Background: Small businesses are key participants in the growth at the Swedish market, partly for the labour opportunities, the technology and economic development. These companies should get resources to grow, both political and economic resources. The medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase meet with problems concerning the financing of their growth. Key participants whom offer financing are Venture Capitalists. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine Venture Capitalists demands on medtech companies in an introduction and expansion phase. A comparison between the demands and how well medtech companies achieve them will be done. In the event of occurring information and economic gap the study will elucidate the gaps. Method: To gain such a encyclopaedic and just representation of the situation the authors carried through a combination of both quantitative and qualitative studies. The quantitative study got carried through by a questionnaire which got send by email to a number of medtech companies. The qualitative study was made up by interviews with three Venture Capitalists and three medtech companies. Theory: To get at a greater understanding of the companies methods when obtaining capital, theories as the Pecking order, financial lifecycle and a third theory about which factors lead to small companies financial model, have been in used. And also a statement of a fourth theory, the financial gap, has been done. The theory describes an information asymmetry between the company and the financier. Models in use concerning the Venture Capitalists are constituted from their own documented claim surrounding financing. Conclusion: The study indicates an occurrence of several factors that are important to obstruct the financial gap which accrue between medtech companies in early stages of their lifecycle and Venture Capitalists. The survey exhibit that Venture Capitalists are more willing to provide capital if a business angel already has invested in the company. A medtech company should seek itself to Venture Capitalists who have special qualification in life science because of their knowledge in the Medtech branch. Throughout the study we have realized that the younger a Medtech company is the less administrative it is. Therefore it should be important to impel a work as early as possible that involves more administration. Branch experts mention that it is important to increase clinical research and encouragement to fusion between companies to enlarge financing from Venture Capitalists.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor upplevde introduktionen på intensivvårdsavdelningen (IVA). Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer av tio nyutbildade intensivvårdssjuksköterskor. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. I huvudresultatet framkom två teman. Första temat ”Yttre faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av introduktionen både positivt och negativt” innehöll kategorierna bemötande, checklista/introduktionsprogram, handledning, mentorskap, psykosociala miljön och organisatoriska faktorer. Dessa yttre faktorer påverkade upplevelsen av introduktionen och den enskilda sjuksköterskan hade själv svårt att påverka dessa. Andra temat ”Individfaktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av introduktionen både positivt och negativt” med kategorierna sammanhållning mellan de nyutbildade, att klara sig själv som ny samt känsla av att kunna påverka. För att tillfredsställa nyutexaminerade intensivvårdssjuksköterskors behov av god introduktion måste hänsyn tas till både yttre faktorer och individfaktorer. / The purpose of the study was to investigate how newly graduated intensive care nurses experienced their introduction at the intensive care unit. The data were collected by semi-structured interviews with ten new graduates further analysed using a qualitative content analysis method. The main result is presented in two themes. The first theme “External factors influencing the experience of introduction both negatively and positively”, included the categories: response, checklist/introduction program, supervision, mentorship, psychosocial environment and organisational factors. These external factors had an impact on the experience of the introduction, and the nurse herself/himself had difficult to influence those factors. The second theme “Individual factors influencing the experience of introduction both negatively and positively”, included the categories: social bonding among the graduates, to cope by herself/himself as a new graduate and sense of opportunity to influence. To be able to satisfy the needs of good quality introduction for newly graduate intensive care nurses, both external and individual factors must be considered.

This paper aims to examine how the beginning of newly examined teacher’s professional life might look like and also highlight the obstacles that might occur during the induction, the time during which the student becomes the teacher. The paper also discusses what support that is available for newly examined teachers in schools concerning the possibility to have a mentor and a period of introduction. A qualitative method was used for this study and interviews were made with new teachers who shared their experiences from the beginning of their careers. The results from the interviews were also discussed from the points of view of the study’s theories concerning different leadership styles. Two handbooks for new teachers, aiming to support them in their new professional role were compared. Based on the leadership styles that this paper brings up, the two books were discussed whether or not their advice is beneficial to new teachers. New teachers experience various problems during their induction. Great responsibility combined with many tasks, loneliness as a class teacher and conflict management are a few of the areas that the new teachers find difficult. As a new teacher you have the right to have a mentor during the first year of teaching and the teacher unions are working for an establishment of a year of introduction where you will be gradually introduced to the profession. The people in the study had all had a mentor but neither got a period of introduction but they were left with full responsibility from the start. The advice given by the handbooks give new teachers guidance, but should be considered as an inspiration and not definitive solutions since every situation is unique.

