BACKGROUND: Tobacco use remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. Effective tobacco cessation aids are widely available, yet underutilized. Tobacco cessation brief interventions (BIs) increase quit rates. However, BI training has focused on conventional medical providers, overlooking other health practitioners with regular contact with tobacco users. The 2007 National Health Interview Survey found that approximately 20% of those who use provider-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are tobacco users. Thus, CAM practitioners potentially represent a large, untapped community resource for promoting tobacco cessation and use of effective cessation aids. Existing BI training is not well suited for CAM practitioners' background and practice patterns, because it assumes a conventional biomedical foundation of knowledge and philosophical approaches to health, healing and the patient-practitioner relationship. There is a pressing need to develop and test the effectiveness of BI training that is both grounded in Public Health Service (PHS) Guidelines for tobacco dependence treatment and that is relevant and appropriate for CAM practitioners. METHODS/DESIGN: The CAM Reach (CAMR) intervention is a tobacco cessation BI training and office system intervention tailored specifically for chiropractors, acupuncturists and massage therapists. The CAMR study utilizes a single group one-way crossover design to examine the CAMR intervention's impact on CAM practitioners' tobacco-related practice behaviors. Primary outcomes included CAM practitioners' self-reported conduct of tobacco use screening and BIs. Secondary outcomes include tobacco using patients' readiness to quit, quit attempts, use of guideline-based treatments, and quit rates and also non-tobacco-using patients' actions to help someone else quit. DISCUSSION: CAM practitioners provide care to significant numbers of tobacco users. Their practice patterns and philosophical approaches to health and healing are well suited for providing BIs. The CAMR study is examining the impact of the CAMR intervention on practitioners' tobacco-related practice behaviors, CAM patient behaviors, and documenting factors important to the conduct of practice-based research in real-world CAM practices.

Bakgrund: Ångest och oro är vanligt förekommande hos patienter inför kirurgiska ingrepp. Studier har visat att högre grad av preoperativ ångest och oro är associerat med större behov av lugnande premedicinering, högre doser av narkosläkemedel, förhöjt blodtryck, ökad hjärtfrekvens, högre postoperativ smärta samt en långsammare och mer komplicerad postoperativ återhämtning. Den preoperativa vårdmiljön är väl lämpad för alternativa, icke-farmakologiska åtgärder där musikintervention är ett alternativ. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva effekten av musik som åtgärd vid preoperativ ångest och oro. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där artiklar med kvantitativ ansats har analyserats, med motivet att skapa överblick över kunskapsläget. Analysen har gjorts enligt Fribergs trestegsmodell. Resultat: Resultatet är en sammanställning av totalt nio kvantitativa artiklar baserade på studier där effekten av musikintervention som preoperativ omvårdnadsåtgärd har studerats. I samtliga studier minskade musikinterventionen patientens subjektiva upplevelse av preoperativ ångest och oro, däremot sågs inga entydiga effekter för de objektiva parametrarna, såsom tex hjärtfrekvens och blodtryck. Slutsats: Musik bör användas som ett icke-farmakologiskt komplement inom vården eftersom det är en säker metod utan kända biverkningar och med god effekt. / Background: Preoperative anxiety is common among patients undergoing surgery. Studies have shown that a high level of preoperative anxiety is associated with increased need for sedatives, higher doses of anesthetic drugs, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, higher postoperative pain and a slower and more complicated postoperative recovery. The preoperative environment is well suited for alternative, non-pharmacological interventions, where music is one of them. Objective: The objective was to describe the effect of music intervention on preoperative anxiety. Method: A literature review where articles with quantitative approach has been analysed, with the purpose of getting an overview of the current knowledge. The analysis has been done according to the three-step model, described by Friberg. Results: The result includes a review of nine quantitative articles, based on studies where the effect of music intervention on preoperative anxiety has been studied. The music intervention showed a positive effect on the reduction of patient reported experience of anxiety in all studies, however, no consistent positive effects were seen on the objective parameters, such as heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusion: Music intervention should be implemented as a compliment to standard preoperative care, as it has shown to be a safe method with no known side effects, and with good results.

