The Vision for eHealth infers that Sweden should be best in the world to utilize the opportunities of the digitization by 2025. One of three particularly important areas of action to realize the vision is standardization of e.g. exchange of information. HL7 FHIR is a modern standard for interoperability within e-health. HL7 FHIR enables the exchange of information between different healthcare information systems in an easy way. The basic building blocks in HL7 FHIR are called resources. These represent healthcare entities of some kind, e.g. Patient, Medication, Care plan, and Device. A base set of resources should either together, or by themselves, be able to satisfy the most common use cases in healthcare. A set of rules about a resource's content is called a profile, which is used for defining extensions and constraints on a resource. Profiles can be used to customize the standard to everything from a small local use-case to characteristics common for a whole country, so-called national profiles. This master thesis project sought to investigate the opportunities and restrictions with HL7 FHIR profiling by mapping the outlook of e-health stakeholders in Sweden. The project conducted a mixed method approach. Surveys were sent out to regions, county councils and private caregivers and interviews were held with national stakeholders, industry suppliers, HL7 Sweden and subject experts. The qualitative data was processed through a thematic analysis and the quantitative data was processed through a descriptive analysis. The results showed that there were positive views on governing and maintaining HL7 FHIR and FHIR profiling on a national level and to the establishment of national FHIR profiles. However, questions remain on how it shold be done. Among caregivers there were in general positive attitudes towards HL7 FHIR as a standard for interoperability and towards a possible implementation. However, the implementation level was low and specific knowledge of HL7 FHIR profiles is yet needed. / Vision e-Hälsa 2025 innebär att Sverige ska vara bäst i världen på att utnyttja möjligheterna med digitaliseringen år 2025. Ett av tre särskilt viktiga handlingsområden för att förverkliga visionen är standardisering, t.ex. av utbyte av information. HL7 FHIR är en modern standard för interoperabilitet inom e-hälsa och möjliggör utbyte av information mellan olika hälsoinformationssystem på ett enkelt sätt. De grundläggande byggstenarna i HL7 FHIR kallas resurser. Dessa representerar hälso- och sjukvårdsentiteter av något slag, t.ex. Patient, Medicin, Vårdplan och Apparat. En basuppsättning av resurser ska antingen tillsammans eller i sig själva kunna tillgodose de vanligaste användningsfallen inom hälso- och sjukvård. En uppsättning regler om en resurs innehåll kallas för profil och används för att definiera tillägg och begränsningar på en resurs. Profiler kan användas för att anpassa standarden till allt från ett litet lokalt användningsfall till egenskaper som är gemensamma för ett helt land, så kallade nationella profiler. Detta masterexamensarbete ämnade undersöka möjligheter och begränsningar med HL7 FHIR-profilering genom att kartlägga utsikterna för ehälso-aktörer i Sverige. I projektet genomfördes en mixad metodinriktning, i vilken enkäter skickades ut till regioner, landsting och privata vårdgivare och intervjuer hölls med nationella intressenter, leverantörer, HL7 Sverige och ämnesexperter. Kvalitativ data genomgick en tematisk analys och kvantitativ data genomgick en deskriptiv analys. Resultatet visade på en generellt positiv attityd gentemot ett framtagande och förvaltande av HL7 FHIR och FHIR-profiler på nationell nivå och införande av nationella FHIR-profiler. Däremot kvarstår frågor om hur det ska realiseras. Bland vårdgivare var det generellt positiva attityder gentemot HL7 FHIR som en standard för interoperabilitet och en eventuell implementation. Däremot var den generella implementationsnivån låg och ytterligare kunskap om HL7 FHIR-profiler behövs.

