‘Optical Caustics’ represent some of the most visually striking patterns of the light in nature.They occur when light rays from a source, such as the sun, get refracted, or reflected by curved media so as to bend and alter their path. They are ubiquitous and signify the regions of space in which many rays intersect to form bright singularities along a two-or a three-dimensional surface. The associated 2-D patterns (caustic patterns) could be simple or complex in ‘shape and size’ depending upon the optical arrangement used to produce them. Such patterns exhibit either a static or a dynamic behavior which can be controlled sensitively by the medium or the device used to produce them. The present thesis concerns with a few novel contributions in utilization of such optical caustics for the measurement of small angular rotation/tilt of objects. Utilizing a ‘hollow cylinder’ as a novel device for the generation of the optical caustics, the author proposed and demonstrated three new schemes of realizing a position-dependent-behavior of ‘Optical Caustic Patterns’. The said behavior is investigated both analytically as well as experimentally. The results of the investigation are then utilized to propose and demonstrate three methods of magnifying angular displacement of the hollow cylinder. The salient feature of the principle behind each of the said methods is illustrated in the figures below. The patterns in each of the above pictures correspond to two different positions of the hollow cylinder-the pattern in white color corresponds to the initial position while that in red color corresponds to new angular position of the cylinder. Defining S1 = ƒ (LΔΦ), S2= ƒ(TΔΦ) and S3= ƒ(ξ ΔΦ) as new signals from the proposed methods, it has been shown that each of them represent a magnified measure of the change in the angular position of the cylinder ΔΦ. Further, if a plane mirror is used in place of cylinder in the proposed methods, the corresponding signal S for the same change in the angular position ΔΦis represented by ΔD. For a chosen set of the experimental conditions, it is shown that for unit change in ΔΦ, the values of S1, S2 and S3 change 30, 37 and 62 times faster than ΔD. The investigations clearly demonstrate that hollow cylinders can be advantageously used as position-magnifying angle-sensing devices. The results of the investigations also suggest that in application areas such as auto collimation, torsion pendulum and design of motion control stages, this device is expected to bring in new advances.

No description available.

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology has had an increasing impact on industry and our society. A wide range of MEMS devices are used in every aspects of our life, from microaccelerators and microgyroscopes to microscale drug-delivery systems. The increasing complexity of microsystems demands diverse microfabrication methods and actuation strategies to realize. Currently, it is challenging for existing microfabrication methods—particularly 3D microfabrication methods—to integrate multiple materials into the same component. This is a particular challenge for some applications, such as microrobotics and microfluidics, where integration of magnetically-responsive materials would be beneficial, because it enables contact-free actuation. In addition, most existing microfabrication methods can only fabricate flat, layered geometries; the few that can fabricate real 3D microstructures are not cost efficient and cannot realize mass production. This dissertation explores two solutions to these microfabrication problems: first, a method for integrating magnetically responsive regions into microstructures using photolithography, and second, a method for creating three-dimensional freestanding microstructures using a modified micromolding technique. The first method is a facile method of producing inexpensive freestanding photopatternable polymer micromagnets composed NdFeB microparticles dispersed in SU-8 photoresist. The microfabrication process is capable of fabricating polymer micromagnets with 3 µm feature resolution and greater than 10:1 aspect ratio. This method was used to demonstrate the creation of freestanding microrobots with an encapsulated magnetic core. A magnetic control system was developed and the magnetic microrobots were moved along a desired path at an average speed of 1.7 mm/s in a fluid environment under the presence of external magnetic field. A microfabrication process using aligned mask micromolding and soft lithography was also developed for creating freestanding microstructures with true 3D geometry. Characterization of this method and resolution limits were demonstrated. The combination of these two microfabrication methods has great potential for integrating several material types into one microstructure for a variety of applications.