Mitt syfte med detta arbete är att bidra med kunskap om förskollärares erfarenheter kring att arbeta med Lpfö 98 som styrdokument. Frågorna som ställdes gällde hur förskollärares erfarenheter av införandet av Lpfö 98 i förskolan ser ut, vilka skillnader de ser mellan att arbeta före införandet och idag, samt hur de använder läroplanen i den dagliga verksamheten. Jag har gjort kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra förskollärare som arbetar i förskolan. Gemensamt för de fyra är att de allihop har mer än 20 års erfarenhet av arbete i förskola, och alltså arbetade i förskolan under införandet av Lpfö 98. Resultatet av min undersökning visar att stöd från förskolechefer och ledning, var en viktig del, för att förskollärarna skulle kunna ta till sig och förstå Lpfö 98 när den infördes. Förskolans roll har förändrats och blivit mer betydelsefull. Efter införandet av Lpfö 98, menar förskollärarna att föräldrarna är mer insatta i verksamheten, och kan ställa krav. Samtidigt som förskollärarna känner att föräldrarna lägger över ett stort ansvar på förskolan. Förskollärarna använder Lpfö 98, både för att ta fram mål för verksamheten att sträva mot, men också som ett uppslagsverk när de får funderingar kring något. / The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about preschool teachers´ experiences from working with the curriculum, Lpfö 98, as a governing document. The questions asked concerns how preschool teachers´ experiences from the introduction of the curriculum in preschool look like, what differences they see between working before and after the introduction and also how they work with the curriculum in the daily activity. I have done qualitative interviews with four preschool teachers. Common for all of them is that they have more than 20 years of experience from working in preschools, and thus they also worked in preschool during the introduction of Lpfö 98. The result of my study shows that support from the principal of the preschool and the management was an important part in accepting and understanding Lpfö 98, when it was first introduced. The preschool´s role has changed and become more significant. After the introduction of Lpfö 98, the preschool teachers feels that parents are more familiar with the preschool activity, and they can make demands. At the same time the preschool teachers feel that the parents put a lot of responsibility on the preschool. The preschool teachers use Lpfö 98, both for making goals for the preschool activity to strive for and as a book of reference when they reflect on something.

A concentric pneumatic nebulizer (CPN) and a custom designed flow focusing nebulizer (FFN) are characterized. As will be shown, the classical Nukiyama-Tanasawa and Rizk-Lefebvre models lead to erroneous size prediction for the concentric nebulizer under typical operating conditions due to its specific design, geometry, dimension and different flow regimes. The models are then modified to improve the agreement with the experimental results. The size prediction of the modified models together with the spray velocity characterization are used to determine the overall nebulizer efficiency and also employed as input to a new Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) based model to predict joint size-velocity distribution analytically. The new MEP model is exploited to study the local variation of size-velocity distribution in contrast to the classical models where MEP is applied globally to the entire spray cross section. As will be demonstrated, the velocity distribution of the classical MEP models shows poor agreement with experiments for the cases under study. Modifications to the original MEP modeling are proposed to overcome this deficiency. In addition, the new joint size-velocity distribution agrees better with our general understanding of the drag law and yields realistic results.

A concentric pneumatic nebulizer (CPN) and a custom designed flow focusing nebulizer (FFN) are characterized. As will be shown, the classical Nukiyama-Tanasawa and Rizk-Lefebvre models lead to erroneous size prediction for the concentric nebulizer under typical operating conditions due to its specific design, geometry, dimension and different flow regimes. The models are then modified to improve the agreement with the experimental results. The size prediction of the modified models together with the spray velocity characterization are used to determine the overall nebulizer efficiency and also employed as input to a new Maximum Entropy Principle (MEP) based model to predict joint size-velocity distribution analytically. The new MEP model is exploited to study the local variation of size-velocity distribution in contrast to the classical models where MEP is applied globally to the entire spray cross section. As will be demonstrated, the velocity distribution of the classical MEP models shows poor agreement with experiments for the cases under study. Modifications to the original MEP modeling are proposed to overcome this deficiency. In addition, the new joint size-velocity distribution agrees better with our general understanding of the drag law and yields realistic results.