Using a multiple-gating procedure, 5 research sites (3 elementary and 2 middle schools) were identified as implementing a Response to Intervention (RTI) framework. This study uses a multiple case study design to describe the RTI implementation in reading at these 5 sites. Findings suggest that the sites studied are utilizing a hybrid model (a combination of standard treatment protocol and problem solving models) for developing and assigning reading interventions. The five sites implemented critical components of RTI (universal screening, progress monitoring, scientifically-based core curriculum, and a multi-tiered system of interventions) similarly, despite differences in campus-level variables. However, no site implemented a process for assessing the fidelity of implementation of the RTI framework. They also followed state and/or district guidelines on the use of RTI data in special education eligibility decisions. / text

Individuals experiencing a mental illness are often stigmatized. Children also stigmatize those who experience a mental illness. There is national interest in reducing the negative effects of stigma, especially in children. Unfortunately, children anti-stigma interventions are being used without being empirically tested for their effectiveness. A goal of the Opening Minds Anti-stigma initiative of the Mental Health Commission of Canada is to identify programs and resources that have been empirically tested and found to be effective in reducing stigma. This study was funded by the Opening Minds Initiative of the Mental Health Commission of Canada to: First, investigate the effectiveness of providing children ages 11-14 with mental illness education using a storybook in order to reduce their mental illness stigma; and, second, to examine children’s perceptions of the anti-stigma book used to provide the education. A quasi-experimental design was used to test the effectiveness of the mental illness educational storybook in reducing mental illness stigma. The Youth Opinion Survey for Stereotype and Social Distance measurement was used to obtain baseline information before the education was provided. A pre-test, post-test process was used. Several qualitative questions, embedded in the post-test questionnaire, were provided to the children participating with an opportunity to use their own words to describe what they thought about mental illness before and after the education, what they learned from the educational storybook and whether or not they liked the education they received. The results show that the exposure to an educational storybook about children mental illness stigma was effective in reducing the percentage of negative responses at post-test. The participants used less negative words to describe someone “with a mental illness”. An improvement in the overall scores at post-test was seen for both stereotype and social distance. After the study was completed, the feasibility of conducting a study of this type was evaluated. Recommendations for the possibility of using this method for future studies are included. / Thesis (Ph.D, Nursing) -- Queen's University, 2013-07-03 11:39:54.603

Bakgrund: Motiverande samtal (MI) är en metod för att behandla främst alkoholmissbruk, men har allt mer integrerats i behandlingen av andra substansmissbruk. Det flesta studier gällande MI har genomförts på vuxna varför effekten av MI på denna grupp är mest belagd. Antalet ungdomar med substansmissbruk ökar, vilket medför att en undersökning rörande studier om MI som riktas mot denna åldersgrupp (14-24 år) förefaller både relevant och nödvändig. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa vilken effekt MI har vid arbetet med ungdomar med substansmissbruk. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie. Resultat: Interventioner med MI ledde till en konsumtionssänkning, en ökad motivation samt minskade substansrelaterade problem. Slutsats: MI har en positiv behandlingseffekt hos ungdomar med substansmissbruk. Resultaten stämmer överens med tidigare forskning och stödjer nyttan av en kort MI intervention hos ungdomar med en missbruksproblematik. Dock visades en ökad abstinens vid användning av tyngre droger. / Background: Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a method to treat primarily alcohol abuse, but has been increasingly integrated into the treatment of other substance abuse. Most studies of MI have been conducted in adults why the effects of MI in this group are mostly paved. The number of adolescents with substance abuse is increasing, leading to why an investigation concerning the studies on MI focused on this age group (14-24 years) seems both relevant and necessary. Aim: The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of MI in the work with adolescents who hold a substance abuse. Method: A literature review. Results: The intervention with MI led to a consumption reduction, increased motivation, and reduced drug-related problems. Conclusions: MI has a therapeutic effect in adolescents with substance abuse. The results are consistent with previous research and support the utility of a brief MI intervention in adolescents with substance abuse problems. However, there was an expansion in abstinence from the use of heavier drugs.