With the rise of automation in traditional manufacturing processes, more companies are beginning to integrate computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) cells on their production floors. Through CIM cell integration, companies have the ability to reduce process time and increase production. One of the problems created with CIM cell automation is caused by the dependency the sequential steps have on one another. Dependency created by the previous step increases the probability that a process error could occur due to previous variation. One way to eliminate this dependency is through the use of an in-process measuring device such as a Renishaw spindle probe used in conjunction with a computer numerical control (CNC) milling machine. Western Kentucky University (WKU) utilizes a CIM cell in the Senator Mitch McConnell Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics laboratory. The laboratory is located in the Architectural and Manufacturing Sciences department and gives students the opportunity to learn how automated systems can be integrated. The CIM cell consists of three Mitsubishi six-axis robots, a Haas Mini-mill, a Haas GT-10 lathe, an AXYZ, Inc. CNC router table, 120 watt laser engraver, an Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS), material handling conveyor, and vision station. The CIM cell functions throughout the curriculum as a means for applied learning and research. The researcher used this CIM cell in order to determine if an in-process measuring device, such as the Renishaw spindle probe, had the ability to affect process capability. The researcher conducted the study to see if an in-process measuring device can be integrated into the CIM cell located in the Senator Mitch McConnell Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics laboratory to eliminate compounding variation. The researcher discovered that through the use of a Renishaw 40-2 spindle probe used in conjunction with a CNC Haas Mini Mill, process capability has the potential to be improved in a CIM cell by accounting for compounding variation present in the process.

Today in the scientific and technological world, physical and artificial processes are often described by mathematical models which can be used for simulation, optimization or control. As the mathematical models get more detailed and different coupling effects are required to include, usually the dimension of these models become very large. Such large-scale systems lead to large memory requirements and computational complexity. To handle these large models efficiently in simulation, control or optimization model order reduction (MOR) is essential. The fundamental idea of model order reduction is to approximate a large-scale model by a reduced model of lower state space dimension that has the same (to the largest possible extent) input-output behavior as the original system. Recently, the system-theoretic method Balanced Truncation (BT) which was believed to be applicable only to moderately sized problems, has been adapted to really large-scale problems. Moreover, it also has been extended to so-called descriptor systems, i.e., systems whose dynamics obey differential-algebraic equations. In this thesis, a BT algorithm is developed for MOR of index-1 descriptor systems based on several papers from the literature. It is then applied to the setting of a piezo-mechanical system. The algorithm is verified by real-world data describing micro-mechanical piezo-actuators. The whole algorithm works for sparse descriptor form of the system. The piezo-mechanical original system is a second order index-1 descriptor system, where mass, damping, stiffness, input and output matrices are highly sparse. Several techniques are introduced to reduce the system into a first order index-1 descriptor system by preserving the sparsity pattern of the original models. Several numerical experiments are used to illustrate the efficiency of the algorithm.

Submitted by Claudio Henrique Cerqueira Costa Basquerotto (cbasquerotto@ymail.com) on 2018-05-25T15:27:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Basquerotto.pdf: 7598699 bytes, checksum: 5f0c350de78925517e7db6045e9c3749 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-05-25T17:35:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 basquerotto_chc_dr_ilha.pdf: 7598699 bytes, checksum: 5f0c350de78925517e7db6045e9c3749 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-25T17:35:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 basquerotto_chc_dr_ilha.pdf: 7598699 bytes, checksum: 5f0c350de78925517e7db6045e9c3749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os métodos envolvendo simetria têm grande importância para o estudo das equações diferenciais decorrentes de áreas como a matemática, física, engenharia entre muitas outras. A existência de simetrias em equações diferenciais pode gerar transformações em variáveis dependentes e independentes que podem facilitar a integração. Em especial, Sophus Lie desenvolveu no século XIX uma forma de extração de simetrias que podem ser usadas efetivamente para revelar as integrais primeiras, ou seja, as constantes de movimento, que muitas vezes podem estar escondidas. Estes invariantes podem em algumas situações ser identificados pelo