Whenever a student submits their final version of their thesis, a series of processes is triggered to finalize and archive the report. These processes are often handled in a less than efficient way which results in excessive manual labor and costs that can be prevent if automated. This report describes a solution that automates the series of processes that occur following a final thesis report submission. By utilizing the available information in a Canvas course and the content in the submitted thesis much of the manual cut-and-paste effort is avoided. Entering this data into DiVA is done by automated interaction via a browser, as DiVA does not have an application programming interface that could be used. The conclusion is that it is possible to automate this process through a headless browser. However, the automated parsing of the PDF version of the thesis proven to be inconsistent which results in the extracted data being inconsistent. With some improvements to the parsing module, the entire process could be fully automated. / Varje gång en student skickar in sin slutgiltiga version av sitt examensarbete, utlöses en serie av processer för att slutföra och arkivera examensarbetet. Dessa processer hanteras ofta på ett mindre än effektivt sätt vilket resulterar i extra mycket manuellt arbete och kostnader som kan förhindras ifall de automatiseras. Denna uppsats beskriver en lösning som automatiserar serien av processer som inträffar efter att ett slutgiltigt examensarbete har godkänts. Genom att använda tillgänglig information i en Canvas-kurs och innehållet i det inlämnade examensarbetet undviks mycket av den manuella ”klipp-och-klistra”-insatsen. Inmatning av den relevanta data från examensarbetet måste göras via automatiserad interaktion via en webbläsare i DiVA, eftersom DiVA inte hade ett API som kunde användas. Slutsatsen är att det är möjligt att automatisera detta genom en huvudlös webbläsare, även om modulen som behandlar PDF har visat sig vara inkonsekvent vilket i sin tur har resulterat i att den automatiska interaktionen är inkonsekvent. Med några optimeringar i analysmodulen kan hela processen automatiseras.

Conducting seamless Live Virtual Constructive (LVC) simulation remains the most challenging issue of Modeling and Simulation (M&S). There is a lack of interoperability, limited reuse and loose integration between the Live, Virtual and/or Constructive assets across multiple Standard Simulation Architectures (SSAs). There have been various theoretical research endeavors about solving these problems but their solutions resulted in complex and inflexible integration, long user-usage time and high cost for LVC simulation. The goal of this research is to provide an Agile Roadmap for the Live Virtual Constructive-Integrating Training Architecture (LVC-ITA) that will address the above problems and introduce interoperable LVC simulation. Therefore, this research describes how the newest M&S technologies can be utilized for LVC simulation interoperability and integration. Then, we will examine the optimal procedure to develop an agile roadmap for the LVC-ITA. In addition, this research illustrated a case study using an Adaptive distributed parallel Simulation environment for Interoperable and reusable Model (AddSIM) that is a component based integrated simulation engine. The agile roadmap of the LVC-ITA that reflects the lessons learned from the case study will contribute to guide M&S communities to an efficient path to increase interaction of M&S simulation across systems.