Sammanfattning Föreliggande fenomenografiska studie har som syfte haft att undersöka elevers uppfattningar av fenomenen utbildning och arbete och hur de kopplar det till sin framtid. Studien har genomförts som enskilda intervjuer med sex elever vid gymnasiets Introduktionsprogram individuellt alternativ våren 2013. Efter analysarbetet av intervjuerna har Malows behovs- och motivationsteori kopplats till beskrivningskategorierna. Vid intervjuutsagorna framträder att utbildning uppfattas som något för framtida behov, mot ett yrke där betygen är biljetten in. Vad gäller utbildning i grundskolan kan tre beskrivningskategorierna urskiljas. Betygen uppfattas som det mest centrala, därefter behovs- och motivationsfaktorer som identifierats som relationer till lärare och kamrater samt till inlärningsmiljön- med fokus på hur undervisningen organiseras. Eleverna erfar att utbildningen på Introduktionsprogrammet jämställs med grundskolan men med större fokus på betyg. Arbete uppfattas som ett utbildningsresultat där de personliga behoven tillfredsställs vad gäller självständighet och oberoende genom egen försörjning men också de personliga behoven av social gemenskap och självförverkligande uppfattades som betydelsefulla aspekter av ett arbete. Efter att ha analyserat intervjuerna erfars mig elevernas oerfarenhet att reflektera över sina erfarenheter, vilket är viktigt i ett samhälle där man skall göra egna val och kunna se dess konsekvenser. Nyckelord: Gymnasieelever, introduktionsprogrammet, utbildning, arbete, fenomenografi. / Abstract The purpose of this phenomenografic study has been to examine the thoughts of six pupils in Upper Secondary school, Individual alternative, concerning the phenomenon education, work and their future. Maslow´s theory of needs and motivation was the background of the analysis. The result of this study is that what pupils find most significant in education is the marks. Education is something for the future, and the marks are the tickets to vocational training. Studies in Primary school also focus on the marks. Education in Primary school is also apprehended to Needs and motivation where the relationship to teachers and classmates is important. Also the environment of teaching was in focus. The pupils experience Primary school and Upper Secondary school as being the same but with a larger focus on the marks in Upper Secondary school. Work is apprehended as a result of education where the personal needs such as independence, social community and self-fulfillment are important aspects of one´s work. After my work with the analysis, my thoughts are that the pupils are inexperienced in verbalizing their thoughts. It is important in a society built on individual choice to be aware of the consequences of one´s choices. Keywords: Upper Secondary school pupils, Introduction Program, education, work, phenomenografy.

The aim of this essay is to examine the experiences of an introduction process of newcomers through an integrative perspective, by two guiding questions: How does the examined organization socialize newcomers? How is the organizational socialization experienced by the employees? Most Swedish corporations engage in some form of workplace introduction and this introduction should give the newcomer an understanding of his work and its relation to the organizations other business practices. Earlier studies have mostly focused on the effects of socialization tactics but few on the experience. This study, based on qualitative interviews with a regional manager, newcomers and established employees shows that the studied organization socializes its newcomers through many socialization tactics where the newcomers’ personality and previous knowledge allows to direct the socialization process. The introduction is perceived by the interviewed parties to happen most intensively at specific events; the first impression, the welcoming, while performing work and during the breaks. The newcomers and the established employees both perceived the social aspect as central to the introduction and the work execution secondary. It’s very important according to both parties that it creates a dialog about both work and private life for a successful introduction. / Studiens syfte är att undersöka upplevelserna av en introduktionsprocess för nyanställda genom ett integrerat perspektiv, med hjälp av två frågeställningar: Hur socialiserar den undersökta organisationen in nya medarbetare? Hur upplevs organisationssocialiseringen av medarbetarna? De flesta svenska företag bedriver någon form av introduktionsverksamhet och introduktionen ska ge arbetstagaren en uppfattning om sina arbetsuppgifter och hur de står i relation till organisationens övriga verksamhet. Tidigare studier har främst riktat in sig på effekterna av socialiseringstaktiker men få på upplevelsen. Metoden som använts är kvalitativa intervjuer med regionchef, nyanställda samt etablerade medarbetare. Resultatet visar att den undersökta organisationen socialiserar sina nyanställda genom ett flertal socialiseringstaktiker där den nyanställdes personlighet och kunskaper tillåts styra socialiseringsprocessen. Introduktionen upplevs av de intervjuade att ske som mest intensivt vid vissa tillfällen, det första intrycket, välkomnandet, arbetsutförandet samt fikarasten. Medarbetarna upplevde även den sociala delen som central för introduktionen och arbetsutförandet sekundärt. Det är mycket viktigt både enligt de etablerade och nyanställda att det skapas en dialog som handlar om både arbete och privatliv för en lyckad introduktion.