teorema de Noether ou a partir de manipulações das próprias equações com transformações de Lie. Assim, nesta tese foi proposto utilizar as simetrias de Lie para aplicação em problemas da dinâmica de sistemas mecânicos. As simetrias de Lie são aplicadas em dois problemas clássicos, primeiro em um pêndulo oscilando em um aro rotativo e em seguida em um pião simétrico com movimento de precessão estacionária com um ponto fixo. No primeiro problema foi realizada uma redução de ordem para solução por quadraturas da equação de movimento. Já no segundo foram mostradas as relações entre os invariantes e as leis de conservação extraídas das simetrias de Lie. Uma outra análise foi realizada através da teoria de referencial móvel, mostrando a possibilidade de outras aplicações das simetrias de Lie. Uma das aplicações desta teoria, também é a redução de ordem das equações diferenciais resultantes. Com isso os referenciais móveis foram calculados para os problemas do pêndulo oscilando em um aro rotativo, pião simétrico e apresentando uma aplicação em um problema de vínculo não-holonomo. A partir disto foi possível reduzir a ordem das equações e obter a solução analítica das mesmas. Com isto, esta tese buscou mostrar a aplicação das simetrias de Lie em problemas de dinâmica de sistemas mecânicos através de uma linguagem acessível e que motive a outros engenheiros a se interessarem pelo tema. / The methods involving symmetry are of great importance for the study of the di erential equations arising from areas such as mathematics, physics, engineering among many others. The existence of symmetries in di erential equations can generate transformations in dependent and independent variables that may be easier to integrate. In particular, Sophus Lie developed in the nineteenth century a form of extraction of symmetries that can be used e ectively to reveal the rst integrals, that is, the motion constants, which can often be hidden. These invariants can in some situations be identi ed by the Noether theorem or from manipulations of the equations themselves with Lie transformations. Thus, in this thesis it was proposed to use the Lie symmetries for application in problems of the dynamics of mechanical systems. The Lie symmetries are applied in two classic problems, rst in a bead on a rotating wire hoop and then in a symmetric top with stationary precession with a xed point. In the rst problem, a reduction of order of the equation of motion was performed by quadratures. In the second one, the relations between the invariants and the conservation laws extracted from the Lie symmetries were shown. Another analysis was performed through the theory of moving frames, showing the possibility of other applications of Lie symmetries. One of the applications of this theory is also the order reduction of the resulting di erential equations. Thus, moving frames were calculated for the bead on a rotating wire hoop, symmetric top and showing an application in a nonholonomic problem. From this it was possible to reduce the order of the equations and to obtain the analytical solution of the same ones. So, this thesis sought to show the application of Lie symmetries in problems of dynamics of mechanical systems through an accessible language and that motivate other engineers to take an interest in the subject.

Orientador: Luiz Otavio Saraiva Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:27:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Espindola_AlexeyMarques_M.pdf: 1293939 bytes, checksum: 66ab2d16dc552294762d6c3708cda71b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os sistemas microfluidicos estão evoluindo rapidamente, encontrando vastas aplicações na mais diversas áreas do conhecimento. Os Lab-on-Chips, LOCs, são dispositivos capazes de realizar análises químicas e bioquímicas em um único chip. Este dispositivo pode causar grande impacto no mercado de análises laboratoriais, por este motivo vem ganhando grande atenção Para realizar estas análises os LOCs necessitam de microbombas capazes de transportar quantidades ínfimas de fluidos em seus canais de maneira acurada e uniforme. Desta forma, o interesse em modelar e fabricar microbombas tomou-se uma área fértil para a pesquisa. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida a modelagem de uma microbomba peristáltica de elastõmero, tipo de bomba mais conveniente para Lab-on-Chips, utilizando a técnica de analogias eletro-mecânicas que consiste em representar um dispositivo por um circuito elétrico equivalente. As análises das simulações podem ser realizadas usando programas de análise de circuitos elétricos. Dois modelos foram apresentados neste trabalho. O primeiro é a reprodução do modelo de bomba criado por Jacques Goulpeau, em que o modelo de uma válvula é extrapolando para toda a microbomba. O segundo contém o circuito elétrico equivalente da bomba completa mostrando a interações entre suas partes. Os resultados mostram que o comportamento da microbomba não pode ser completamente descrito pelo modelo extrapolado a partir de uma válvula, devido às interações entre três válvulas. As simulações do circuito equivalente da bomba completa mostraram que os efeitos das interações entre as válvulas explicam claramente a diferença entre a vazão prevista pelo modelo de