Upproren i arabvärlden och Västeuropa har haft olika tillvägagångssätt och olika utfall. Syftet med uppsatsen är att visa att David Kilcullens teori kring upprorsbekämpning är tillämpig oavsett konfliktens natur eller geografiskt läge. Uppsatsen vill illustrera detta genom att pröva teorin mot en annan konflikt än, konflikten på Östtimor och i Irak, ur vilken Kilcullen dragit sina erfarenheter och slutsatser. Min förhoppning är att det inte finns någon skillnad och att teorin därför är fullt tillämplig och därmed även kan användas i ett större perspektiv. Den fråga uppsatsen därmed eftersträvar att svara på är i vilken omfattning är David Kilcullens teorier kring upprorsbekämp-ning tillämpliga på en inomeuropeisk, inomstatlig konflikt likt Nordirland. Uppsatsen avser att använder en teoriprövande metod med en jämförande, mest lika design. Det innebär att den utgår från ett redan bestämt värde på den beroende variabeln och arbetar sig så att säga bakåt genom teorin. Teorin är i högsta grad tillämpbar och enligt uppsatsens analys påvisas att den har en styr-ka. Tack vare att det påvisats att när agerandet i större omfattning överrensstämmer med teorin blir utfallet mer fördelaktigt. Detta gäller även i ett, för vilken teorin inte utvecklades, annat geogra-fiskt område. När insatser varit framgångsrika har det varit en högre frekvens av de önskvärda beteenden som beskrivs i Kilcullens teori. Där insatser varit mindre framgångsrika, eller rent av direkta misslyckanden, kan konstateras att frekvensen av de önskvärda beteendena har varit betyd-ligt lägre och i många fall till och med direkta motsatser till dessa. Detta oavsett geografiskt områ-de är teorin tillämpbar. / The uprisings in the Arab world and Western Europe have had different approaches and different outcomes. The purpose of this essay is to show that David Kilcullens theory of counterinsurgency is irrespective of the conflicts natural or geographical location. The essay intends to illustrate this thesis by examining the theory against another conflict then, the conflict in East Timor and in Iraq, out of which Kilcullen has drawn his experiences and conclusions. My hope is that there is no difference and that the theory is therefore fully applicable and therefore can be used in a wider perspective. The question the essay seeks to answer is how far David Kilcullen regarding counter-insurgency theory is applicable to an intra-European, intra-state conflict like Northern Ireland. The essay intends to use a theory challenging approach with a comparative, most similar system de-sign. This means that it assumes a pre-specified value on the dependent variable and works its way backwards, so to speak, by theory. The theory is highly applicable to and in accordance with the essay analysis demonstrated that it has strength. Thanks to the detection of when the conduct of counterinsurgency units is in line with the theory the outcome becomes more favourable. This also applies to a, for which the theory was not developed, different geographical area. When efforts have been successful, it has been a higher frequency of desirable behaviours as described in Kil-cullens theory. Where efforts have been less successful, or even direct failures, it can be observed that the frequency of the desired behaviours have been much lower and in many cases even the direct opposites of the desired. Regardless of the geographic area the theory is applicable.

Bakgrund Sedan början av nittonhundratalet har Storbritannien varit delaktig i flertalet COIN-operationer.Deras erfarenheter har bidragit till att de numera räknas som en framstående nation inom justCOIN. Undersökningen handlar om Irland 1916-1922 och Storbritanniens agerade i förhållande tillden nuvarande brittiska COIN-doktrinen. Syfte Undersökningen skall klargöra, utifrån den nuvarande brittiska doktrinen, vilka skillnader ochmisstag Storbritannien begick under början av nittonhundratalet på Irland i förhållande till dennuvarande COIN-doktrinen. Metod Undersökningen är teorikonsumerande och delar upp teorin i variablerna mål, medel och metod.Dessa jämförs mot analysenheter som utgörs av tre tidsepoker från det anglo-iriska kriget. Slutsatser Undersökningen påvisar att Storbritanniens agerande på Irland i början av nittonhundratalet skildesig markant mot vad den nuvarande doktrinen förespråkar. Framförallt i mängden våld somnyttjades. / Background Since the early twentieth century Britain has been active in many COIN operations. Theirexperiences have contributed to UK counts as a qualified COIN nation. The investigation is about1916-1922 Ireland, and how Britain acted in relation to the current UK COIN doctrine. Purpose The essay should clarify, based on current British doctrine, which differences and mistakes GreatBritain committed during the early twentieth century in Ireland in contrast to the present COINdoctrine. Method The study is theory-consuming and divides the theory in variables: goals, means and method.These are compared against analytical unit consisting of three eras from the Anglo-Irish War. Conclusions The survey reveals that Britain's actions in Ireland in the early twentieth century was verydifferent from what the current doctrine advocates. In particular, the amount of violence whichwere used.