Background: In June 2010, Swedish parliament decided that Swedish academia should compete with quality and introduce tuition fees for foreign students. This means that higher education will remain free of charge for citizens of EU/EEA and that third-country students will have to pay a tuition fee for studying in Sweden. Problem discussion: Managing the introduction of tuition fees is a matter of priorities among the various Swedish universities. Depending on the size and budget of the university, the concentration of the change has varied. Linnaeus University is at the moment concentrating on recruiting national students and building their brand within the Swedish boarders, ignoring the consequences that the lack of international students will lead to. We question how the university should be able to maintain an international experience for the student, teachers and researchers unless they choose to invest in international relations and internal marketing to sell their brand. Research question: What could Swedish academia do to communicate their quality of education and their brand on an international market in order to attract international students? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyze how Linnaeus University, and other institutions in similar situations, can promote their brand on an international market in order to successfully maintain and communicate the core values of their brand. We also wish to inspire similar organizations to be active and work with the situation rather than approaching change with a wait and see strategy. Methodology: We have chosen to make a qualitative research with The Actors perspective. We quickly discovered that this is the ultimate method for us since we are not trying to find any absolute truth, but rather gain knowledge and understanding of how different institutions handle the same situation. To create this understanding, our primary data has been collected through discussions with representatives from various universities and governmental organizations within Sweden. Findings: Our findings are based on several factors in relation to the emerging situation out of the introduction of tuition fees. We identified two major issues regarding inactive leadership and absent decisions. We believe that this is based on the paradigm shift in global Academia, from the classical institution to an organization within a competitive market - with students as their customers. We also found a lack of experience within Swedish Academia when it comes to communication internationally in an effective and efficient manner. Both issues show the urgent necessity for Academia to learn how to communicate their brand internationally in order to successfully attract international students. Keywords: Communication, Change management, Branding, International marketing, Introduction of Tuition Fees, Swedish Academia

<p>The introduction of carbon-fibre reinforced plastics in loadbearing automotive structures provides a great potential toreduce vehicle weight and fuel consumption. To enable themanufacture and assembly of composite structural parts,reliable and cost-effective joining technologies must bedeveloped. This thesis addresses several aspects of joining andload introduction in carbon-fibre reinforced plastics based onnon-crimp fabric reinforcement.</p><p>The bearing strength of carbon fibre/epoxy laminates wasinvestigated considering the effects of bolt-hole clearance.The laminate failure modes and ultimate bearing strength werefound to be significantly dependent upon the laminate stackingsequence, geometry and lateral clamping load. Significantreduction in bearing strength at 4% hole deformation was foundfor both pin-loaded and clamped laminates. The ultimatestrength of the joints was found to be independent of theinitial bolt-hole clearance.</p><p>The behaviour of hybrid (bolted/bonded) joints wasinvestigated both numerically and experimentally. Athree-dimensional non-linear finite element model was developedto predict the load transfer distribution in the joints. Theeffect of the joint geometry and adhesive material propertieson the load transfer was determined through a parameter study.An experimental investigation was undertaken to determine thestrength, failure mechanisms and fatigue life of hybrid joints.The joints were shown to have greater strength, stiffness andfatigue life in comparison to adhesive bonded joints. However,the benefits were only observed in joint designs which allowedfor load sharing between the adhesive and the bolt.</p><p>The effect of the environment on the durability of bondedand hybrid joints was investigated. The strength and fatiguelife of the joints was found to decrease significantly withincreased ageing time. Hybrid joints demonstrated increasedfatigue life in comparison to adhesive bonded joints afterageing in a cyclic freeze/thaw environment.</p><p>The strength and failure mechanisms of composite laminatessubject to localised transverse loading were investigatedconsidering the effect of the specimen size, stacking sequenceand material system. Damage was found to initiate in thelaminates at low load levels, typically 20-30% of the ultimatefailure load. The dominant initial failure mode wasintralaminar shear failure, which occurred in sub-surfaceplies. Two different macromechanical failure modes wereidentified, fastener pull-through failure and global collapseof the laminate. The damage patterns and ultimate failure modewere found to depend upon the laminate stacking sequence andresin system. Finite element analysis was used to analyse thestress distribution within the laminates and predict first-plyfailure.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Composite, laminate, bearing strength,joining, load introduction, hybrid joint, finite elementanalysis, mechanical testing.</p>