Este estudo teve como objetivo abordar aspectos comparativos de cooperação internacional focando o tráfico internacional de pessoas para fins de exploração sexual. Inicíase a abordagem refletindo sobre a dignidade da pessoa humana e as questões socioculturais que permitem que a exploração sexual continue a existir e necessite uma investigação e persecução diferenciada de outras modalidades criminosas. A cooperação internacional, entre órgãos governamentais e não governamentais, é discutida em razão da transnacionalidade do crime de tráfico internacional de pessoas e atuação de organizações criminosas. O estudo comparativo de legislações e melhores práticas implementadas pelos Estados é realizado principalmente em relação aos países membros da União Europeia e do MERCOSUL e busca apontar pontos positivos e deficiências a fim de sugerir ações que devem ser implementadas ou melhoradas para que o tráfico internacional de pessoas para exploração sexual possa tornar-se cada vez mais difícil de ser realizado / This work aims to address comparative aspects of international cooperation focusing on international trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation. The approach initiates reflecting on the dignity of the human person and the socio-cultural issues that allow the sexual exploitation to continue to exist and to require an investigation and prosecution that differs from other criminal procedures. International cooperation, between governmental and non-governmental organizations, is discussed because of the transnational nature of the crime of international trafficking in persons and of the activities of criminal organizations. The comparative study of legislation and best practices implemented by the States addresses mainly the European Union and MERCOSUR member States and seeks to identify strengths and weaknesses in order to suggest actions that should be implemented or improved so that the international trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation may become increasingly difficult to realize.

A massive tsunami hit Aceh in December 26, 2004. It was one of the biggest natural disasters of the century. The tsunami’s unprecedented destruction of the area attracted the biggest influx ever of international aid and highlighted the nearly non-existent social service system at local levels. The abundance of international aid served as an impetus for the Indonesian government to review their social service system. This is the first time that resources from international aid in Indonesia were allocated for professionalization of social workers. This dissertation utilizes a qualitative narrative analysis to explore the questions: How do Indonesian social workers understand and express their experience of the social work professionalization process post-2004 tsunami? How do they interpret the process of professionalization? How do the systems available influence their professional interpretation of the experience and affect their strategies to gain public recognition and resources to claim professional jurisdiction in a society? Interviews were conducted of fifteen Indonesian social workers who were involved in the 2004 tsunami recovery efforts and are still active in the social work professionalization efforts today. The findings show that the international aid and 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia was the impetus for professionalization of social work in Indonesia. This study explores how Indonesian social workers understand and interpret their experience during the tsunami 2004 recovery efforts using Abbott’s system of professions concepts to frame the professionalization process as impacted by international aid during the 2004 tsunami. The findings revolve around formal public recognition, community sanction and a systematic knowledge base in Indonesia’s social work professionalization process.

O objetivo do trabalho é compreender como os Estados e os órgãos de segurança articulam-se no combate do crime organizado transnacional. As hipóteses foram analisadas em três perspectivas: 1.) identificação das mudanças ocorridas no crime organizado que levaram à superação do conceito tradicional de organização hierárquica para a sua nova articulação através das redes difusas de atuação econômica, com a abertura de espaço para a atuação de novos atores; 2.) definição da influência da transnacionalização do crime na mudança da percepção dos Estados em relação à segurança, transpondo o debate da perspectiva política para a perspectiva da segurança humana, identificado no processo de securitização proposto pela Escola de Copenhague, através das medidas adotadas no plano interno, regional e internacional; e 3.) observação da influência que os valores compartilhados exercem nos órgãos destinados à manutenção da segurança, possibilitando a criação das comunidades de cooperação policial internacional. Conclui pela necessidade de alterar os paradigmas de análise do crime organizado, traçando novas perspectivas sob o enfoque do processo de securitização, da segurança humana, da cooperação e do consenso, com destaque ao papel exercido pela Interpol e a Europol. / The objective of this work is to understand how the states and the public safety security articulate fight against transnational organized crime. The hypotheses were tested in three perspectives: 1.) Identification of changes in organized crime that led to overcome the traditional concept of hierarchical organization and its new articulation through the diffuse economical networks activity, with the opening of space for the performance of new actors, 2.) Define the crime transnationalization influence in the State changing perception in relation to security, transposing the discussion of political perspective to the perspective of human security, identified in the securitization process, developed by the School of Copenhagen through, and the measures adopted in the internal, regional and international level, and 3.) Observe the influence of shared values on the organs responsible for security maintaining, enabling the creation of international police cooperation. Concluded by the need to change the paradigms of analysis on organized crime, setting out new perspectives in focus of the securitization process, human security, cooperation and consensus, highlighting the role played by Interpol and Europol

