This thesis analyses the potential for international cooperation in the issue of corporate tax rates. Using newly created dataset we study the relationship between the foreign direct investments and corporate tax rates in order to confirm that countries benefit from competing in setting their tax rates. Lowering one's corporate tax rate pays off in increased FDI. Furthermore, under the assumption that competitive behavior is individually rational, we analyze through the use of coherent country clusters the extent of competition within selected clusters, as compared to the situation on the global level. We find that the degree of competitive behavior is lower within coherent block of countries than globally. Thus, there seems to be less mutually harmful competition within coherent clusters of countries, mainly in EU 15, OECD and ASEAN, than on the global level.

Thesis (M.A. (International Politics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Human security (HS) came about as a result of a number of international developments that triggered risks threatening the wellbeing, security and survival of human beings. In that regard, HS shifted away from exclusive concerns with the state towards individual citizens. This study examined HS challenges in Zimbabwe from 2008 to 2017. A qualitative research methodology and exploratory design was employed for that purpose. The study also employed realism as a theory to analyse the research problem. Data was derived exclusively from secondary sources. Various HS categories were used to exam Zimbabwe. These included food, health and political security. Furthermore, the study assessed the impact of HS threats on the welfare and day to day life of Zimbabweans. In doing so, it highlighted how a denial of basic human rights undermined the security of citizens. It concluded by suggesting a number of policy recommendations, which could stem the massive poverty that now characterises that country. Among others, these include consciously cultivating respect for human rights and democracy and good governance. This effort must be followed by programmes geared at improving the socio-economic circumstances of all Zimbabweans irrespective of their political affiliation. Regional, continental and broader global organisations must commit and help Zimbabwe rebuild itself economically and politically as well.

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Higher education institutions play a crucial role in fostering innovation, research, and knowledge transfer that directly impact the attainment of the SDGs. Postgraduate education, in particular, provides a unique opportunity to train and equip the next generation of leaders, researchers, and professionals with the necessary skills, knowledge, and interdisciplinary perspectives required to address complex global challenges. The concept of the resource nexus emphasizes the interconnectedness of different resources (e.g., water, energy, food, materials) and the importance of adopting a holistic approach to sustainable development. By promoting collaborations and partnerships between the Global South and North, we can facilitate knowledge exchange, capacity building, mutual learning and technology transfer, thus creating a positive ripple effect across regions and addressing common sustainability challenges.:Background & Rationale Recommendadions Strengthening Postgraduate Education for Sustainable Development Scaling Up Resource Nexus Research for Sustainability Transformations Empowering Change Agents South-North Collaboration and People-to-People Exchanges International Cooperation for Sustainability in Education Promoting Multifaceted Approaches to Sustainability Youth Empowerment for the 2030 Agenda Leveraging Digital Platforms for Education Conclusion