Goulpeau e os dados experimentais por ele obtidos, sendo possível ajustar o modelo aos dados experimentais / Abstract: Microfluidies systems are growing rapidly, finding a large nwnber of applications in many fields. Lab-on-ehips, LOC, are deviees that ean perform ehemical and biochemical analyses in a ehip. This device ean cause high impact on laboratorial analyses market, and then it is gaining large attention. In order to execute these analyses on LOC, mieropumps are necessary to transport a tiny quantity of fluid between the channeIs with accuracy and uniformity. Thus, the interests of modeling and fabrication mieropwnps are increasing and become a fertile research field. The goal of this work were a modeling of elastomer peristaltic micropwnp, the most suitable pwnp for LOCs, using the electro- mechanical analogy technique that consist in represent the device in a electrical equivalent networks. Then the simulation analyses can be done on electrical simulation tools. Two models were presented in this work. The first is reproduction of the pwnp model made by Jacques Goulpeau et aI., where the valve model is extrapolated to the whole mieropwnp. The second contains the electrical equivalent circuit that represents the whole device showing the interactions between its eomponents. The results showed that micropump behavior eouldn't completely deseribe by the extrapolated model ftom a valve, because the interactions between the three valves. The simulations of electrical equivalent eircuit of the whole pwnp showed that the interaction between the valves explain the difference between of flow rate foreseen by Goulpeau model and his experimental data, being possible to adjust the model to the experimental data / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-21T19:02:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alcione Borges Purcina - 2016.pdf: 4973424 bytes, checksum: b35ba030a2a1888c5554daaa45f886e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T20:22:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alcione Borges Purcina - 2016.pdf: 4973424 bytes, checksum: b35ba030a2a1888c5554daaa45f886e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T20:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Alcione Borges Purcina - 2016.pdf: 4973424 bytes, checksum: b35ba030a2a1888c5554daaa45f886e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In the last years, there is a growing interest in the study of nonlinear phenomena that because with the modernization of the structures and employment of innovative and more flexible materials, the nonlinearities become more evident. In that sense, this work aims to study the behavior of a mechanical system with two degrees of freedom with non-linear characteristics in primary resonance. The structure consists of the main system connected to a secondary system to act as a Nonlinear Dynamic Vibration Absorber, which partially or fully absorbs the vibrational energy of the system. The numerical solutions of the problem are obtained using the Runge-Kutta methods of 4th order and approximate analytical solutions are obtained using the Multiple Scales Method, and then it turns out how close can be closer to the numerical solutions. Through the mentioned disturbance method, too, it is determined the answers for the ordinary differential equations of the first order, which describe the modulation amplitudes and phases. Thus, the solution in steady state and the stability are studied using the frequency response. Furthermore, the behavior of the main system and the absorber are investigated through numerical simulations, such as responses in the time domain, phase planes and Poincaré map; which show that the system displays periodic movements, quasi-periodic and chaotic. / Nos últimos anos, é crescente o interesse pelo estudo dos fenômenos não lineares, isso porque com a modernização das estruturas e o emprego de materiais inovadores e mais flexíveis, as não linearidades tornaram-se mais evidentes. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar o comportamento de um sistema mecânico de 2 graus de liberdade com características não lineares, em ressonância primária. A estrutura consiste do sistema principal conectado a um sistema secundário que atuará como um Absorvedor Dinâmico de Vibração não linear que, por sua vez, absorve parcial ou totalmente a energia vibratória do sistema. As soluções numéricas do problema são obtidas utilizando o Método de Runge-Kutta de 4ª ordem e as soluções analíticas aproximadas, são obtidas utilizando o Método das Múltiplas Escalas, para então verificar o quão próximas tais soluções conseguem aproximar-se das soluções numéricas. Através do Método de Perturbação mencionado, também, são determinadas as respostas para as equações diferenciais ordinárias de primeira ordem, que descrevem a modulação das amplitudes e fases. Sendo assim, a solução em regime permanente e sua estabilidade são estudadas utilizando a curva resposta de frequência. Além disso, o comportamento do sistema principal e do absorvedor são investigados através de simulações numéricas, tais como: respostas no domínio do tempo, os planos de fase e os seções de Poincaré; as quais evidenciam que o sistema exibe movimentos periódicos, quase-periódicos e caótico.