I denna studie undersöks hur journalister på Sveriges och Irlands största dagstidningar, Dagens Nyheter och Irish Independent, rapporterar om abort under perioden 1 januari - 1 augusti 2012. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt har inspirerats av Jesper Strömbäcks teori om mediernas gestaltningsmakt. Carol Lee Bacchis ‘What´s the problem’-approach har gett en förståelse för att abortfrågan ses på olika sätt i olika delar av världen. Bill Kovach och Tom Rosenstiels journalistiska riktlinjer har varit utgångspunkt för vad som förväntas av yrkesverksamma journalister världen över. För att besvara hur journalisterna på de båda tidningarna rapporterar om abort genomfördes en kvantitativ analys som omfattade 152 texter. Den kvantitativa analysen kompletterades med en kvalitativ analys av fem texter från varje tidning. Studien visar att de ideologiska och kulturella strukturer som återfinns i samhället i hög grad återspeglas i hur journalister rapporterar om abort. Abort omskrivs med en högre acceptans i Dagens Nyheter och mer konservativt i Irish Independent. Samtidigt är svenska journalisters rapportering om abort mer likriktad än de irländska journalisternas, som visar på en bredare spann av åsikter och sätt att se på abortfrågan. Det finns inte enbart skillnader i hur irländska och svenska journalister rapporterar om abort. Studien visar att även om journalisterna har olika syn på abortfrågan ser de på den som makthavarnas ansvar - inte individens. Svenska journalisters rapportering om abort blir även mer lik de irländska journalisternas när abortfrågan övergår till att handla om det mer etiskt känsliga ämnet fosterdiagnostik.

Stable isotope values of ostracod calcite provide a record of variation in ¥ä18O(H2O) values and water temperature from the late glacial to mid-Holocene in Western Ireland. Lough Monreagh, located in County Clare, Western Ireland, contains marl sediment that includes pristine ostracod calcite whose ¥ä18O and ¥ä13C values were evaluated. These values were used relative to modern ecological requirements to derive a paleoenvironmental record for Lough Monreagh that includes water temperature, eutrophication, water depth, as well as terrestrial vegetation and weathering within the lake¡¯s watershed. ¥ä13C values of ostracod calcite presented herein suggest a significant increase in terrestrial vegetation beginning during the Aller©ªd (13,600 cal year B.P.) and extending through to the mid-Holocene (6,997 cal year B.P.). Marl and ostracod ¥ä18O values record variability in temperature and precipitation ¥ä18O(H2O) values that are in turn forced by variation in atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Water temperatures presented herein were calculated from ¥ä18O values of ostracod calcite and marl, constrained by temperature preference and tolerance ranges of ostracod species, yielding the highest resolution temperature record covering this period to date. Over 4,700 ostracods representing all three freshwater superfamilies were counted and identified to evaluate the trophic stage of the lake. The lake was characterized as a clear-, cold-water (~8¨¬C summer water temperature), low-nutrient environment during the Aller©ªd, then freezes abruptly during the Younger Dryas as evidenced by black clay deposits aged 12,800 to 11,300 cal yr B.P. Following the Younger Dryas, transitional warming and increasing terrestrial vegetation are evidenced by decreasing ¥ä13C values of ostracoda and faunal transition to phytophyllic species. Summer water temperatures warm to >16¨¬C, with ostracod species suggesting a shallow-water, fen- and macrophyte-rich environment with abundant plant life in and around the lake by ~8,000 cal yr B.P.