[pt] O Brasil está no centro do debate sobre a importância da bioeconomia e seu papel no desenvolvimento sustentável. O país, com sua vasta diversidade biocultural, abriga 20 por cento das espécies do planeta, com mais da metade de seu território coberto por vegetação nativa. O agroextrativismo emerge como uma estratégia para integrar produtos da sociobiodiversidade aos mercados, estimulando o desenvolvimento econômico local, a conservação da biodiversidade e o consumo sustentável. Neste contexto, o fortalecimento de cadeias de valor da sociobiodiversidade representa uma alternativa ao modelo predatório atual e tem sido cada vez mais discutido no âmbito de projetos de cooperação internacional, a exemplo do Programa Redução das Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação florestal (REDD) Early Movers de Mato Grosso (REM MT) que apoia organizações de base da agricultura familiar e de povos e comunidades tradicionais. O Programa REM MT, contratou 21 projetos com esta finalidade no primeiro semestre de 2023 e prevê a execução de cerca de R$ 40 M em 12 meses. Essas iniciativas representam um grande desafio em termos de monitoramento e avaliação, processos cruciais para o êxito dos projetos. Sendo assim, este trabalho identifica e avalia procedimentos e ferramentas de M(e)A do Programa REM MT e o contrapõe com outros programas socioambientais análogos em curso no país. Compreender quais os procedimentos e instrumentos utilizados em outros programas permite a elaboração de uma proposta de monitoramento adequada e possibilita a proposição de eventuais melhorias em processos já estabelecidos. / [en] Brazil is central to the discussion on the significance of bioeconomy and its role in sustainable development. With its extensive biocultural diversity, the nation hosts 20 percent of the world s species, over half of its territory is enveloped by native vegetation. Agroextractivism emerges as a strategic approach to integrate socio-biodiversity products into markets, fostering local economic growth, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable consumption. In this milieu, the reinforcement of socio-biodiversity value chains stands as an alternative to the prevailing predatory model and is increasingly deliberated within international cooperation projects, exemplified by the REDD Early Movers Program in Mato Grosso (REM MT), which bolsters grassroots organizations in family farming and traditional communities. The REM MT Program initiated 21 projects for this cause in the first half of 2023 and anticipates a budget execution of approximately R$ 40 million within 12 months. These endeavors pose considerable challenges in terms of monitoring and evaluation, pivotal for project success. Consequently, this study discerns and appraises the M(and)E methodologies and tools of the REM MT Program, juxtaposing them with analogous socio-environmental initiatives underway in Brazil. Grasping the methodologies and tools employed in other endeavors facilitates the formulation of an apt monitoring proposal and opens avenues for potential enhancements in established procedures.

Text in English / The study focuses on the interaction between two structures in development cooperation: the bottom-up approach of Informal Youth Groups (IYGs) and the topdown approach of International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs). These are considered in the theoretical context of the capability approach. In the empirical study, conducted in the cities of Amman and Zarqa in Jordan, the researcher interviewed eleven key members of IYGs to analyse their work mechanisms and criteria for co-operation. A Focus Group Discussion with members of INGOs about challenges and opportunities in co-operations with IYGs was conducted, to complement the literature review of INGO perspectives. The study provides insights into the work mechanism and co-operation criteria of IYGs. The interviewees mentioned trust between the parties and sharing vision and motivation as key requirements. Recommendations for INGOs in their work with local partners and practical steps for supporting IYGs are given. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

In Ethiopia people are highly dependent on natural resources which often lead to environmental degradation. The perception is that environmental degradation is partly due to lack of environmental awareness. The level of environmental awareness and the role of the media in creating awareness in Kembata Tembaro Administrative zone were investigated. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to identify sources of environmental knowledge, content, spatial extent, volume and priority of media coverage, impact of media, and expectation of audiences and producers. Experience, rather than outside sources, such as provided by the media, is the main source of environmental information, but awareness is key to reduce further environmental degradation. Environmental media programs should be transmitted at suitable times and the experiences of successful farmers in natural resources conservation and development should be shared. Attention should also be given to identification of awareness obstacles and training and sensitizing of journalists on environment issues

The aim of conducting this research was to obtain a critical understanding of how the South African Police Service (SAPS), law enforcement (LE) and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) understand the concept, policing of Trafficking in Persons (TIP). The study indicates different role players in the policing of TIP. The researcher explored the present and possible future cooperation between SAPS and NGOs in the Cape Town area. The development of policing and legal aspects concerning TIP was explored globally. Research indicates the necessity of a professional partnership approach between SAPS, LE and NGOs, in the policing of TIP. The researcher identified factors that inhibit the effectiveness of policing of TIP. These factors include among others the lack of training in the identification of TIP and lack of trust between role players. Recommendations to this effect and the implementation of the policing of TIP are made to all concerned, especially SAPS management. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Policing)