With the reality that diverse air interfaces and dissimilar access networks coexist, accompanied by the trend that dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is allowed and will be gradually employed, cognition and cooperation form a promising framework to achieve the ideality of seamless ubiquitous connectivity in future communication networks. In this dissertation, the cognitive gateway (CG), conceived as a special cognitive radio (CR) node, is proposed and designed to facilitate universal interoperability among incompatible waveforms. A proof-of-concept prototype is built and tested. Located in places where various communication nodes and diverse access networks coexist, the CG can be easily set up and works like a network server with differentiated service (Diffserv) architecture to provide automatic traffic relaying and link establishment. The author extracts a scalable '“source-CG-destination“ snapshot from the entire network and investigates the key enabling technologies for such a snapshot. The CG features provide universal interoperability, which is enabled by a generic waveform representation format and the reconfigurable software defined radio platform. According to the trend of an all IP-based solution for future communication systems, the term “waveform“ in this dissertation has been defined as a protocol stack specification suite. The author gives a generic waveform representation format based on the five-layer TCP/IP protocol stack architecture. This format can represent the waveforms used by Ethernet, WiFi, cellular system, P25, cognitive radios etc. A significant advantage of CG over other interoperability solutions lies in its autonomy, which is supported by appropriate signaling processes and automatic waveform identification. The service process in a CG is usually initiated by the users who send requests via their own waveforms. These requests are transmitted during the signaling procedures. The complete operating procedure of a CG is depicted as a waveform-oriented cognition loop, which is primarily executed by the waveform identifier, scenario analyzer, central controller, and waveform converter together. The author details the service process initialized by a primary user (e.g. legacy public safety radio) and that initialized by a secondary user (e.g. CR), and describes the signaling procedures between CG and clients for the accomplishment of CG discovery, user registration and un-registration, link establishment, communication resumption, service termination, route discovery, etc. From the waveforms conveyed during the signaling procedures, the waveform identifier extracts the parameters that can be used for a CG to identify the source waveform and the destination waveform. These parameters are called “waveform indicators.“ The author analyzes the four types of waveforms of interest and outlines the waveform indicators for different types of communication initiators. In particular, a multi-layer waveform identifier is designed for a CG to extract the waveform indicators from the signaling messages. For the physical layer signal recognition, a Universal Classification Synchronization (UCS) system has been invented. UCS is conceived as a self-contained system which can detect, classify, synchronize with a received signal and provide all parameters needed for physical layer demodulation without prior information from the transmitter. Currently, it can accommodate the modulations including AM, FM, FSK, MPSK, QAM and OFDM. The design and implementation details of a UCS have been presented. The designed system has been verified by over-the-air (OTA) experiments and its performance has been evaluated by theoretical analysis and software simulation. UCS can be ported to different platforms and can be applied for various scenarios. An underlying assumption for UCS is that the target signal is transmitted continually. However, it is not the case for a CG since the detection objects of a CG are signaling messages. In order to ensure higher recognition accuracy, signaling efficiency, and lower signaling overhead, the author addresses the key issues for signaling scheme design and their dependence on waveform identification strategy. In a CG, waveform transformation (WT) is the last step of the link establishment process. The resources required for transformation of waveform pairs, together with the application priority, constitute the major factors that determine the link control and scheduling scheme in a CG. The author sorts different WT into five categories and describes the details of implementing the four typical types of WT (including physical layer analog – analog gateway, up to link layer digital – digital gateway, up-to-network-layer digital gateway, and Voice over IP (VoIP) – an up to transport layer gateway) in a practical CG prototype. The issues that include resource management and link scheduling have also been addressed. This dissertation presents a CG prototype implemented on the basis of GNU Radio plus multiple USRPs. In particular, the service process of a CG is modeled as a two-stage tandem queue, where the waveform identifier queues at the first stage can be described as M/D/1/1 models and the waveform converter queue at the second stage can be described as G/M/K/K model. Based on these models, the author derives the theoretical block probability and throughput of a CG. Although the “source-CG-destination” snapshot considers only neighboring nodes which are one-hop away from the CG, it is scalable to form larger networks. CG can work in either ad-hoc or infrastructure mode. Utilizing its capabilities, CG nodes can be placed in different network architectures/topologies to provide auxiliary connectivity. Multi-hop cooperative relaying via CGs will be an interesting research topic deserving further investigation. / Ph. D.

Given the current developments and advances in the scientific and technological aspects of human knowledge and introducing new approaches in various fields of telecommunication technologies and industries, there has been an increasing growth in its players¿ plans and a positive change in their outlooks in order to achieve the target of "anywhere and anytime access". Recent developments of WiMAX (Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access) networks, as a sign of increasing needs and demands for new telecommunication services and capabilities, have led to revolutions in global telecommunication which should be perceived properly in terms of the commercial and technical aspects in order to enjoy the new opportunities. Most experts believe that WiMAX technology is a preliminary step to develop Fourth Generation networks known as 4G technologies. It has not only succeeded in the utilization of several of the latest telecommunication techniques in the form of unique practical standards, but also paved the way for the quantitative and qualitative developments of high-speed broadband access. IEEE 802.16 Standard introduces several advantages, and one of them is the support for Quality of Services (QoS) at the Media Access Control (MAC) level. For these purposes, the standard defines several scheduling classes at MAC layer to treat service flow in a different way, depending on QoS requirements. In this thesis, we have proposed a new QoS framework for Point-to-Multi Point (PMP) 802.16 systems operating in Time Division Duplexing (TDD) mode over a WirelessMAN-OFDM physical layer. The proposed framework consists of a Call Admission Control (CAC) module and a scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic as well as a simple frame allocation scheme. The proposed CAC module interacts with the uplink scheduler status and it makes its decision based on the scheduler queue status; on the other hand, the proposed scheduling scheme for the uplink traffic aims to support realtime flows and adapts the frame-by-frame allocations to the current needs of the connections, with respect to the grants boundaries fixed by the CAC module. Extensive OPNET simulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.

