Il est indéniable que les organisations internationales exercent, de nos jours, un pouvoir important. Or, de cette constatation sont nés les appels à limiter le pouvoir de ces organisations et à leurs opposer les droits de la personne. Cette thèse étudie ce discours sur l'applicabilité des droits de la personne aux organisations internationales. Faisant appel aux écrits de Martti Koskenniemi, elle déconstruit dans un premier temps ce discours. Elle montre qu'il est impossible d'objectiver celui-ci et que toute tentative en ce sens amène immanquablement le juriste qui s'y essaie à exercer un acte de pouvoir et donc un acte politique. Cette thèse montre ensuite qu'en dépit de cette indétermination du droit, il est néanmoins possible de mobiliser les droits de la personne pour mettre en cause l'action des organisations internationales. Cette démarche implique toutefois d'accepter sa dimension politique et de prendre conscience des couts et bénéfices qui accompagnent celle-ci. Elle implique d'accepter la responsabilité personnelle des choix que l'on fait au nom de l'application des droits de la personne. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The current study examines the extent and magnitude by which global and regional shocks are transmitted to the volatility of returns in the stock markets of South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Botswana, Mauritius and Egypt. This is done so as to make inferences on the level of the domestic market‟s integration into the regional and world capital markets. By applying multivariate and univariate GARCH models, using weekly data from June 1995 to May 2010, the main empirical findings are threefold. Firstly, the volatility analytical framework finds statistically significant and time-varying volatility spillover effects from the regional and global markets to the South African market. Global shocks are generally stronger and account for up to 23.9 percent of the volatility of South Africa‟s equity market compared to weaker regional factors which account for less than 1 percent of domestic variance. Only in countries with strong bilateral trade and economic links with South Africa, such as Botswana and Namibia, is it found that regional factors are more dominant than global factors for domestic volatility. Compared to the other African markets, the joint influence of foreign shocks on domestic volatility is highest in South Africa and Egypt, two of Africa‟s largest and most developed markets. The results further demonstrate that for all the African markets the explanatory power of both regional and global factors for domestic volatility is not constant over time and tends to increase during turbulent market periods. Secondly, the analysis of the determinants of South frica‟s second moment linkages with the global market suggests that the volatility of the exchange rate plays a cardinal role in influencing the magnitude by which global shocks affect domestic volatility. The increased global integration in the second moments cannot be attributed to either increased trade integration, convergence in inflation rates or to convergence in interest rates between South Africa and the global markets. Lastly, tests were conducted to examine whether there have been contagion effects from the regional and global markets to South Africa from the 1997 Asian crisis and the 2007/8 global financial crisis. The results show no evidence of contagion during either the East Asian currency crisis or the recent global financial crisis to South Africa, while some African markets, such as Egypt, Mauritius and Botswana, exhibit contagion effects from either crisis. Overall, the empirical findings generally support the view that African markets are segmented both at the regional and global levels as domestic volatility is more influenced by local idiosyncratic shocks (the proportion not attributable to either global and regional factors). However, the volatility of South Africa, and to a lesser extent Egypt, remains relatively more open to global influence. This implies that the potential for gains from international portfolio diversification and the scope for success of policies aimed at the stabilisation of equity markets in these markets exist.