In Ethiopia people are highly dependent on natural resources which often lead to environmental degradation. The perception is that environmental degradation is partly due to lack of environmental awareness. The level of environmental awareness and the role of the media in creating awareness in Kembata Tembaro Administrative zone were investigated. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to identify sources of environmental knowledge, content, spatial extent, volume and priority of media coverage, impact of media, and expectation of audiences and producers. Experience, rather than outside sources, such as provided by the media, is the main source of environmental information, but awareness is key to reduce further environmental degradation. Environmental media programs should be transmitted at suitable times and the experiences of successful farmers in natural resources conservation and development should be shared. Attention should also be given to identification of awareness obstacles and training and sensitizing of journalists on environment issues

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 1993, international food aid reached a record high level, but by 1997 food aid had fallen to its lowest level in more than two decades. Though the post-1993 decline of food aid has been the dominant trend in food aid, there has also been a significant growth in food aid during the period in question. This thesis aims to understand the paradoxical, but parallel, growth and decline of food aid since 1993 from a neo- Gramscian perspective. The neo-Gramscian approach to international relations is a historically sensitive, non-deterministic Marxist perspective, normatively committed to transformation towards a more just world order. This perspective assists us in understanding the relative freedom enjoyed by the hegemon from the structural and institutional constraints faced by other states. The neo-Gramscian approach is unique in indicating the role of middle powers and international organisations in perpetuating and legitimising the hegemonic order, whereby middle powers strongly support international organisations. The decline of food aid occurred because agricultural surplus availability has remained the most important factor determining food aid levels, with food aid consequently declining as cereal prices increased after 1993. Furthermore, the food aid regime has proved too weak to enforce a severing of the link between food aid and agricultural surplus for most states, particularly the largest food aid donor and hegemon, the United States. The growth of food aid has been the result of the support given to relevant international organisations and agreements by middle powers, despite middle powers initially having been manipulated into participating in the food aid regime by the hegemonic United States. The possible implications of the trends identified in this study for the future of food aid to Sub- Saharan Africa, also enjoy consideration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 1993 het internasional voedselhulp 'n rekord hoogtepunt bereik, maar teen 1997 het voedselhulp geval tot die laagste vlak in meer as twee dekades. Alhoewel die post- 1993 afname van voedselhulp die uitstaande tendens in voedselhulp was tydens die betrokke periode, het voedselhulp ook gegroei gedurende hierdie tydperk. Hierdie tesis beoog om die teenstrydige, maar parallelle, groei en afname van voedselhulp sedert 1993 te verstaan vanuit 'n neo-Gramsciaanse perspektief. Die neo- Gramsciaanse benadering tot internasionale betrekkinge is 'n histories sensitiewe, niedeterministiese Marxistiese perspektief, normatief verbind tot transformasie na 'n meer regverdige wêreldorde. Hierdie perspektief help ons om die hegemoon se relatiewe vryheid van die strukturele en institusionele beperkinge en struikelblokke wat deur ander state in die gesig gestaar word, te verstaan. Die neo-Gramsciaanse benadering is uniek in die klem wat dit plaas op die rol van middelslag-moondhede en internasionale organisasies in die stabilisering en legitimering van die hegemoniese orde. Die afname in voedselhulp het plaasgevind omdat die beskikbaarheid van landbousurplus nog steeds die belangrikste bepalende faktor van voedselhulpvlakke is, met 'n gevolglike afname in voedselhulp toe graanpryse gestyg het na 1993. Wat meer is, die voedselhulpregime was te swak om 'n verbreking van die verband tussen voedselhulp en landbousurplus af te dwing met betrekking tot die meeste donateurstate, maar veral ten opsigte van die hegemoon en grootste donateur van voedselhulp, die Verenigde State. Die groei van voedselhulp is te danke aan die ondersteuning van die betrokke internasionale organisasies en ooreenkomste deur middelslag-moondhede, alhoewel die hegemoniese Verenigde State middelslagmoondhede aanvanklik moes manipuleer tot deelname aan die voedselhulpregime. Die moontlike implikasies van die tendense geïdentifiseer in hierdie studie vir die toekoms van voedselhulp na Sub-Sahara Afrika, geniet ook oorweging.