Drawing from an extensive literature review and international experiences, it is found that TEC is a dynamic process of environmental governance to manage environmental conflicts and achieve mutually agreed goals. It is also a political process involving complex mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions in which stakeholders can articulate their interests, exercise their rights and obligations, and mediate their differences. Transforming theory into a pragmatic research holism, this study constructs an analytical framework which stresses the great importance of a few key aspects of TEC. These key aspects include the nature and characteristics of environmental issue of concern, sociopolitical situations where TEC appears, co-operation regime, determinants of cooperation formation and persistence, and elements of environmental governance. In this study, knowledge, interests and power are identified as the three key determinants and the eight elements involved are participation, compatibility, benefit to all participants, communication, transparency, adaptability, certainty, and expertise. / In order to critically examine the involvement of stakeholders, processes, and mechanisms of TEC in GPRD, a case study approach was employed. An in-depth analysis of two milestone cases, i.e., regional air quality management and Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, illustrates how TEC plays a vital role in managing the environmental challenges resulting from economic growth, building of infrastructure and disparity in the level of regional development. Findings of the case studies reveal that joint efforts of the various jurisdictions have significantly promoted the regional environmental governance over the past two decades. There are mechanisms for knowledge building and conflict resolution. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of TEC needs to be further improved because several key elements are still not in place, including mutually agreed goals, effective negotiation among government bodies at different levels, symmetric distribution of benefits as perceived by the parties involved, and transparency as a result of free flow of information. The findings of this study also show that the absence or inadequacy of these key elements is deeply rooted in the "One Country, Two Systems" framework under which differences between both sides exist in political culture, mindset, environmental regulations and standards, as well as conflicting interests and priorities. These differences coupled with complex administrative hierarchy and pro-economic growth ethos point to a long drawn-out battle for consensus building and regional collaboration. / This study aims to conceptualize transboundary environmental cooperation (TEC) and examine how TEC helps solve environmental problems in the Greater Pearl River Delta region (GPRD) where the unique "One Country, Two Systems" framework is in place. With two different socio-political systems under the Chinese Government, the GPRD region has witnessed rapid economic growth driven mainly by industrialization and urbanization over the past two decades and has experienced a variety of environmental problems. By conducting a critical analysis of environmental governance in the region, the study offers unique insights into the environmental management problems in the Chinese context and hence the research findings are useful for devising alternative ways for more effective management of the environment. / Hui, Wing Chi. / "January 2008." / Advisers: Lam Kin Che; Yongqin Chen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: A, page: 0978. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-244). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

A inserção das tecnologias digitais na escola não contemplam padrões de tempos atrás. Nesse contexto encontram-se os professores e os processos formativos. Com a situação da tecnologia na sociedade posta e sem possibilidades de recuo, a abordagem sobre os processos destinados à formação de professores é de extrema importância, uma vez que os profissionais da educação necessitam desenvolver competências e habilidades diante das tecnologias que permitam usufruir dos benefícios das mesmas em suas práticas didático-pedagógicas. Desse modo, o objeto de estudo deste trabalho são os professores de Química de instituições públicas e um processo formativo único e inédito no cenário brasileiro: o Programa de Desenvolvimento Profissional para Professores. O programa de formação ocorreu em Portugal por meio de um acordo de cooperação internacional entre os governos brasileiro e português. Entre os objetivos do referido programa está o estímulo do uso de tecnologias na construção de estratégias didático-pedagógicas de caráter inovador. Assim, o objetivo foi investigar o Programa de Desenvolvimento