The mainline railway track between Dublin and Belfast in Northern Ireland was constructed during the 1850's. Substantial lengths of railway embankment were constructed over poor-quality peaty soils. This was accomplished using tree trunk fascines placed directly on the natural ground surface; with poor-quality local peaty soils used as light weight fill.<p>In recent years, Northern Ireland Railways have noticed that these sections of railway track have been deteriorating more rapidly than sections of the track where the foundations are more competent. The magnitudes of displacement of the track under train loading appear to be increasing gradually over time and train speeds have had to be reduced.<p>This thesis is based on the research done to monitor the response of these railway track and embankment structures to dynamic train loading. The displacements were monitored for two different embankments under a variety of loading conditions and for various seasonal conditions. These displacements were recorded using a sensor created for this task. The sensor consisted of a photo-sensitive array mounted on the sleepers and a laser, which was placed outside the area of influence of train loading, and shone on the photo-sensitive array. <p>Analytical (Winkler) modelling was conducted to determine the effects of train speed and the cause of the large train-induced displacements. Analytical and finite element modelling were used to determine the effectiveness of alternative methods of embankment stabilization.<p>The results from the analytical modelling suggest that the deformation of the embankment under train loading was not due to dynamic excitation, but static deformation of the poor-quality fill and soft foundation materials. From both the analytical and finite element modelling of possible remediation techniques, methods that stiffen the embankment and foundation material are shown to be the most effective at reducing the train induced deflection of the embankment.

This thesis examines the factors which impact societal willingness to integrate in a post conflict, post power sharing agreement environment. Utilizing the Northern Ireland case, this study analyzes variance in willingness to integrate between Protestant and Catholic groups. Analysis of the Northern Ireland Life and Times survey data illustrates the shifting relationship between political trust and ingroup/outgroup frustrations on levels of willingness to integrate since the Good Friday Agreement. Statistical analyses indicate confirmation of ingroup attachment and elite political trust hypotheses, and reduced impact of outgroup benefit perceptions on willingness to integrate since the Good Friday Agreement.

With the advent of the EULIS project, the purpose of which was the unification of national real property registers, it is particularly interesting to study the differences between European legal systems in respect of real property registry law. This thesis compares Sweden and the Civil law system with Ireland and the Common law system. The purpose of this comparison is to illustrate the complications that might arise in transactions between different systems, and it will argue that future cooperation will benefit from being subject to one unified European Real Property Law. Sweden and Ireland differ in their definition of real property and land. Whereas the Swedish legislature defines land as a unit of earth surface that is registered in the Real Property Register, the Irish definition is broader and more abstract. This can cause confusion as to what is really purchased when a buyer from one country wishes to operate within the other. Both systems emphasise the necessity of form, not only in the actual purchase but also when registering the sale. Whereas registering the sale gives right of ownership over previous buyers, it is sufficient to present a contract of sale to establish right of ownership over any third party who might have a claim towards the seller. Registering the property also serves the purpose of having the transaction recognised by the state. The Irish system, however, has two systems of registration, where only one grants the buyer such recognition. This double registration system creates confusion for foreign actors on the Irish property market. EULIS has been developed to provide a single register to facilitate cross-border purchases. As of today it is simply a merged database consisting of information provided by each national real property register. As a consequence, units of property defined according to different legal definitions are presented as if they were similar, which might cause confusion. We propose that EULIS be accompanied by a single code of European real property law to avoid unnecessary bureaucracy and misunderstanding.