La chute récente du prix des matières premières a montré la vulnérabilité que pouvait impliquer une trop forte dépendance des économies aux revenus provenant des ressources naturelles. Dans le premier chapitre, les résultats que nous obtenons indiquent que les prix des matières premières sont un indicateur important du risque pays des exportateurs, ce qui n’est pas le cas des pays qui sont importateurs. Bien que les pays exportateurs soient aujourd’hui ceux dont le défaut externe est le plus probable, il n’apparaît pas de prime de risque supplémentaire liée à la détention de leurs obligations. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions le lien entre les termes de l’échange et le taux de change effectif réel entre et de exportateurs de matières premières . Il existe une relation de long terme entre les termes de l’échange des pays exportateurs et leur taux de change réel. Les termes de l’échange n’ont pas d’impact à court-terme sur les taux de change effectifs réels. Néanmoins, nous montrons grâce à l’estimation d’un modèle à seuil à transition lisse en panel PSTR , qu’ une forte baisse du prix du pétrole (entre 25% et 36%) donnent un pouvoir explicatif aux termes de l’échange. Même si la question est encore largement débattue dans la littérature, l’idée qu’il existe une "malédiction des ressources naturelles" a fait sa place. Les pays fortement dotés en ressources naturelles auraient en moyenne une croissance économique plus faible que ceux qui n’en sont pas pourvus. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous proposons une méta-analyse basée sur un échantillon de 67 études empiriques qui étudient le lien entre ressources naturelles et croissance économique. Sur la base d’un ensemble de coefficients estimés, nos résultats montrent qu’il existe une "faible" malédiction des ressources. / The recent drop in commodity prices showed the high vulnerability implied by being too much dependent on revenues stemming from natural resources. In the first chapter, we look into the way financial markets assess the market risk of twenty-two emerging economies. More precisely, the purpose of this chapter is to investigate how natural resources are incorporated in the way international investors perceived the ability to service external debt obligationsduring the 2003-2014 period. The results indicate that commodity prices are an important driver of sovereign spreads in the case of exporters while it is not the case for importing countries. In the second chapter, we investigate the link between energy prices and the real effective exchange rate of commodity-exporting countries. Estimating a panel cointegration relation between the real effective exchange rate and its fundamentals, we provide evidence for the existence of both energy and commodity currencies and we show that when the oil market is highly volatile (downwards), currencies follow an "oil currency regime", terms-of trade becoming an important driver of the real exchange rate A conventional wisdom has spread in the literature stating that a high endowment in natural resources is detrimental for growth, yet the debate is still ongoing In this chapter, we aim at providing quantitative results on the magnitude of the link between natural resources and growth found in the literature, as well as discussing, on quantitative bases, whether the sources of heterogeneity are significant. To this end, we implement a meta-analysis based on 67 empirical studies that investigate the link between natural resources and growth, totaling 1405 estimates. The results show a "soft" curse that may be reverted together with the importance of institutions in mitigating the curse.

Cette étude porte sur l’investissement direct étranger et le tourisme international. Il s’agit d’une étude simultanée sur la demande touristique internationale à la fois en termes d’arrivées et de recettes ; ces éléments n’ont fait l’objet que de peu de travaux antérieurs, en raison de la spécificité du tourisme et les lacunes des données statistiques. Ce travail comporte deux parties. La première partie est divisée en deux chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente une analyse économique des IDE, y compris le secteur du tourisme et du tourisme international. Dans le deuxième chapitre, les principaux déterminants de l’IDE et du secteur touristique sont étudiés. La deuxième partie concerne les applications économétriques et le classement typologique des déterminants des IDE ; elle comporte deux chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, les données statistiques, la méthodologie concernant les statistiques descriptives, et les modèles économétriques sont étudiés afin de démontrer le lien d’interdépendance et d’interaction. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l’analyse des tests des pays concernés. L’association des résultats des tests économétriques avec une étude de la monographie de chaque pays, permet d’établir un classement des déterminants d’IDE à destination touristique. / This work focuses on foreign direct investment and international tourism. It is a simultaneous study in tourism demand international both in terms of arrivals and revenue; These elements have been little the subject of earlier work, due to the specificity of tourism and the shortcomings of statistical data. This work consists of two parts. The first is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, it comes to the economic analysis of the IDE, including the sector of tourism and international tourism. In the second chapter, the main determinants of FDI and tourism are studied. The second part concerns the econometric applications and the classification of the typology of the determinants of FDI; it includes two chapters. In the first chapter, statistical data, the methodology for descriptive statistics and econometric models are studied in order to demonstrate the link of interdependence and the relationship of interaction. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of tests of the countries concerned. By combining the results of econometric tests, a study of the product monograph of each country, it is permitted to establish a ranking of the determinants of FDI to tourist destination.