Clinical research based on data from patient or study data management systems plays an important role in transferring basic findings into the daily practices of physicians. To support study recruitment, diagnostic processes, and risk factor evaluation, search queries for such management systems can be used. Typically, the query syntax as well as the underlying data structure vary greatly between different data management systems. This makes it difficult for domain experts (e.g., clinicians) to build and execute search queries. In this work, the Core Ontology of Phenotypes is used as a general model for phenotypic knowledge. This knowledge is required to create search queries that determine and classify individuals (e.g., patients or study participants) whose morphology, function, behaviour, or biochemical and physiological properties meet specific phenotype classes. A specific model describing a set of particular phenotype classes is called a Phenotype Specification Ontology. Such an ontology can be automatically converted to search queries on data management systems. The methods described have already been used successfully in several projects. Using ontologies to model phenotypic knowledge on patient or study data management systems is a viable approach. It allows clinicians to model from a domain perspective without knowing the actual data structure or query language.

In countries with rough weather conditions, frequent delays cause railway companies to waste time and money. Many of these delays are related to the train detection systems, as the old DC track circuits are still used in some countries, including Sweden, our case study. Since the most important factor in the railway system is safety, in some cases, the train detection system gets incorrect information and detects a non-existent train. The train slows down to avoid a problem in the track (with other trains or other faults), causing prolonged delays with cascading effects. The analysis in this licentiate contributes to the detection and reduction of TC failures; this, in turn, will save money for the railway community.A classification of the most probable causes of failures related to the train detection system was derived from the Swedish failures report database 0FELIA. After classifying failures, we focussed on the three most common worst case scenarios: low resistance between the rails, external interference such as a lightning strike, and iron-powder-bridges in the insulated joint.Electromagnetic interferences (EMI) are a problem for the railway system in general. One source of electromagnetic (EM) transients is the return current harmonic produced by the engine of the rolling stock itself. In the first stage of this licentiate, we implemented a Matlab model of the power supply system of the Swedish railway infrastructure, using the characteristics and previous measures of a real source. A model of a train as an active load validated by the manufacturer was integrated as a subsystem in different positions of the infrastructure. This method was used to study the behaviour of the low frequency system from an electrical point of view but it could also be used as input for an electromagnetic model using high frequencies. The model was validated through measurements taken in northern Sweden.In addition, a 3D model of the whole railway system was proposed. The simulation software was CST STUDIO SUITE® (Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite), supported by real measurements on site and the lab to tune and validate the model. The results of the simulation show that the model fits with reality and is reliable for the study of track circuit sections.Some measurements followed the current standards, but we also analysed points not covered by them, allowing us to update the current standards

This thesis contributes to our understanding of cognitive interoperability by explor-ing barriers, facilitators, and contextual factors to create a framework. With the ad-vent of the cognitive domain in warfighting, the adversary pursuit of military strate-gic advantage through cognitive science demands that we seize the initiative and seek cognitive superiority with allies and partners. Prior research acknowledges the importance of human interoperability but is limited to singular studies at the opera-tional and national level. This thesis shifts focus to the military strategic and multi-national level to uncover cognitive and cultural inhibitors and enablers of cognitive interoperability. The empirical data is drawn from a distinct case study that examines senior military officers during a combined exercise. The analysis explores compe-tencies that foster strategic empathy and collective intentionality with identity and human connectivity as major catalysts. Individuals are agents who collectively con-struct cognitive interoperability, setting conditions for cognitive dominance in future military competition.