Profissional para Professores, frente à formação de professores de Química no que tange à utilização das tecnologias voltadas ao ensino dos conteúdos programáticos da disciplina de Química, com a finalidade de identificar aspectos (in)existentes que permeiam e/ou circundam as interações didático-pedagógicas que se inserem as tecnologias digitais enquanto mediadoras dos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem nos contextos de atuação dos professores cursistas. De natureza empírica, teve imersões internacionais e nacionais. Os sujeitos foram 50 professores de Química de 16 estados do Brasil e o Distrito Federal na fase internacional e 10 professores dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná e Bahia acompanhados in loco na fase nacional. Os acompanhamentos ocorreram em momentos distintos: i) fase internacional, meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2014, nas Universidades do Porto e de Aveiro; ii) fase nacional, mês de junho de 2015 e entre os meses de março e maio de 2016. A análise dos dados foi baseada na Análise de Conteúdo com auxilio do software QSR Nvivo. Os resultados conduziram à construção de categorias analíticas nomeadas com expressões oriundas dos próprios professores de Química. Foram delimitadas em três domínios distintos, a saber: i) aqui na escola; ii) as pessoas aqui; e iii) lá em Portugal. Foi possível constatar a existência de divergências entre o programa de formação, as expectativas, as narrativas e as práticas dos professores em seus ambientes profissionais no que concerne à utilização das tecnologias digitais no ensino dos conteúdos programáticos escolares da disciplina de Química. / The introduction of digital technologies in school do not include standards long ago. In this context are the teachers and the preparation processes. With the state of technology in society put and recoilless possibilities, the approach to the processes for the teacher training is of utmost importance, since education professionals need to develop skills and abilities in the face of technologies to enjoy the benefits of same in their didactic and pedagogical practices. Thus, the work of this object of study are the Chemistry teachers of public institutions and a unique and unprecedented educational process in the Brazilian scenario: the Professional Development Program for Teachers. The training program took place in Portugal through an international cooperation agreement between the Brazilian and Portuguese governments. Among the objectives of the program is encouraging the use of technologies in the construction of didactic and pedagogical strategies of innovative character. The objective was to investigate the Professional Development Program for Teachers, opposite the training chemistry teachers regarding the use of technologies aimed at teaching the syllabus of the subject of chemistry, in order to identify aspects (in) existing that permeate and / or surround the didactic and pedagogical interactions that are part of the digital technologies while mediating the processes of teaching and learning in action contexts of teacher students teachers. Empirical nature, had national and international immersions. The subjects were 50 Chemistry teachers from 16 states of Brazil and the Federal District on the international stage and 10 teachers from the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Bahia accompanied in place in the national phase. Accompaniments occurred at different times: i) international stage, January and February 2014, the Universities of Porto and Aveiro; ii) national phase, June 2015 and between March and May 2016. Data analysis was based on content analysis with the aid of QSR NVivo software. The results led to the construction of analytical categories named with expressions originate in the Chemistry teachers. They were defined in three distinct areas, namely: i) here at school; ii) the people here; and iii) there in Portugal. It was found that there are differences between the training program, expectations, narratives and teachers' practices in their professional environments regarding the use of digital technologies in teaching the school syllabus of the subject of chemistry.

Esta tese parte da demonstração da existência de um conceito genérico de seguridade social incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico internacional - a ser interpretado conforme sua função socioeconômica e construção histórica no direito comparado o qual garante direitos subjetivos a medidas protetivas. Passa a averiguar então o desenvolvimento de um padrão ou receituário rudimentar previsto naquele ordenamento para implementação progressiva de sistemas de seguridade social com contornos protetivos cada vez mais precisos e abrangentes, inclusive no tocante ao tratamento do problema das migrações. Detecta então as insuficiências desse aparato normativo para oferecer atualmente uma cobertura efetiva à maioria da população mundial e aponta estratégias jurídicas internacionalizadas empregadas para fomentar ao menos a expansão imediata de uma cobertura mínima em seguridade social às populações mais vulneráveis do globo. Enfoca, por fim, a cooperação financeira internacional como solução viável para suprir as carências emergenciais das populações dos países em situação de maior déficit de cobertura em seguridade social, notadamente quanto a prestações de saúde. Expõe, em seu conjunto, caminhos para estruturação de sistemas de seguridade social harmônicos, coordenados e eficazes em prol da segurança econômica de todos. / This doctoral thesis demonstrates the existence of a generic