This study focuses on the institutionalization of information security in the banking sector. This study is important to pursue since it explicates the internalization of information security governance and practices and how such internalization develops an organizational resistance towards security breach. The study argues that information security governance and practices become institutionalized through social integration of routines and system integration of relevant technologies. The objective is to develop an understanding of how information security governance and practices in the Indonesian banking sector become institutionalized. Such objective is built on an argument that information security governance and practices become institutionalized through social integration of routines and system integration of relevant technologies. Pursuing this study is necessary to conceptualize the incorporation of security governance and practices as routines, the impact of security breaches on such routines, and the effects of a central governing body on such routines altogether. Accordingly, the concept of institutionalization is developed using Barley and Tolbert’s (1997) combination of institutional theory and structuration theory to explain the internalization of security governance and practices at an organizational level. Scott’s (2008) multilevel institutional processes based on institutional theory is needed to elaborate security governance and practices in an organization-to-organization context. The research design incorporates the interpretive case-study method to capture communicative interactions among respondents. Doing so provides answers to the following research questions: (1) how institutions internalize information security governance and practices, (2) how an external governing body affects the institutionalization of information security governance and practices in institutions, and (3) how security breaches re-institutionalize information security governance and practices in institutions. Several important findings include the habitualized security routines, information stewardship, and institutional relationship in information-security context. This study provides contributions to the body of literature, such as depicting how information security becomes internalized in an organization and the interaction among organizations engaged in implementing information security.

Les récentes réformes inspirées de la nouvelle gestion publique font de la comptabilité analytique hospitalière une pièce maîtresse du financement et de la gouvernance des établissements de soins français. Les coûts unitaires par séjour alimentent en effet à la fois le processus d'élaboration des tarifs et les nouveaux instruments de gestion supposés améliorer l'efficience hospitalière. Ce travail confronte la comptabilité analytique en vigueur à une méthode basée sur les activités pour calculer les coûts unitaires d'un échantillon de 2130 interventions chirurgicales réalisées consécutivement au CHU de Montpellier en 2009. Il montre que les deux méthodes sont discordantes et que, en outre, la méthode actuelle reflète mal la complexité réelle de la prise en charge des patients au bloc opératoire. La théorie néoinstitutionnelle suggère que le développement de la comptabilité analytique hospitalière, structure organisationnelle formelle, est un processus isomorphique par lequel les établissements de santé internalisent le mythe rationalisé du calcul des coûts des séjours. Pour pouvoir répondre aux contraintes et à la complexité du réel, un certain degré de découplage entre cette comptabilité et l'activité réelle apparaît. La comptabilité analytique ne serait donc plus seulement un instrument au service de l'efficience des hôpitaux mais aussi un facteur de légitimation au sein d'un environnement fortement institutionnalisé. Dès lors se pose la question de la pertinence des tarifs et des outils de gestion alimentés par ces coûts unitaires au regard des objectifs poursuivis. / Consequently to the recent implementation of NPM-inspired reforms, cost accounting plays a key role in financing and governance of French hospitals. Calculating unit costs per hospital stay is indeed the first step in the elaboration of case-based tariffs. Moreover, unit costs are used to develop new management tools aimed at improving hospital efficiency. This study compared the current cost accounting method to an innovative activity-based one for the calculation of the unit costs of 2130 surgical procedures performed consecutively at the University Hospital of Montpellier in 2009. The results show a poor agreement between both methods. In addition, the current method fails to accurately reflect the real complexity of the management of patients in the operating room. New institutionalism suggests that the development of hospital cost accounting (a formal organizational structure) results from an isomorphic process by which health care institutions internalize the rationalized myth of unit cost calculation. In order to address the constraints and the complexity of reality, a certain degree of decoupling between the accounting and real activity occurs. Hence, cost accounting would not only be an efficiency improvement tool, but also a legitimating factor within a highly institutionalized environment. This raises the issue of the relevance of the tariffs and the management tools based on these unit costs.

