyzed that hold between derivatives within 43 word families of polysemous bases (denoting body parts), and subsequently the sense-inheritance properties of the 80 most frequent (hence established and lexicalized) derivatives with the agentive suffix -tel and polysemous base verbs are contrasted with those found in 100 hapax legomena derived from polysemous bases with the same affix. This enables not...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aline Martins.pdf: 836102 bytes, checksum: e839f7e87db0da2067ada7354e51af45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-13 / The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the family cultural inheritance on the children educational development, based on a study case in a private kindergarten school. The theoretical interest of such an empirical research on this subject is attested by the fact that, according to Pierre Bourdieu, the valorisation and comprehension of the school are quite common in the families that have a higher educational level and that, consequently, begin to establish the school trajectory since the early years of the children. In this sense, when we analyse the parents of students of a private school we are in fact analysing the expectations of the families of the middle class. Based on some basic ideas about the connection between cultural inheritance and educational strategies presented by Bourdieu we assumed the hypothesis that different social categories are unevenly predisposed to comprehend and valorisate the school education as a whole and that this fact is straightly related with the family cultural inheritance. According to Pierre Bourdieu it is the ammount of inheritance (economic, social, and cultural) of the person that will determine his position in the social hierarchy, as well as his expectations about the school. We observe then, that the culture acts as an inheritance of class differentiation.(AU) / A partir do estudo de caso de uma unidade privada de educação infantil, a presente pesquisa pretendeu investigar, através das expectativas dos pais diante da educação infantil, a influência da herança cultural familiar na trajetória escolar da criança. O interesse teórico de uma pesquisa empírica sobre esse universo é atestado pelo fato de que, conforme Pierre Bourdieu, a valorização e a compreensão da escola, já nos primeiros anos de vida da criança são comuns entre as famílias que possuem um maior nível de escolarização e que conseqüentemente começam a traçar desde cedo a trajetória escolar de seus filhos. Assim, ao estudarmos os pais de alunos de uma unidade privada de educação infantil, estaremos abordando, sobretudo, as expectativas educacionais de famílias da classe média. Apoiados em algumas idéias básicas sobre a conexão entre capital cultural e estratégias educacionais apresentados por Bourdieu, trabalhamos com a hipótese de que as diferentes categorias sociais são desigualmente predispostas a compreender e a valorizar a escolarização em geral, e que este fato está diretamente relacionado ao capital cultural familiar. De acordo com o autor é o volume e o tipo de capital (econômico, social e cultural) que o indivíduo possui que irá definir sua posição na hierarquia social, bem como suas expectativas diante da escola. Nota-se, então, que a cultura de um modo geral opera como um patrimônio de diferenciação de classe.(AU)