concept of social security incorporated in the international juridical order being interpreted according to its social and economical role and historical development with reference to compared law institutes which garantees subjectives rights to protective measures. Therefore, it becomes to verify the development of a pattern or a rough sketch prescription expected in that order, aiming at a progressive introduction of social security systems more and more protective, accurate and wide-ranging, including, furthermore, an approach regarding migration problems. It identifies the internal failures of this normative and regulatory system in order to offer an effective coverage to the majority of the worldwide population and highlights international juridical strategies which are nowadays being used at least to stimulate an immediate expansion in social security to the more vulnerable worldwide population. It emphasizes, at last, a financial international cooperation as a viable solution in order to supply urgent social deficiencies concernig to the populations in countries which outstands lack of social security coverage, mainly as for health support. It exposes, on the whole, ways to build and develop harmonic social security systems, integrated an effective, in the name of the economical security of all.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Emmilyne Christine do Nascimento.pdf: 3101255 bytes, checksum: 57ea0d9a59f61cb186c67d00b101ca0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper analyzes the reasons why Brazil and Ukraine builded the binational company Alcantara Cyclone Space (ACS), which aims at international marketing of satellite launches from Launch Center of Alcantara (LCA). Thus, sought to reflect on the feasibility of this partnership to the expected results by the two States. It is understood that cooperation between Brazil and Ukraine falls within the parameters of Brazilian South-South technical cooperation, where one can already see that this partnership changed the course trodden by the Brazilian space program, considering that Brazil (which does not have a rocket launch itself), joining with Ukraine, might as well join the group of countries that has a complete space program. We conclude that the need to address the limitations and the desire to compete in the space sector are moving to Brazil and Ukraine to join forces to keep the company ACS in activity and to continue in the process of cooperation, which is heading towards a breakthrough both technical (exchange of students and technicians from both countries) and technological (joint construction of the next rocket ACS, Cyclone-5). It is understood that the marketing of space services is the focus of the project ACS and intentions as technology transfer is part of the partnership as a possibility, but not as a reality. / O presente trabalho analisa os motivos que levaram o Brasil e a Ucrânia a construírem a empresa binacional Alcântara Cyclone Space (ACS), visando à comercialização internacional de lançamentos de satélites a partir do Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara (CLA). Buscou-se assim, refletir sobre a viabilidade dessa parceria e o quanto ela pode proporcionar aos dois Estados na concretização dos interesses esperados com a referida empresa. Entende-se que a cooperação entre o Brasil e a Ucrânia enquadra-se nos parâmetros brasileiros de cooperação técnica sul-sul, de onde já se pode perceber que tal parceria mudou os rumos trilhados pelo programa espacial brasileiro, tendo em vista que o Brasil (que não possui um foguete de lançamento próprio), ao se unir com a Ucrânia, pode assim ingressar no grupo restrito de países que detém um completo programa espacial. Conclui-se que a necessidade de suprir as limitações e o desejo de competir no setor espacial estão movendo o Brasil e a Ucrânia a unir forças para manter a empresa ACS em atividade e a dar continuidade em seu processo de cooperação, que caminha para um avanço tanto no âmbito técnico (intercambio de alunos e técnicos de ambos os países) quanto tecnológico (construção conjunta do próximo foguete da ACS, Cyclone-5). Entende-se que a comercialização de serviços espaciais é o foco do projeto ACS e que intenções como a transferência de tecnologia é parte da parceria como uma possibilidade, mas não como uma realidade atual.

A presente tese versa sobre a cooperação internacional em saúde como um mecanismo de fortalecimento do direito humano à saúde, de forma específica no bloco regional da União das Nações Sul-Americanas (Unasul). Desde 1945, quando a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) é criada, a cooperação internacional se fundamenta como propósito e postulado jurídico para o alcance dos direitos humanos. Ainda assim, à luz da Teoria das Relações Internacionais, os Estados podem se relacionar de maneira conflituosa ou de maneira cooperativa. As formas mais extremas dessas duas possibilidades são a guerra e a integração. Artigo 1º - Os propósitos das Nações Unidas são: (...)3. Conseguir uma cooperação internacional para resolver os problemas internacionais de caráter econômico, social, cultural ou humanitário, e para promover e estimular o respeito aos direitos humanos e as liberdades fundamentais para todos, sem distinção de raça, sexo, língua ou religião (...). No caso desta pesquisa, a hipótese aplica-se na assertiva de que a cooperação internacional em saúde entre os países membros da Unasul - bloco regional de integração política - contribui para o fortalecimento do direito à saúde. No contexto dessa tese, compreendemos que o fortalecimento se dá com a