This master thesis "Perspectives of an Art Institution" focuses on the George Dickie's institutional theory of art (thereafter IT). This theory defines "work of art" as a result of the position of an artefact in the institutional framework of the artworld. The author of the thesis pays attention to the historical development of the IT- firstly published in 1969 in the article "Defining Art" and radically revisited in the book The Art Circle in 1984- as well as to the critical discussion based on Dickie's theory. In the first chapter she compares both the earlier and the later version of the theory; in following chapters she concerns with objections formulated against Dickie's IT. IT seems to be problematic in several aspects: the term "institution" is considered to be ambiguous; Dickie fails to give a full description of roles and rules which determine the operations of the artworld; the notion of appreciation seems to be contradictory with Dickie's opinions presented earlier; circularity; and Dickie's unsatisfactory attention to the historical dimension of the artworld. All of these objections are compared with Dickie's theory to prove their legitimacy or to refuse them as illegitimate. Not only aims the thesis to sum up the critical discussion but it aims to answer the question if the theory...

Digital platform organizations challenges the organizational landscape by utilizing technology enabling cost efficient transactions. Uber is a commonly known example of such an organization, where tensions have arisen in various local contexts due to that the organization draw their boundary tightly around the platform to the benefit of organizational efficiency. Uber has as a consequence, been highly questioned in its liability of their primary operations: Is it a technology platform, or a transportation firm?   This thesis sets out to answer:  How is the organizational boundary of Uber challenged in various local contexts? The purpose is to provide an explanation towards how the organizational boundary of a digital platform organization could be understood in relation to local context, and how it can or cannot evolve in regards to these contexts. The results show that context matters for the boundary of Uber. In addition, a pattern amongst the context specific events emerged influencing the boundary. These can be categorized into four configurations: Adjusting, Expanding, Withdrawing and Intertwining. Each of the configurations explain the underlying reasons for the varying fluctuations the boundary of Uber show, and thus answer how the organizational boundary of Uber is challenged in various local contexts.

The aim of this study was to examine how youths who have a residence permit under the law SFS 2018:756 are handled within the social services in different municipalities in order to contribute with the knowledge about how welfare organizations categorize and organize themselves around this group. The study is based on qualitative interviews with seven social workers divided in a total of six municipalities. Who either possessed knowledge of or meet our target group in their work. We have examined how they handle the needs of housing and financial aid for our target group. In our analysis of the interviews, we have applied a theoretical perspective by using the regulatory, the normative and the culture-cognitive elements of the new institutional theory and legitimacy as a concept as well as Tilly’s (2000) theory of durable inequality where key concepts are categorization and regulatory. Our understanding is that the categorization of our target group within the social services relates to stereotypical beliefs in which the youths do not receive support based on their individual needs, but are handled on the bases of their group affiliation. In the six municipalities we examined, two have been shown to stand out because they handle the youths in the same way as other unaccompanied young people. The results of our study show that there are different risks for the target group, primarily in the municipalities where they receive little support. The risks that arise are further on connected to what the conditions stipulates in the law SFS 2018:756 and partly the consequence of being unaccompanied without social support.

Based on the limited outcomes and often failed implementation processes of annual employee surveys a new phenomenon for collecting people data has risen; the pulsed employee survey. This survey and its continuous way of measuring are by many providers and consultants stated to be an important tool that increases employee engagement. The phenomenon of the pulsed employee survey has so far received limited academic attention, despite its growing importance as a potential institutionalized practice. Therefore, this study aims at broadening the understanding of the phenomenon of the pulsed employee survey. How is it transformed into organizations during an implementation process and can the process be seen as coupled or decoupled from the institutionalized practice? Further, what explains the potential coupling or decoupling? To investigate this, a model based on decoupling theories by Bromley & Powell(2012) has been used through a qualitative case study. The result shows that, even though the surveys are implemented into the organizations, means-ends decoupling can be found, whichmay be explained by the complexity of what is measured as well as the multifaceted expectations and perceptions at different organizational levels.