Submitted by Michel Ferreira Cardia Haddad (michel1404@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-01-16T18:22:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Dissertação - Michel Haddad.pdf: 3234670 bytes, checksum: 87ebc92b5b29bcb72a2ee1b8b8e9c651 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-01-16T18:23:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Dissertação - Michel Haddad.pdf: 3234670 bytes, checksum: 87ebc92b5b29bcb72a2ee1b8b8e9c651 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-16T18:27:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Dissertação - Michel Haddad.pdf: 3234670 bytes, checksum: 87ebc92b5b29bcb72a2ee1b8b8e9c651 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-18 / O presente estudo investiga a existência de contágio financeiro entre os países do G20, com base em uma análise sobre os retornos dos principais índices de ações, abrangendo o período de 2000 a 2012. A abordagem utilizada consiste na utilização de modelos multivariados de volatilidade da família DCC-GARCH, na versão proposta por Engle e Sheppard (2001). Com base nos testes efetuados, conclui-se que houve mudanças estruturais nas séries analisadas em praticamente todos os 14 países analisados, sendo que os resultados obtidos demonstram evidências favoráveis para a hipótese de contágio financeiro entre países do G20. Verificou-se também que dentre as diversas crises financeiras ocorridas durante o período analisado, a Crise do Subprime destaca-se das demais crises, devido a sua magnitude e velocidade com que se propagou, afetando tanto países desenvolvidos como países emergentes. / This study investigates the existence of financial contagion among the G20 countries, based on an analysis of the returns of main stock indices, covering the period from 2000 to 2012. The approach consists of using multivariate models of volatility family DCC-GARCH, as proposed by Engle and Sheppard (2001). Based on econometric tests, it was concluded that there were structural changes in the series analyzed from virtually all 14 countries analyzed, and the results show evidence favorable to the hypothesis of financial contagion among G20 countries. It was also found that among the various financial crises that occurred during the reporting period, the Subprime Crisis stands out from other crises, due to its magnitude and speed of spread, affecting both developed and emerging countries.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Research studies on portfolio diversification have tended to focus on developed markets and paid less attention to emerging markets. Traditionally, correlation analysis has been used to determine potential benefits from diversification but current studies have shifted focus from correlation analysis to exploring cointegration analysis and other forms of tests such as the Vector Error Correction Methodology. The research seeks to find if it is beneficial for a South African investor to diversify their portfolio of emerging market equities over a long-term period. Daily weighted share indices for the period of January 1996 to November 2008 were collected and analysed through the application of the Johansen cointegration technique and Vector Error Correction Methodology. Granger Causality tests were also performed to established whether one variable can be useful in forecasting another variable. The study found that there was at least one statistically significant long-run relationship between the emerging markets. After testing for unit roots for all the share indices and their first difference using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF), Philips-Perron and Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, and Shin (KPSS) unit root tests, similar conclusions were m~de. All the unit root tests and their levels could not be rejected for all the series. However, unit root tests on the first differences were rejected, meaning that all series are of order 1(1) - evidence of cointegration. Simply put, emerging markets tend not to drift apart over time. This suggests that emerging markets offer limited benefits to investors who are looking to add some risk to their portfolios. In addition, the study also found evidence of both unidirectional and bidirectional causality (Granger-Cause tests) between markets. This implies that the conditions for a particular market are exogenous of the other market. The study concludes that emerging markets are gradually adopting the same profile as developed markets.

The results of this thesis suggest that investors should invest in portfolios consisting of the Standard and Poor's 500, the Ten Composite Index and the ten founding stock exchanges, rather than only invest in either the ten founding stock exchanges or Standard and Poor's 500.

The topic researched for this project will be foreigh exchange hedging; the available forms, the uses, the procedures, and the value. This project will expand beyond the typical research and examine the value of hedging through the use of different foreign exchang currency trading strategies to small multinationational corporations.

This thesis presents a case study of an open pit mine proposal in Kamloops, BC. During an integrated Environmental (Impact) Assessment (EA) process mandated by the Provincial and Federal governments, stakeholders addressed the mine’s environmental, social, heritage, economic, and health-related impacts. At the end of a 7-year process, the application was denied. My research sought to examine how health was conceptualized in the EA, and, specifically, had the mine been approved, how would the permit conditions have protected the public from adverse health effects. To that end, I conducted a review of health-related documents incorporated in the EA and studied the results through a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) lens based on guidance from the International Finance Corporation (IFC). As well as reviewing and analyzing the EA documents, I conducted interviews with participants in and outside the formal stakeholder group, as prescribed by the IFC HIA Guidance. Specifically, my analysis was based on the scoping phase of the assessment, and the baseline health profile that was included, using this internationally recognized HIA framework. My results show that the social determinants of health were not factored into the EA as per HIA best practice. Many in the formal stakeholder group, and outside of it, felt that institutional barriers prevented inclusion of the social determinants of health in the assessment. That finding raises questions about the reality of EA processes to protect public health. / Graduate