adoção de mecanismos e processos de garantia do direito à saúde, tais como a criação de órgãos e instituições especializados no tema, a adoção de resoluções, de recomendações e demais instrumentos jurídicos que reconheçam a saúde como um direito, e que orientem e apoiem os países na formulação de políticas públicas em saúde. O fortalecimento do direito à saúde via cooperação, no contexto do bloco regional, ocorrerá na medida em que (i) se desenvolvam as relações entre esses países através do intercâmbio de experiências e da propositura de metas e estratégias comuns para o enfrentamento de problemas de saúde; (ii) proporcione uma compreensão e reconhecimento conjunto quanto à saúde como direito humano; e (iii) se estabeleçam órgãos e instituições especializados no tema. / This thesis deals with international health cooperation as a mechanism for strengthening the human right to health, specifically in the regional bloc of the Union of South American Nations (Unasur). Since 1945, when the United Nations (UN) was created, international cooperation is founded as purpose and legal postulate for the achievement of human rights 1. Still, in the light of International Relations Theory (DE LOMBAERDE; VAN LANGENHOVE, 2013), States may relate in a confrontational or cooperative way. The most extreme forms of these two possibilities are war and integration. Article 1 - The purpose of the United Nations are: (...) 3. To achieve international cooperation to solve international problems of economic, social, cultural or humanitarian law caracter, and to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion (...). In the case of this research, the hypothesis applies in the statement that international cooperation in health among the Member countries of Unasur - regional bloc of political integration - contributes to the strengthening of the right to health. In the context of this thesis, one understands that strengthening is with the adoption of mechanisms and processes to guarantee the right to health, such as the creation of specialized bodies and institutions on the subject, the adoption of resolutions, recommendations and other instruments recognize legal health as a right, and to guide and support the countries in the formulation of public health policies. The strengthening of the right to health via cooperation, in the context of the regional bloc, shall occur to the extent that (i) relations among these countries are developed through the exchange of experiences and the bringing of common goals and strategies for dealing with health problems; (ii) an understanding and recognition set as to health as a human right is provided; and (iii) specialized bodies and institutions on the subject are established.

Contexto: O Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde (PACS) existe há mais de 20 anos no Brasil, tendo lugar de destaque no cenário mundial por sua larga escala e integração com equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Apesar da dimensão do PACS e da ESF no Brasil, há poucos estudos avaliando o seu impacto. Em Luanda, Angola, o PACS, inspirado no modelo brasileiro, começou a ser implantado em 2007. O suporte técnico do Brasil foi solicitado para apoiar o processo, o que gerou um projeto de cooperação envolvendo instituições brasileiras e angolanas. Objetivos: Sumarizar a evidência conhecida da efetividade do Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) no Brasil e avaliar a implantação de um programa da mesma natureza em Angola por meio de um processo de cooperação técnica Brasil-Angola. Métodos: Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada, usando o sistema GRADE para avaliação do nível de evidência. Para a análise da implantação do PACS de Luanda, foi feito estudo de caso com técnicas principalmente qualitativas: análise documental, registros das fichas dos ACS, observação direta, nove entrevistas com gestores e seis grupos focais com ACS. Resultados: Na revisão sistemática, foram incluídos 23 estudos, 14 (61%) dos quais avaliaram o ACS no contexto do PACS/ESF. Quanto ao desfecho, 13 estudos (56%) focaram em saúde materno-infantil, sete (30%) em doenças infecciosas, seis (26%) em problemas crônicos e dois (9%) na redução de iniquidades. O delineamento foi transversal ou de comparação antes e depois em 65% dos estudos. Apesar da baixa qualidade da evidência para a maioria dos desfechos, encontramos benefício do ACS (nível de evidência moderado) para frequência de pesagem em crianças, prevalência de amamentação (total, predominante e exclusiva) e introdução tardia da mamadeira. Quanto ao PACS de Luanda, 2548 ACS foram formados até junho de 2009, com 261.357 famílias cadastradas, representando 60% da cobertura prevista. Por meio de dados qualitativos, houve associação do PACS com melhora na saúde materno-infantil e com aumento da procura de serviços de saúde. Apesar disso, o programa enfrenta dificuldades que ameaçam a sua sustentabilidade: falta de remuneração regular e vínculo administrativo do ACS; necessidade de formação adequada, supervisão contínua e estratégias de avaliação; e pouca capacidade de resposta do serviço de saúde. Conclusões: Existe evidência, embora geralmente com qualidade limitada, mostrando efeito benéfico de intervenções do ACS no Brasil, especialmente para desfechos relacionados à saúde materno-infantil. Dada a dimensão do investimento brasileiro em ACS, investigar o benefício associado a esse profissional desponta como tema prioritário de pesquisa, o que também estimula o papel do Brasil na cooperação com Angola e outros países. O Brasil tem potencial de contribuir para a