Bakgrund: En åldrande befolkning innebär ett ökat behov av hälsofrämjande och sjukdomsförebyggande insatser. Deltagande i kulturella aktiviteter skapar sannolikt en bättre hälsa och bidrar till minskade hälsoklyftor i befolkningen. Syfte: Litteraturstudien syftar till att undersöka musikens och dansens hälsofrämjande och sjukdomsförebyggande effekter hos äldre över 60 år. Metod: Metoden var en allmän litteraturstudie där tio vetenskapliga artiklar valdes ut, analyserades och sammanställdes utifrån musikens och dansens effekter på äldres hälsa. Resultat: Musik och dans kan fungera som värdefulla interventioner för att öka äldres upplevda välbefinnande och livskvalitet. Dansinterventioner har även visat på positiva resultat gällande förbättring av äldres kognitiva förmåga och balans. Det finns starka indikationer på att musik är en vanlig aktivitet såväl som en viktig del av äldres liv och musikinterventioner lyfts fram som en potentiell del av folkhälsoarbetet då musik påvisat goda effekter på äldres hälsa. Konklusion: Utifrån de resultat som redovisats i litteraturstudien vad gäller musik- och dansinterventioners effekter på äldres hälsa, föreslås en ökad implementering av musik och dans i folkhälsoarbetet hos äldre. Fler studier med musik- och dansinterventioner föreslås i Sverige då flertalet publicerade artiklar inom området var från andra delar av världen. / Background: An aging population necessitates increased health promotion and disease prevention activities. Participation in cultural activities has the potential to promote better health and help reduce health inequalities. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the health promoting and disease preventing effects of dance and music on the elderly over 60 years. Method: The design was a literature review where ten scientific publications on the effects of dance and music on the health of the elderly were selected for analysis. Results: Music and dancing can serve as valuable interventions to improve the elderly’s perceived wellbeing and quality of life. Dance interventions have further shown positive results in cognitive ability and balance of the elderly. There are strong indications that music is a common activity as well as an important part of the elderly person's life. Music interventions are considered a potential part of public health work. Conclusion: Based on the results reported in this literature review an increased implementation of music and dance in public health is proposed. More studies with music and dance interventions are proposed in Sweden as the majority of published articles were from other parts of the world.

Bakgrund: Demens är den fjärde största folksjukdomen i Sverige. Ofta behandla demens med läkemedel för Behavioural and Psychological Symtoms in Dementia (BPSD) som ger olika biverkningar. Det finns ett stadigt samband mellan umgänge med djur och livskvalitet där termer som återhämtning, trivsel och stressreduktion räknas in. Alternativa metoder som djur i omvårdnaden av personer med demens bör därför övervägas för att förbättra dementas livskvalitet. Syfte: Att beskriva forskning om djur i omvårdnad av personer med demens och hur det kan förbättra deras livskvalitet. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där resultatet var baserat på tio vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna Cinahl, Pubmed, Psychinfo och Web of Science publicerade mellan 2011-2016. Nio av artiklarna var kvantitativa, en var kvalitativ. Resultat: Deltagarnas emotionella och kognitiva status påverkades av umgänge med djur. Glädje var en känsla som uppstod och som sedan resulterade i att deltagarna log. Depression och nedstämdhet påverkades i en positiv riktning i flera studier där djur implementerats i omvårdnaden, motivation till att delta i aktiviteter och genomföra dagliga sysslor likaså. Slutsats: Djur i omvårdnaden hade en positiv inverkan hos personer med demens och att livskvaliteten främjades genom att djur, främst hundar, förbättrade olika faktorer hos personer med demens. / Background: Dementia is the fourth largest national disease in Sweden. Dementia is often treated with medications for Behavioural and Psychological Symtoms in Dementia (BPSD) giving different side effects. There is a firm link between socializing with the animals and quality of life where terms such as recovery, wellbeing and stress reduction are included. Alternative methods such as animals in the care of people with dementia should be considered to improve the demented quality of life. Aim: To describe research on animals in the care of people with dementia and how it can improve their quality of life. Methods: A literature review in which the outcome were based on ten scientific articles from the databases Cinahl, Pubmed, Psychinfo and Web of Science published between 2011-2016. Nine of the articles had a quantitative approach, one had a qualitative approach. Results: The participants' emotional and cognitive status were influenced by association with animals. Joy was a feeling that arose which resulted in that the participants smiled. Depression and depressed moods were affected in a positive direction in several studies in which animals were implemented in the care, motivation to participate in activities and carry out daily chores as well. Conclusion: Animals in the care had a positive effect in people with dementia and the quality of life encouraged by animals, mainly dogs, improved various factors in people with dementia. / <p></p><p></p><p></p>