Although Sustainable Public Procurement (SPP) is often seen as a powerful tool to drive sustainability across its supply chain, there is little available research in terms of how SPP actually influences its suppliers’ sustainability practices and what challenges are being faced during the process. In this study, we shed light on both issues by exploring SPP using Institutional and Power Dependence Theory in the context of the surgical instrument industry in Sweden. Methodologically, the study is grounded in an exploratory design and employs in-depth interviews with multiple stakeholders to gain a holistic understanding of the phenomena being studied. The study revealed that SPP mainly influences suppliers by requiring them to evaluate their own sustainability practices, engage in collaborative actions and make alterations when they fail to comply with the contractual terms.The most significant challenge resulted to be the lack of resources, resulting in the inability to perform sufficient follow-ups, engage in meaningful conversations with suppliers and procurers having to buy unsustainable products because of their tight budgets. Another major challenge was Sweden’s forerunner position when it comes to SPP on an international level, resulting in reluctancy on the part of international suppliers to alter their sustainability practices.

[pt] A prática de esportes tem sido referendada como uma grande solução para problemas sociais diversos. Dentre todos os esportes, é inegável a influência que o futebol exerce no contexto brasileiro. Entretanto, sua importância como atividade econômica e o conseqüente fomento social para a população ainda não é reconhecida. O futebol promoveu mais transformações, ao longo dos últimos cem anos, do que sofreu dentro das quatro linhas. Foi utilizado como entretenimento pelo povo, como mecanismo de manobra pelos governos e como ferramenta de poder pelos seus diretores, até esbarrar nas pressões de profissionalização de sua gestão, tradicionalmente amadora. Fundamentando-se na Teoria Institucional e, mais especificamente, na corrente do neo-institucionalismo (DIMAGGIO e POWELL, 1991), este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os aspectos relativos ao campo organizacional do futebol que constituem obstáculos ou elementos facilitadores do processo de profissionalização da gestão do futebol nos clubes. A Teoria Institucional ajuda a entender as pressões que afetam a profissionalização da gestão, na medida em que permite melhor compreensão das relações entre os diferentes atores do denominado campo organizacional do futebol. A metodologia do estudo constituiu-se de pesquisa documental e entrevista com representantes das principais entidades que compõem o campo organizacional analisado. Os principais resultados apontam que a percepção da necessidade de profissionalização da gestão do futebol dos clubes já está institucionalizada entre os atores, e sua implementação pode apresentar impactos sociais, econômicos e financeiros bastante positivos para a sociedade. Entretanto, este objetivo ainda enfrenta entraves práticos, arraigados nos mais de cem anos de amadorismo, conservadorismo e oligarquia que têm dominado a gestão do futebol brasileiro. / [en] The practice of sports has proven to be a great solution to several social problems. It is undeniable, among all sports, the strength of football s influence in Brazilian life-context. However, its importance as an economical activity e and its capability to social improvements has not yet been recognized. Football has promoted more changes in society in the past century than it has suffered on the pitch itself. It has been used as entertainment by the people, as a manipulation mechanism by the government, as a power tool by its directors. It has, finally, stumbled into the pressures of professionalizing its traditionally amateur management practices. Based on the Institutional Theory and, more specifically, on the neo-institutionalism line of study (DIMAGGIO e POWEL, 1991), this research seeks to identify the aspects related to the organizational facet of football, which create obstacles or facilitating elements of the professionalization process of this sport s category within the clubs. The Institutional Theory helps to understand the relationships amongst the various actors within the organizational field of football. Study methodology was based upon secondary research and indepth interviews with key representatives of the analyzed organizational field main entities. The main conclusions suggest that the perception of a need for football management professionalization in Brazilian clubs is already recognized by the different actors and its implementation could result in positive social, economic and financial impacts on society. However, the means to reach this objective still face several obstacles, all of which are rooted on the amateurism, conservationism and oligarchism that have been dominating the football management field.