implantação do PACS em Angola, compartilhando a sua própria experiência com ACS no contexto do SUS e fornecendo suporte técnico a partir das demandas apresentadas, principalmente na avaliação do programa. Além disso, os aprendizados da cooperação são uma oportunidade para o Brasil repensar seus próprios desafios. No contexto geral, a intensificação das estratégias de avaliação desponta como necessidade urgente no âmbito da estruturação dos sistemas de saúde. / Context: The Communnity Health Workers Program (CHWP) exists for more than 20 years in Brazil, and is being acknowledged internationally for its large scale and integration with Family Health Strategy (FHS) teams. Despite massive investment in Community Health Workers (CHWs) expansion, there are few studies documenting their impact in Brazil. In Luanda, Angola, a CHWP inspired in the Brazilian model is being deployed since 2007. Brazil‟s technical support was demanded from the beginning of the implementation process, originating a cooperation project involving various Brazilian and Angolan institutions. Objectives: To summarize available evidence of the effectiveness of CHWs in Brazil, and to evaluate the implementation of a similar program in Angola, by means of technical cooperation with Brazil. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, using GRADE to assess the level of evidence. For the analysis of CHWP implementation in Luanda, we chose the case study design, using mainly qualitative techniques: documental analysis, data from CHWs‟ reports, direct observation, nine interviews with program coordinators and six focal groups with CHWs. Results: In the systematic review, 23 studies were included, 14 (61%) of which assessed the CHW linked to PACS/FHS. Concerning outcomes, 13 studies (56%) focused on maternal and child health, seven (30%) on infectious diseases, six (26%) on chronic health problems, and two (9%) on inequities reduction. Design was cross-sectional or before and after comparison in 65% of studies. Despite the low quality of evidence for the majority of outcomes, we found significant beneficial effect with CHWs (moderate evidence level) for frequency of weighing children, prevalence of breastfeeding (overall, predominant and exclusive) and late introduction of bottle-feeding. As for the analysis of program implementation in Luanda, 2548 CHWs were trained, with 261,357 families registered by June 2009, which represents 60% of planned coverage. According to qualitative data, CHWP was associated with improvements in maternal and child health and with increase in the demand for health assistance. Nevertheless, the program faces important difficulties that could prevent its sustainability: lack of regular payments and stable contracts for CHWs; need for formal training, continuous supervision and evaluation strategy; and reduced health service capacity. Conclusions: With the systematic review, we could conclude that there is evidence, in spite of its overall limited quality, showing beneficial effect of CHW interventions, especially those related to maternal and child health. Given the scale of the Brazilian investment in CHWs, investigating their specific contribution is a priority in the health research agenda, further stimulating the role Brazil can play in the cooperation with Angola and other countries, by sharing the experience with CHWs in the context of Brazil‟s universal health system, and by providing technical support, according to the needs arising in the implementation process, especially in program evaluation. At the same time, learning from Angola, Brazil has the opportunity to reflect on its own policies and challenges. In general, intensification of evaluation strategies is highlighted as an urgent need within the context of health systems‟ strengthening. / Telemedicina

An increasingly popular way for global citizens to contribute to communities around the world is through international volunteering. In tandem with this growing trend, academic research in the field has increased to explore the goals, motivations, and impacts of international service on volunteers, host communities, and volunteer-sending organizations. One of the larger gaps in our understanding of global civic engagement though is the specifics of how and why, as well as the overall impact of international service on, host organizations that seek and/or accept international volunteers. Using an exploratory research design to collect and analyze survey data and open-ended email inquiry responses from almost 250 organizational representatives in 50+ countries, this dissertation expands the breadth and depth of knowledge on the relationship between host organizations and international volunteers. Findings include a broad and varied range of potential motivations for hosting international volunteers, from direct benefits to the host organization like leveraging organizational capacity to benefits extended to the broader community and volunteers themselves such as providing opportunities for cross-cultural interaction. In addition, host organization characteristics and opinions were compared between two global regions - Africa and Asia - and statistically significant relationships identified between characteristics and opinions of host organizations and their reported satisfaction with international volunteers. This study contributes new data on and from organizations that host international volunteers. Research findings also support and expand the field's understanding of international volunteer engagement as it relates specifically to organizational capacity and social capital theory.