During the past two decades, many researchers have developed methods for the detection of structural defects at the early stages to operate the aerospace vehicles safely and to reduce the operating costs. The Surface Response to Excitation (SuRE) method is one of these approaches developed at FIU to reduce the cost and size of the equipment. The SuRE method excites the surface at a series of frequencies and monitors the propagation characteristics of the generated waves. The amplitude of the waves reaching to any point on the surface varies with frequency; however, it remains consistent as long as the integrity and strain distribution on the part is consistent. These spectral characteristics change when cracks develop or the strain distribution changes. The SHM methods may be used for many applications, from the detection of loose screws to the monitoring of manufacturing operations. A scanning laser vibrometer was used in this study to investigate the characteristics of the spectral changes at different points on the parts. The study started with detecting a load on a plate and estimating its location. The modifications on the part with manufacturing operations were detected and the Part-Based Manufacturing Process Performance Monitoring (PbPPM) method was developed. Hardware was prepared to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methods in real time. Using low-cost piezoelectric elements and the non-contact scanning laser vibrometer successfully, the data was collected for the SuRE and PbPPM methods. Locational force, loose bolts and material loss could be easily detected by comparing the spectral characteristics of the arriving waves. On-line methods used fast computational methods for estimating the spectrum and detecting the changing operational conditions from sum of the squares of the variations. Neural networks classified the spectrums when the desktop – DSP combination was used. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the SuRE and PbPPM methods.

This dissertation studies the manipulation of particles using acoustic stimulation for applications in microfluidics and templating of devices. The term particle is used here to denote any solid, liquid or gaseous material that has properties, which are distinct from the fluid in which it is suspended. Manipulation means to take over the movements of the particles and to position them in specified locations. Using devices, microfabricated out of silicon, the behavior of particles under the acoustic stimulation was studied with the main purpose of aligning the particles at either low-pressure zones, known as the nodes or high-pressure zones, known as anti-nodes. By aligning particles at the nodes in a flow system, these particles can be focused at the center or walls of a microchannel in order to ultimately separate them. These separations are of high scientific importance, especially in the biomedical domain, since acoustopheresis provides a unique approach to separate based on density and compressibility, unparalleled by other techniques. The study of controlling and aligning the particles in various geometries and configurations was successfully achieved by controlling the acoustic waves. Apart from their use in flow systems, a stationary suspended-particle device was developed to provide controllable light transmittance based on acoustic stimuli. Using a glass compartment and a carbon-particle suspension in an organic solvent, the device responded to acoustic stimulation by aligning the particles. The alignment of light-absorbing carbon particles afforded an increase in visible light transmittance as high as 84.5%, and it was controlled by adjusting the frequency and amplitude of the acoustic wave. The device also demonstrated alignment memory rendering it energy-efficient. A similar device for suspended-particles in a monomer enabled the development of electrically conductive films. These films were based on networks of conductive particles. Elastomers doped with conductive metal particles were rendered surface conductive at particle loadings as low as 1% by weight using acoustic focusing. The resulting films were flexible and had transparencies exceeding 80% in the visible spectrum (400-800 nm) These films had electrical bulk conductivities exceeding 50 S/cm.