Svensk doktrin framhåller sex grundläggande förmågor för analys av motståndaren. Dessa är ledning, uthållighet, und/info, rörlighet, verkan och skydd. Förmågorna är en tankemodell avsedd för att nå maximal effekt i sitt agerande. De är ständigt närvarande på stridsfältet, de påverkas av varandra och deras betydelse varierar över tid. Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa IRA utveckling mellan 1968-1974 utifrån de sex grundläggande förmågorna. Resultatet visar att IRA utveckling under tiden för studien främst skedde inom förmågan verkan, andra förmågor som ledning och und/info tog längre tid att utveckla. En orsak till detta kan vara att studien omfattar inledningen av konflikten och IRA utveckling mot att bli en icke-statlig väpnad aktör. / The Swedish military doctrine stresses six basic capabilities for analysing the opponent. These six capabilities are defined as command, endurance, intelligence and information, mobility, effect and defence. It is a given model designed to gain maximum effect through action and the capabilities are always present in the battlefield. They affect one another and their importance varies over time. The aim of this essay is to highlight the IRA progress during 1968-74 from the capability perspective. The study shows a significant increase in IRA’s ability to use arms and in the area of bomb strategy development. The progress concerning the other five capabilities’ turned out to be of lesser significance. A reason for this could be that the study focuses on the very beginning of the troubles and the IRA’s growth into becoming a non-state armed actor.

The mainline railway track between Dublin and Belfast in Northern Ireland was constructed during the 1850's. Substantial lengths of railway embankment were constructed over poor-quality peaty soils. This was accomplished using tree trunk fascines placed directly on the natural ground surface; with poor-quality local peaty soils used as light weight fill.<p>In recent years, Northern Ireland Railways have noticed that these sections of railway track have been deteriorating more rapidly than sections of the track where the foundations are more competent. The magnitudes of displacement of the track under train loading appear to be increasing gradually over time and train speeds have had to be reduced.<p>This thesis is based on the research done to monitor the response of these railway track and embankment structures to dynamic train loading. The displacements were monitored for two different embankments under a variety of loading conditions and for various seasonal conditions. These displacements were recorded using a sensor created for this task. The sensor consisted of a photo-sensitive array mounted on the sleepers and a laser, which was placed outside the area of influence of train loading, and shone on the photo-sensitive array. <p>Analytical (Winkler) modelling was conducted to determine the effects of train speed and the cause of the large train-induced displacements. Analytical and finite element modelling were used to determine the effectiveness of alternative methods of embankment stabilization.<p>The results from the analytical modelling suggest that the deformation of the embankment under train loading was not due to dynamic excitation, but static deformation of the poor-quality fill and soft foundation materials. From both the analytical and finite element modelling of possible remediation techniques, methods that stiffen the embankment and foundation material are shown to be the most effective at reducing the train induced deflection of the embankment.

Stable isotope values of ostracod calcite provide a record of variation in ¥ä18O(H2O) values and water temperature from the late glacial to mid-Holocene in Western Ireland. Lough Monreagh, located in County Clare, Western Ireland, contains marl sediment that includes pristine ostracod calcite whose ¥ä18O and ¥ä13C values were evaluated. These values were used relative to modern ecological requirements to derive a paleoenvironmental record for Lough Monreagh that includes water temperature, eutrophication, water depth, as well as terrestrial vegetation and weathering within the lake¡¯s watershed. ¥ä13C values of ostracod calcite presented herein suggest a significant increase in terrestrial vegetation beginning during the Aller©ªd (13,600 cal year B.P.) and extending through to the mid-Holocene (6,997 cal year B.P.). Marl and ostracod ¥ä18O values record variability in temperature and precipitation ¥ä18O(H2O) values that are in turn forced by variation in atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Water temperatures presented herein were calculated from ¥ä18O values of ostracod calcite and marl, constrained by temperature preference and tolerance ranges of ostracod species, yielding the highest resolution temperature record covering this period to date. Over 4,700 ostracods representing all three freshwater superfamilies were counted and identified to evaluate the trophic stage of the lake. The lake was characterized as a clear-, cold-water (~8¨¬C summer water temperature), low-nutrient environment during the Aller©ªd, then freezes abruptly during the Younger Dryas as evidenced by black clay deposits aged 12,800 to 11,300 cal yr B.P. Following the Younger Dryas, transitional warming and increasing terrestrial vegetation are evidenced by decreasing ¥ä13C values of ostracoda and faunal transition to phytophyllic species. Summer water temperatures warm to >16¨¬C, with ostracod species suggesting a shallow-water, fen- and macrophyte-rich environment with abundant plant life in and around the lake by ~8,000 cal yr B.P.