Purpose - This study aims to provide an understanding of co-opetition as a strategy when medical technology companies collectively develop interoperability solutions for hospitals.     Method - The study is an explorative multiple-case study involving medical technology companies, hospitals, and industry experts. A total of 20 interviews were conducted with respondents located in Sweden, the United States, and Italy in three waves. The analysis was conducted through a thematic analysis. Findings - The study resulted in an overview of two important phases to consider when engaging in co-opetition to achieve faultless interoperability. Namely the development and operational phase. Moreover, critical activities in the respective phases were illustrated in a process framework that also showcased interdependencies between activities.    Theoretical contribution – This study extends the notion that co-opetition primarily revolves around developing new products and services and emphasizes that the operational phase of developed solutions is important to consider. Furthermore, it contributes to the literature by displaying the need to contextualize co-opetition with industry-specific considerations.  Managerial implications – This study provides an overview for vendors on how to approach co-opetition to achieve faultless interoperability. Moreover, it shows that co-opetition is a deliberate strategy that needs to be evaluated if it should be pursued or not. Finally, managers need to have an awareness that co-opetition is a strategy to gain strategic benefits over other participants.   Limitations and future research - The primary focus of this study has been on co-opetition among large companies in medical technology. This limits generalizability and future research should consider smaller companies in medical technology. Additionally, future research should consider hospitals’ perspective on interoperability and its implications on co-opetition in this context. / Syfte – Denna studie avser att bidra med en förståelse kring ”co-opetition” som en strategi när medicintekniska företag tillsammans utvecklar interoperabilitetslösningar mot sjukhus. Metod – Denna studie är en explorativ multipel fallstudie som involverar företag inom medicinteknik, sjukhus och industriexperter. Totalt 20 intervjuer utfördes med respondenter som befann sig i Sverige, USA och Italien i tre omgångar. Den efterföljande analysen utfördes genom en tematisk analys.  Resultat – Studien resulterade i en överblick över två viktiga faser att beakta för att uppnå felfri interoperabilitet. Nämligen utvecklingsfasen och den operativa fasen. Vidare illustrerades kritiska aktiviteter i respektive fas samt deras relation till varandra.  Teoretiska bidrag – Denna studie utvidgar tron om att co-opetition huvudsakligen kretsar kring att utveckla nya produkter och tjänster, och betonar att den operativa fasen av utvecklade lösningar är viktig att beakta. Vidare bidrar studien till litteraturen genom att påvisa behovet av att sätta co-opetition i kontext med industrispecifika överväganden.  Praktiska bidrag – Denna studie bidrar med en överblick för medicintekniska företag kring hur de ska bedriva co-opetition för att uppnå felfri interoperabilitet. Vidare gör studien anspråk på att co-opetition är en medveten strategi som måste utvärderas om den ska bedrivas eller inte. Slutligen måste företag vara medvetna om att co-opetition även fungerar som en strategi för att få strategiska fördelar över andra medverkande parter. Begränsningar och framtida forskning – Studien har huvudsakligen fokuserat på co-opetition bland stora medicintekniska företag. Detta begränsar generaliserbarheten och framtida forskning borde överväga mindre medicintekniska företag. Framtida forskning borde dessutom överväga sjukhusens perspektiv på interoperabilitet och dess implikationer på co-opetition i detta sammanhang.

In the last decade, major developments in mobile and sensor network technologies, as well as in more secure data management solutions allowed an accelerated expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) in different markets, including the smart lighting technology. These technological developments, currently shaping the lighting industry, have the power to enhance the liveability of spaces and improve people’s lives. However, in this thesis it is highlighted how such technological evolution is often marked by an engineering character over a design approach. In particular, this thesis focuses on smart lighting technology applied in urban environments and how the integration of information technology into the physical realm can enhance space quality and empower citizens’ participation. The main body is divided into two sections: The first part provides an overview of the technological solutions that are currently being implemented in the lighting design field. The second part advances a schematic projection of future trends, starting from the analysis of what is being developed in other related disciplines, such as urban planning and visual arts. Both parts are literature-based. The final section features the opinion of noteworthy lighting professionals about possible real-life applications of smart lighting technology. Since this thesis has been written during the Covid-19 pandemic, the author decided to include speculations regarding how this event might influence the future of urban lighting.