Les manifestations de stress semblent de plus en plus présentes chez nos jeunes. C’est pourquoi des interventions pouvant amener une réduction de stress sont pertinentes à intégrer dans nos écoles. Parallèlement, toujours avec le souci d’aider les jeunes dans leur réussite éducative, des interventions favorisant l’apprentissage et les performances académiques sont tout aussi importantes à intégrer dans nos réseaux éducatifs. L’activité physique et la méditation de pleine conscience semblent être des activités prometteuses à ces égards. L’objectif de cette recherche est de déterminer auprès de jeunes l’effet immédiat sur les performances cognitives et le stress perçu des interventions suivantes : 1- Quinze minutes d’activité physique; 2- Quinze minutes de méditation de pleine conscience; 3- Quinze minutes d’activité physique et de méditation de pleine conscience; 4- Quinze minutes d’écoute passive d’un documentaire. Pour ce faire, 82 participants ont été recrutés dans une école primaire de la région de Sherbrooke. Chaque participant a effectué chacune de ces conditions à une seule reprise. Pour mesurer les performances cognitives, les tests de Stroop et du Tracé ont été utilisés alors que le stress perçu a été mesuré à l’aide d’une échelle visuelle analogique. Une amélioration significative des performances cognitives a été remarquée pour les jeunes ayant performé sous la médiane lors de la condition témoin. De plus, toutes les interventions, y compris l’intervention témoin, ont engendré une réduction significative du stress perçu et aucune différence significative entre les interventions n’a été observée. Ces résultats soutiennent l’utilisation des interventions d’activité physique et de méditation de pleine conscience dans les écoles primaires. De plus, cette recherche répond à plusieurs critiques effectuées dans la littérature scientifique. En effet, les interventions comprenant de la pleine conscience ont été dans le cadre de cette étude standardisées et elles sont complètement reproductibles. Les participants ont aussi indiqué leur niveau d’appréciation ainsi que la fréquence à laquelle ils désireraient pratiquer de la méditation de pleine conscience. Finalement, ce projet de recherche innove en mesurant des effets immédiats chez les jeunes de l’intervention de méditation de pleine conscience en plus de combiner la pratique d’activité physique et celle de la méditation de pleine conscience.