Background:           Literature suggests that franchising as an entry mode for internalisation gains more and more popularity. However, existing literature shows many studies concerning franchising do not focus on industries. Hence, very little research is done when it comes to franchising in the low-to-medium cost fashion apparel industry. At the same time, the growing fashion apparel industry is becoming more and more important due to the business opportunity it brings for organisations. In this context, Germany as being the biggest apparel market in Europe is attractive for international organisation to expand to. For entering the German market through the franchising entry mode, the information about underlying market environment and relevant actors play a vital role to reduce risk of encountering uncertain obstacles in the process.   Purpose:                  Entering a new market as a franchisor can be challenging due to different dynamics that can be found in different markets. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to explore institutional conditions of the current fashion apparel industry in Germany and to find out which institutions in Germany could help an organisation in terms of information on prevailing conditions, to successfully enter the German market.   Method:                   To attain the purpose of the research, a qualitative approach employing a single case with two embedded units of analysis is used. Purposive sampling is used to select research participants based on their expertise about the topic. The empirical data is collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 participants, which resemble 3 different actors, the German consumers, the German Franchise Association and Tijarat AB, a fashion apparel company seeking to expand to Germany. Supplementary data, such as official governmental and associations website, is used to support the empirical findings. Secondary data is acquired using literature, web sources and legal documents. The empirical findings are analysed with the help of the thematic analysis and the institutional theory as well as the Uppsala internalisation model.   Findings:                 The empirical findings present that there are several normative conditions which depict behaviours and what is considered to be acceptable in the German market. Firstly, there is no franchise fee collected by the franchisor in the fashion apparel industry. Furthermore, brand awareness, consistency, reputation and quality as well as price, design and variety play an important role in the consumer shopping behaviour and decisions. It was also found that there is no specific franchise law but rather a combination of existing legislation, such as the German Civil and Commercial Code, Competition law, Consumer law and Unfair trade law that form the jurisdiction for franchising in Germany.

Bakgrund: En rationell princip för investeringar i humankapital är att investeringen leder till förbättrad lönsamhet för organisationen. Allt sedan 1950-talet har organisationer i allt högre grad värderat sitt mänskliga kapital på samma sätt som andra kapitalslag. Ur den här ambitionen att förbättra och förändra humankapitalet har även svårigheterna med att påvisa de långsiktiga rationella effekterna blivit tydligare. Det är den här problematiken att avgöra värdeskapandet i kompetensutvecklingsinsatser som den här studien har undersökt. Utifrån institutionell teori som analysverktyg och tidigare forskning om Humankapital, HR och värdeskapande samt HRD analyseras och jämförs vilka kriterier och drivkrafter som ligger bakom investeringarna samt på vilket sätt värdeskapandet avgörs i praktiken. Syfte: Att utifrån ett institutionellt perspektiv skapa fördjupad kunskap om värdeskapandet i kompetensutveckling genom att undersöka vilka drivkrafter som ligger bakom beslut att investera i kompetensutveckling, samt vilka kriterier för framgång som finns. Metod: För att nå målsättningen att svara på studiens syfte har kvalitativ metod använts. Detta har gjorts genom elva semistrukturerade intervjuer med flerårigt erfarna HR-professionella personer inom kompetensutveckling. Slutsats: Studien visar att krav, eller frånvaron av krav, resulterar i att det sker en typ av isomorfism av kompetensutvecklingsinsatser där det förväntade värdet tas för givet. Studien visar att de HR-professionella anpassar sig till omgivningens krav på mätbarhet genom att uppfatta och uppge det förväntade värdet som en sanning, men i verkligheten är det få som följer upp insatserna för att säkerställa värdeskapandet. / Background: A rational basic principle when investing in human capital is that this investment will enable improved profitability to the organization. Ever since the 1950s organizations successively have put result value in their human capital investments in the same manner as other types of capital investments. This ambition to change and improve human capital also brings forth difficulties in practise to ensure long-term effects. This study is focusing upon this area of determining long-term values and demonstrate efficiency in human capital investments. Using institutional theory as a tool for analysis and drawing upon previous research in Human Capital, HR and value creation and HRD, criterias and driving forces behind these investments are analyzed to find knowledge about the operation in which value creation is determined. Purpose: That by institutional theory create increased knowledge about value creation in Human Resource Development through examining and clarifying driving forces and criterias for success behind decisions regarding investments in Human Resource Development. Method: In order to attain the objective of this study qualitative method have been used. This have been enabled through eleven semistructured interviews with experienced Human Resource Development professionals. Conclusion: The study shows that requirements, or the absence of requirements, results in a type of isomorphism regarding efforts in human resource development where the expected value is taken for granted. HR-professionals adjust to the demands of measurability their surroundings place upon them through perceiving and stating the expected value as a truth, although only a few follow-up their efforts to ensure that actual value has been created