Plusieurs hypothèses planant autour de la danse, des cultures juvéniles et de l’intervention permettent de repérer l’existence d’une multiplicité de regards, mais sans rapport apparent entre eux. Les tenants du courant humaniste s'intéressent à la forme et à la structure de la danse en tant qu'art dans les pays de culture occidentale. Les tenants de l’approche anthropologique y voient un instrument de socialisation qui permet de créer, refléter ou renforcer des liens entre les participants, tout en transmettant les valeurs de la culture héritée (Blacking: 1963, Spencer: 1985, Ward: 1993, Bourdieu: 2002). D’un point de vue somatique, la danse permet la prédominance du corps sur l’esprit, car l’apprentissage se fait généralement par imitation (Guilcher: 1963, Faure: 2004). Dans ce cas, les participants sont appelés à « s’ouvrir à autrui » en montrant et en apprenant des autres, créant une circularité dans leurs échanges sur un rythme qui « unit » les participants (Schott-Billman: 2001, Hampartzoumian : 2004). Ce projet se pose comme une réflexion sur le ou les sens de la danse comme outil d’intervention sociale auprès de jeunes amateurs amenés à vivre des inégalités sociales. En privilégiant un contexte d’atelier, où certains ajustements sont tolérés par l’enseignant, un espace de créativité s’organise de manière informelle face à un objectif donné : une représentation publique dansée. Cet angle d’approche s’inspire de « la métaphore du bricolage » au sujet des cultures populaires par M. De Certeau (1980), où la créativité populaire est repérable dans « les manières de faire avec » les produits imposés par la culture dominante, la politique, l’économie et les enjeux sociaux dominants. Ainsi, le participant qui « perturbe » les règles d’usage d’une intervention prescrite n’est pas un sujet en marge de la société. C’est par des actions pareilles qu’il prend sa place comme acteur social. Cet événement permet « d’in-corps-porer » le double discours existant entre les danses de représentation et les danses populaires chez les participants. / Several hypotheses exist around dance, youth cultures and intervention, but with no apparent relationship between them. From a humanist point of view, dance is studied through its form and structure as an art form in the countries of Western culture. The anthropological perspective sees dance as an instrument of socialization that can create, reflect or reinforce relationships between members of a community while transmitting the values of the inherited culture. (Blacking: 1963, Spencer: 1985, Ward: 1993, Bourdieu: 2002). The somatic approach emphasizes on the predominance of the body in relation to the mind, due to the fact that the learning process is usually done by imitation (Guilcher: 1963, Faure: 2004). In this angle, the participants demonstrate and learn from others on a common rhythm, allowing a certain flow in their exchanges, and the creation of a union between them. (Schott-Billman: 2001, Hampartzoumian: 2004). Therefore, this project is a reflection on the different meanings of dance when used in a workshop with young amateurs living in a context of social inequalities. The workshop setting allows the teacher to tolerate some adjustments, letting the participants organize an informal space of creativity in parallel to what is prescribed. This approach is based on De Certeau's (1980) idea of popular cultures, where creativity is recognizable in ways to do with ¬or « make do » ¬ of products imposed by the dominant culture, politics and economics. By using creative « tactics », the participants met the given goal of the wokshop - a public performance - in their own way. Consequently, the participant who disturbs the rules of use is not a subject in the margins of society. More over, it is through such actions that he takes his place as a social actor. Also, by dancing in a public performance the participants incorporated the existing discourses on dance, where the art form usually differs from popular dancing.

The concern of this thesis is the intervention to protect nationals from the perspective of international law, which is part of a broader issue of the use of force in international relations. Although this type of intervention was already a part of the international community before the Napoleonic era - even in the 20th century it was not a minor feature - it is still controversial, and subject to many different interpretations. There are not only big differences between the opinions of particular states of the international system, but also among the international law scholars. The main goal of this Master's thesis is to answer the research question: Is the intervention to protect nationals legal according to the rules of international public law? Besides the Introduction and Conclusion this thesis is divided into four chapters. The first is devoted to the definition of the given phenomenon. It is an integral part of my thesis, because there is no legal definition of the term intervention to protect nationals or of the term intervention. The second chapter deals with the rules of use of force within international relations - above all with Article 2(4) of the UN Charter (which prohibits the use of force) and its exceptions. The interpretative controversies are also included in this chapter. The...